ITU-R 2016 Internati onal Telecommunicati on Handbook on Digital Terrestrial Union Place des Nati ons 1211 Geneva 20 Television Broadcasti ng Networks and Switzerland Systems Implementati on ISBN 978-92-61-23481-2 SAP id 4 1 2 5 5 Editi on of 2016 9 7 8 9 2 6 1 2 3 4 8 1 2 Printed in Switzerland REGU IO LA D T A I R O Geneva, 2016 N U S T Photo credits: Shutt erstock I A 1 9 0 1 6 N 6 - 2 0 Y N R I V E R S A Handbook on Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasti ng Networks and Systems Implementati on Implementati Systems and ngNetworks Broadcasti Television Terrestrial Handbook on Digital Handbook on Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Networks and Systems Implementation Edition of 2016 ITU-R ITU 2016 (Revised version) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Handbook on Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Networks and Systems Implementation iii Editors’ Foreword In 2002, ITU published its first Handbook on digital terrestrial television under the title Digital terrestrial television broadcasting in the VHF/UHF bands1 as guidance to engineers responsible for the implementation of digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB). In this Handbook, new digital broadcasting technologies were explained in detail, for example a splendid description of the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coding that is the basis of all past and present TV compression systems, as well as a very instructive chapter on signal power summation. Most of that content are not repeated in this new Handbook on Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Networks and Systems Implementation. Therefore, the version 1.01, which was published by ITU in the year 2002, has not lost value and should still be consulted. Since 2002, DTTB has tremendously evolved, not only in technical but also in regulatory aspects. For example, at the turn of the century, MPEG had just started to develop the compression scheme MPEG-4, and HEVC was not known at all. In two sessions, in 2004 and 2006, the important ITU Regional Radiocommunication Conference RRC-06 was held in Geneva and agreed a new frequency plan for digital broadcasting in Region 1 (except Mongolia) and in Iran. For all UHF stations, the Conference decided that the transition period from analogue to digital broadcasting would take place by 15 June 2015. Today, majority of developed countries have already introduced digital TV broadcasting and have closed their analogue TV services. However, many developing countries have just started Successive WRCs have identified new spectrum for the mobile service in the traditional UHF broadcasting bands. Consequently, spectrum for terrestrial TV broadcasting as well as for services ancillary to programme making or broadcasting (SAP/SAB) became scarcer within the existing UHF broadcasting bands. More spectrum efficient transmission and compression schemes can only partly compensate for that loss as new requirements for improved resolution, such as HDTV and UHDTV, demand significantly higher data rates. Also, new formats for multi-channel sound can need substantial amounts of transmitted data. So do the ever- increasing amount of metadata and access services. Today, with the advent of broadband IP networks (wired and wireless), interactivity has become commonplace. Most modern TV sets are equipped with an interface for DSL or Wi-Fi in addition to the traditional antenna input for digital terrestrial, satellite and/or cable TV. This new ITU Handbook, entitled Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Networks and Systems Implementation, concentrates on these new developments during the last 15 years. In this context, it complements ITU-D Guidelines for the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting2 which made use of technical, operational and procedural information from the ITU Radiocommunication Sector and directed itself primarily to the analogue-to-digital switchover in developing countries. Numerous experts of ITU-R Working Party 6A (Terrestrial broadcasting delivery) and of the parent ITU-R Study Group 6 (Broadcasting service) have been involved in the development of this new Handbook. The names of these contributors are listed in the Acknowledgements section. ____________________ 1 ITU-R DTTB Handbook – Digital terrestrial television broadcasting in the VHF/UHF bands V 1.01, ref. https://www.itu.int/pub/R-HDB-39 2 ITU-D Guidelines for the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting, ref. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/Documents/AtoDguidelinesV3.pdf iv Handbook on Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Networks and Systems Implementation However, one person must be mentioned here because of his outstanding dedication: most thanks go to the principal author, Professor Oleg Gofaizen (Ukraine), who led the process of writing this Handbook and who tirelessly acted towards its completion. The Study Group 6 approved this new Handbook at its meeting on 28 October 2016. The Core Editing Team Christoph Dosch, David Hemingway and Walid Sami Geneva, October 2016 Handbook on Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Networks and Systems Implementation v Acknowledgements For the compilation of this Handbook, Working Party 6A established a special Rapporteur Group, which was chaired by Professor Oleg Gofaizen (Ukraine), who diligently worked over the years assembling numerous contributions into a draft Handbook. This draft was considered by WP6A in its meeting in January-February 2016. A Correspondence Group was formed with the task of finalizing the Handbook in time for the WP6A meeting in October 2016. The Correspondence Group was co-chaired by Christoph Dosch (former Chairman of Study Group 6 and currently Vice-Chairman of Study Group 6) and David Hemingway (BBC, Vice-Chairman of Working Party 6A), assisted by Walid Sami (EBU, Vice Chairman of Study Group 6 and Working Party 6A). Additional contributors joined this work. A list of the experts who contributed to this Handbook is given below, to whom special thanks are due. Name Organization / Administration Dr. Abdullah Saleh ALARAIMI Oman Dr. Pablo ANGUEIRA BUCETA Spain Dr. Vladimir BALYAR Ukraine Mr. Vittorio BARONCINI Italy Mr. Istvan BOZSOKI ITU-D Mr. Roger BUNCH Australia Mr. José Ramón CAMBLOR Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Turismo, Spain Mr. Perez DE LEMA Spain Mr. Christoph DOSCH IRT Dr. Charles EINOLF CBS Dr. Joseph FLAHERTY USA Prof. Oleg GOFAIZEN Ukraine Dr. David GUERRA PEREDA University of the Basque Country Mr. Jean-Jacques GUITOT France Mr. Pham HAI ITU-R Mr. David HEMINGWAY BBC Dr. Shuji HIRAKAWA Japan Mr. Klaus HUBER LS Telcom Mr. Mark JORDAN Arqiva Dr. Alina KARWOWSKA-LAMPARSKA Poland Dr. Alexandre KHOLOD Switzerland Ms. Kyung-Mee KIM Korea Ms. Lucia Luisa LA FRANCESCHINA Rai Way SpA Mr. Stephane MEBALEY EKOME France Dr. Alberto MORELLO RAI Mr. Amir Hassan NAFEZ Iran Mr. Akira NEGISHI NHK Mr. Yukihiro NISHIDA Japan Mr. Kyoungseok OH Korea (TTA) Mr. Larry OLSON USA Prof. PAN Changyong Tsinghua University, China Mr. Rolly PURNOMO Indonesia vi Handbook on Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Networks and Systems Implementation Name Organization / Administration Mr. Ari REFIK TDF Dr. Walid SAMI EBU Mr. Eli SOFER Israel Mr. Supatrasit SUANSOOK NBTC, Thailand Ms. Sato TELEMI IRT Ms. Anne-Lise THIEBLEMONT Qualcomm Mr. Kengo TSUDA NHK Mr. Aljo VAN DIJKEN Netherlands Dr. Manuel María VELEZ ELORD Spain Mr. Tobias VIERACKER IRT Dr. David WOOD EBU Ms. Norafidah YUSOF Malaysia Mr. Juan ZAPATA Colombia Additionally, great thanks are due to all the other members of Study Group 6, past and present, who have contributed – directly and indirectly – to this Handbook. Special thanks must go to Prof. Marc Krivocheev (Russian Federation), Honorary Chairman of SG6, for his continued guidance throughout the drafting process. Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the editors and authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the ITU. This publication is only intended for informational purposes only. Whilst every effort had been undertaken to provide clear and correct information, neither ITU nor the contributors to this Handbook can be made responsible for any decision taken or any investment made based on this Handbook. Handbook on Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Networks and Systems Implementation vii PREFACE – WHAT THE HANDBOOK IS ALL ABOUT The aim of the Handbook is to provide assistance in technical and service issues such as networks and systems, audiovisual quality and quality of transmission as well as on other issues of interest for the introduction of digital terrestrial TV broadcasting (from multimedia systems to UHDTV) in different countries. The Handbook takes into account progress and convergence of technologies, different environments for production, primary and secondary distribution of broadcast programs as well as experiences in providing quality of service for DTTB. In more detail, the Handbook considers: 1) Technical aspects on the introduction of digital terrestrial and multimedia broadcasting. 2) Information on standardized broadcasting systems in digital terrestrial and multimedia broadcasting networks, and some guidance on their implementation. 3) References to normative documents (standards, technical specifications, reports, recommendations and other documents) that are important with respect to baseband (audio, video data) and transmission quality, as well as to DTTB services including interactive