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DTV Datacasting Opportunities and Challenges DTV Datacasting Opportunities and Challenges Nandhu Nandhakumar and Gomer Thomas Triveni Digital, Inc. Princeton Junction, NJ Abstract significant amount of bandwidth is left over that can be used for various data broadcast applications. DTV data broadcasting provides many opportunities for both terrestrial and satellite TV broadcasters. There are basically two ways in which broadcasters This paper discusses key issues in this emerging can use this leftover bandwidth to generate area. Topics include: additional revenue: • A classification of data broadcasting in terms of • Use the extra bandwidth to broadcast data target audience and application characteristics which enhances the appeal of their TV programming and/or TV advertising in an • An overview of the DVB Specification for Data attempt to attract more viewer-based revenue. Broadcasting • • Challenges in implementing end-to-end data Lease the extra bandwidth to other enterprises broadcast solutions, especially for enterprise-to- who want to distribute data to large numbers of enterprise applications recipients in the broadcaster’s viewing area. One key challenge is managing the end-to-end flow This paper first analyzes the opportunities that arise of data, with suitable architectural support for from both of these approaches, and describes the content providers, broadcasters, and content mechanisms defined in the DVB Data Broadcast recipients. Other challenges include bandwidth Specification that can be used to support these allocation, error correction, compression, and opportunities. It then focuses on the challenges that security. arise in providing end-to-end support for the scenario where extra bandwidth is leased to other enterprises, with special attention to the optimal system architecture. Introduction TV broadcasters face significant costs in setting up a digital television (DTV) broadcasting network. They Application Classification may find it difficult to recover these costs through their normal revenue sources. While they will be There are a number of axes which can be used to able to offer more channels of TV programming classify datacasting applications. The single most than before, since DTV enables the packing of important of these in terms of both the business multiple standard definition (SDTV) channels into a model and the technological infrastructure is single 8 MHz broadcast band, nonetheless they will whether the broadcast data is targeted to enterprises still be competing for more or less the same viewer- or to the consumer mass market. based revenue sources as before. Consumer Market. For datacasting applications Data broadcasting (or “datacasting” for short) offers targeted to consumers, a key requirement for success the potential for entirely new revenue sources. With is that large numbers of consumers have a DTV modern DTV encoders, even a high definition receiver (a DTV set, DTV set-top box, or PC with (HDTV) broadcast does not require all of the DTV card) which can receive and use the broadcast bandwidth available in the DTV broadcast stream. A data. For this to happen: Workshop on Video Compression & Delivery, Broadcast Engineering Society, Bangalore, India, 16 June, 2002 1 1. There must be substantial penetration of DTV intended for real-time viewing, such as a 24-hour receivers into the consumer market. news headline or weather or stock ticker service, or 2. The datacasting standards must be reasonably they may be data intended for use completely mature, so that ordinary, off-the-shelf DTV outside the DTV context. receivers typically support them. An example of the latter usage would be delivery of It may take a while yet for these conditions to be very large files, such as MP3 music files or PC met. In the meantime, consumers are unlikely to pay software files or DVD video files. A consumer substantial sums for specialized receivers to access might purchase the right to receive such files from a broadcast data. Web site. In this case the files would be inserted into a DTV broadcast in encrypted form, and a purchaser Utilizing broadcast data requires not only standards would receive keys which could be used to decrypt for encoding the data in the broadcast stream, but them. also standards for applications in the receiver to operate on the data. The DVB Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) Specification [3] is a good example Coupling to of such a standard. It supports both declarative Normal TV Sample Applications (HTML) and procedural (Java) applications. Programming The standardization requirement can be relaxed Tight Statistics during sports event somewhat for applications targeted to consumers (program Story details during newscast with PCs and DTV cards, since custom software to enhancement) support such applications can be downloaded from a Interactive component to ads Web site. However, such applications are still only Loose News and/or stock ticker feasible when large numbers of consumers have (program during newscast DTV cards, which is unlikely to be true for quite augmentation) Supplementary materials for some time. educational broadcasts Datacast applications for consumers can be further None 24-hour stock ticker service classified by the degree of coupling to audio/video programming, as shown in Table 1. Delivery of on-line music sales Tightly coupled data are intended to enhance the TV Delivery of software updates programming in real time. The viewer tunes to the Table 1. Datacast Applications for Consumers TV program and gets the data enhancement along with it. In many cases the timing of the display of the broadcast data is closely synchronized with the For most consumer applications the broadcaster’s video frames being shown. revenue would come from advertising. However, in the case of non-coupled data intended for use For example, a data enhancement for a basketball or outside the DTV context, the broadcaster might be football event may allow the viewer to show and paid for the bandwidth by a third party that actually hide the time clock on command. When the clock is runs the business. In a t-commerce (“television showing, the time on the clock must be closely commerce”) application, the payment to the synchronized to the action on the screen. broadcaster may be calculated as a percentage of Loosely coupled data are related to the program, but sales. are not closely synchronized with it in time. For Enterprise-to-Enterprise Market. For datacast example, an educational program might send along applications targeted to enterprises, there is not so in the broadcast some supplementary reading much need for DTV market penetration and materials or self-test quizzes. These might not even standardization. The value of such applications to be viewed at the same time as the TV program. They enterprise customers may easily be large enough to may be saved in the DTV receiver and perused later, justify the cost of specialized receivers. Thus, but they are still closely related to the program. enterprise-to-enterprise applications may be viable Non-coupled data are typically contained in separate from an economic standpoint much sooner than “data-only” virtual channels. They may be data consumer applications. Workshop on Video Compression & Delivery, Broadcast Engineering Society, Bangalore, India, 16 June, 2002 2 Most enterprise-to-enterprise applications involve is completely up to the application how the data are data which is not coupled to the regular TV formatted inside the packets. programming. Examples include: Streaming data (asynchronous, synchronous, or • Distributing information among state and local synchronized) are carried in Packetized Elementary government agencies, such as agricultural Stream (PES) packets. bulletins and police reports In the case of asynchronous streaming data, the PES • Broadcasting training courses to commercial packet headers do not have Presentation Time Stamp customers, in the form of low-bandwidth video (PTS) values. Thus, the only timing information and ancillary materials about the data in a PES packet is implicit in the actual time the PES packet arrives at the receiver. • Distributing tourist information, weather reports, news clips, sports scores, and related advertising In the case of synchronized streaming data, each to kiosks in hotel lobbies, shopping malls, PES packet header contains a PTS value, and the tourist centers, etc. PES packet payload contains a ”data access unit” • (DAU), which is to be presented to the viewer at the Distributing up-to-the-minute railway schedules time specified by the PTS value in the header. The to electronic signs at railway stops across an PTS values are interpreted relative to a clock defined entire region by “Program Clock Reference” (PCR) values that • Distributing educational materials, including appear in the broadcast stream, as specified in the pages from selected web sites, to public schools MPEG-2 Systems standard [2]. These PCR values may be in the data stream itself, or they may be in a different program element, such as a video stream. Data Broadcast Specification This mechanism is often used to synchronize data display with the frames of a video program. The DVB Specification for Data Broadcasting [1] In the case of synchronous streaming data, each PES defines three separate aspects of data broadcasting: packet header contains a PTS value, and the payload • Data broadcast protocols of the PES packet contains a collection of data bytes • Data announcement and discovery protocols that are presented to the data broadcast application at a specified output data rate, starting at the time The data broadcast protocols specify the precise specified by the PTS value. Typically the PTS formats for data inserted into the broadcast stream. values of successive PES packets relative to each The data announcement and discovery protocols tell other are set so as to produce a very steady data rate how to put information in the broadcast stream over a long period of time. which will allow applications running in receivers to Multiprotocol datagram encapsulation provides a identify and locate the broadcast data. mechanism for transporting data network protocols Data Protocols.
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