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Project 1925 March 2021 Safety Considerations for All Road Users on Edge Lane Roads Michael Williams Marcial Lamera Aleksander Bauranov Carole Voulgaris, PhD, PE (WA) Anurag Pande, PhD CSU TRANSPORTATION CONSORTIUM transweb.sjsu.edu/csutc MINETA TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE MTI FOUNDER Hon. Norman Y. Mineta Founded in 1991, the Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI), an organized research and training unit in partnership with the Lucas College and Graduate School of Business at San José State University (SJSU), increases mobility for all by improving the safety, MTI BOARD OF TRUSTEES efficiency, accessibility, and convenience of our nation’s transportation system. Through research, education, workforce development, and technology transfer, we help create a connected world. MTI leads the Mineta Consortium for Transportation Mobility (MCTM) Founder, Honorable Grace Crunican** Diane Woodend Jones Takayoshi Oshima Norman Mineta* Owner Principal & Chair of Board Chairman & CEO funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation and the California State University Transportation Consortium (CSUTC) funded Secretary (ret.), Crunican LLC Lea + Elliott, Inc. Allied Telesis, Inc. by the State of California through Senate Bill 1. MTI focuses on three primary responsibilities: US Department of Transportation Donna DeMartino David S. Kim* Paul Skoutelas* Chair, Managing Director Secretary President & CEO Abbas Mohaddes Los Angeles-San Diego-San Luis California State Transportation American Public Transportation President & COO Obispo Rail Corridor Agency Agency (CALSTA) Association (APTA) Econolite Group Inc. Nuria Fernandez** Therese McMillan Beverley Swaim-Staley Research Information and Technology Transfer Vice Chair, General Manager & CEO Executive Director President MTI conducts multi-disciplinary research focused on surface MTI utilizes a diverse array of dissemination methods and Will Kempton Santa Clara Valley Metropolitan Transportation Union Station Redevelopment Executive Director Transportation Authority (VTA) Commission (MTC) Corporation transportation that contributes to effective decision making. media to ensure research results reach those responsible Sacramento Transportation Authority Research areas include: active transportation; planning and policy; for managing change. These methods include publication, John Flaherty Bradley Mims Jim Tymon* security and counterterrorism; sustainable transportation and seminars, workshops, websites, social media, webinars, Executive Director, Senior Fellow President & CEO Executive Director Karen Philbrick, PhD* Silicon Valley American Conference of Minority American Association of land use; transit and passenger rail; transportation engineering; and other technology transfer mechanisms. Additionally, Mineta Transportation Institute Leadership Form Transportation Officials (COMTO) State Highway and Transportation transportation finance; transportation technology; and MTI promotes the availability of completed research to San José State University Officials (AASHTO) William Flynn * Jeff Morales workforce and labor. MTI research publications undergo expert professional organizations and works to integrate the Winsome Bowen President & CEO Managing Principal Larry Willis* peer review to ensure the quality of the research. research findings into the graduate education program. Chief Regional Transportation Amtrak InfraStrategies, LLC President Strategy Transportation Trades MTI’s extensive collection of transportation-related Facebook Rose Guilbault Dan Moshavi, PhD* Dept., AFL-CIO Board Member Dean, Lucas College and Education and Workforce Development publications is integrated into San José State University’s David Castagnetti Peninsula Corridor Graduate School of Business * = Ex-Officio To ensure the efficient movement of people and products, we world-class Martin Luther King, Jr. Library. Co-Founder Joint Powers Board San José State University ** = Past Chair, Board of Trustees must prepare a new cohort of transportation professionals Mehlman Castagnetti Rosen & Thomas Ian Jefferies* Toks Omishakin* who are ready to lead a more diverse, inclusive, and equitable President & CEO Director transportation industry. To help achieve this, MTI sponsors a suite Maria Cino Association of American Railroads California Department of Vice President Transportation (Caltrans) of workforce development and education opportunities. The America & U.S. Government Institute supports educational programs offered by the Lucas Relations Hewlett-Packard Enterprise Graduate School of Business: a Master of Science in Transportation Management, plus graduate certificates that include High-Speed and Intercity Rail Management and Transportation Security Management. These flexible programs offer live online classes Directors so that working transportation professionals can pursue an advanced degree regardless of their location. Karen Philbrick, PhD Executive Director Hilary Nixon, PhD Deputy Executive Director Asha Weinstein Agrawal, PhD Education Director National Transportation Finance Center Director Brian Michael Jenkins National Transportation Security Disclaimer Center Director The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated in the interest of information exchange. MTI’s research is funded, partially or entirely, by grants from the U.S. Department of Transportation, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the California Department of Transportation, and the California State University Office of the Chancellor, whom assume no liability for the contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard specification, design standard, or regulation. Report 20-55 Safety Considerations for All Road Users on Edge Lane Roads Michael Williams Marcial Lamera Aleksander Bauranov Carole Voulgaris Anurag Pande March 2021 A publication of the Mineta Transportation Institute Created by Congress in 1991 College of Business San José State University San José, CA 951920219 TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. 20-55 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Safety Considerations for All Road Users on Edge Lane Roads March 2021 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Authors 8. Performing Organization Report Michael Williams, Marcial Lamera, Aleksander Bauranov, CA-MTI-1925 Carole Voulgaris, and Anurag Pande 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Mineta Transportation Institute College of Business, San José State University 11. Contract or Grant No. San José, CA 95192-0219 ZSB12017-SJAUX 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered State of California SB1 2017/2018 Final Report Trustees of the California State University 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Sponsored Programs Administration 401 Golden Shore, 5th Floor Long Beach, CA 90802 15. Supplemental Notes DOI: 10.31979/mti.2021.1925 16. Abstract Edge lane roads (ELRs), also known as advisory bike lanes or advisory shoulders, are a type of shared street where two- way motor vehicle (MV) traffic shares a single center lane, and edge lanes on either side are preferentially reserved for vulnerable road users (VRUs). This work comprises a literature review, an investigation of ELRs’ operational characteristics and potential road user interactions via simulation, and a study of crash data from existing American and Australian ELRs. The simulation evaluated the impact of various factors (e.g., speed, volume, directional split, etc.) on ELR operation. Results lay the foundation for a siting criterion. Current American siting guidance relies only upon daily traffic volume and speed—an approach that inaccurately models an ELR’s safety. To evaluate the safety of existing ELRs, crash data were collected from ELR installations in the US and Australia. For US installations, Empirical Bayes (EB) analysis resulted in an aggregate CMF of .56 for 11 installations observed over 8 years while serving more than 60 million vehicle trips. The data from the Australian State of Queensland involved rural one-lane, low-volume, higher-speed roads, functionally equivalent to ELRs. As motor vehicle volume grows, these roads are widened to two-lane facilities. While the authors observed low mean crash rates on the one-lane roads, analysis of recently converted (from one-lane to two-lane) facilities showed that several experienced fewer crashes than expected after conversion to two-lane roads. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Edge Lane Roads, Advisory Bike No restrictions. This document is available to the public through The Lanes, Safety, Simulation, Empirical National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 Bayes 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 92 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Copyright © 2021 by Mineta Transportation Institute All rights reserved. DOI: 10.31979/mti.2021.1925 Mineta Transportation Institute College of Business San José State University San José, CA 95192-0219 Tel: (408) 924-7560 Fax: (408) 924-7565 Email: [email protected] transweb.sjsu.edu/research/1925 M INETA T RANSPORTATION I NSTITUTE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was conducted as part of a study funded by California SB1 funds provided via the Mineta Transportation Institute. The following students assisted in data collection and analysis: Abigail Matheny, Blake Thomas, Emily Lin,
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