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sky Putting the - AmerHis lnternational Space *t: Express - Closing in on the Red Planet Station to Work Mars Express - Unravelling the Scientific Mysteries Aurora - The European Space Exploration of the Red Planet Programme Mars Express - Closing in on the Red Planet Checking whether SCOS is up to SPEC Mars Express Project Team 10 Fernando Aldea et al. 58 Mars Express Faster 3D Measurements for Industry - Unravelling the Scientific Mysteries of the Red Planet - A Spin-off from Space Agustin Chicarro, Patrick Martin & Roland Trautner 18 Carl-Thomas Schneider, Joachtm Becker & Susanne Marek 61 Putting the International Space Station to Work Les lanceurs dans I'attente de la prochaine g6n6ration de Paul Clancy 26 satellites commerciaux .... Markus Bertschi & Michel Guvon 66 Aurora -The European Space Exploration Programme Pierro Messina & Franco Ongaro 34 Cost Engineering for Cost-Etfective Space Programmes David Greves & Herve Joumier 71 Measuring the Moisture in the Earth's Soil - Advancing the Science with ESA's SMOS Mission The Space Board Game Michael Berger et al. 40 lsabelle Duvaux-B6chon & Samuel Buisan-Sanz 76 A Communications Switchboard in the Sky - AmerHis Programmes in Progress 80 Manfred Wittig & Jos1-Maria Casas 46 News - ln Brief 90 Road Traffic Monitoring by Satellite Erling Kristiansen, Claude Loisy & Willem v.d Bosch 52 Publications 100 - www eso inl eso bullelin ll5 ougut 2003 COntfaVeS space $ ns*|,w S d$ $wml ffWqpm& m&wwry Under a contract with the European Space Agency (ESA) SREM (Standard Radiation Environmental Monitor) has been developed and manufactured by Contraves Space in co-operation with the Paul Scherrer Institute (P5l) in Switzerland. Main Features: . Compact size . 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San Diego, CA 92723 web: www.maxwell.com . email : [email protected] R c he Mars Express adventure began on 2 June 2003, with the spacecraft's launch by a Russian Soyuz-Fregat rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The total 'time-to- destiny'will be less than seven months, which is especially short for the long trip from E,arth to Mars because ESA's engineers are participating in a game of 'planetary billiards'. Launch opportunities to go to Mars from the Earth occur every 26 months, when the Sun, Earth and Mars form a straight line. However, because the orbits of both planets are elliptical, not all such 'oppositions' are equal. During this year's opposition, Mars and the Earth will be especially close, the closest they have been in nearly 60 000 years. The benefits for space agencies to go this year are clear swinging from one planet to the other takes less time and fuel. It is as if this particular space trip is currently 'on sale'. This is one of the prime reasons why so many missions are visiting the Red Planet in 2003: two NASA Rovers and the Japanese Nozomi will arrive shortly after Mars Express. These new adventurers will join two other NASA orbiters, Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey, which have been on the scene since 1997 and 2001, respectively. eso bullelin I l5 - ougust 2003 ll Mars Express is now speeding silently through interplanetary space. With its cubic structure, wrapped in its black thermal insulation and about a man's height in length, it could be seen as a giant 'space insect' with its two silver solar panels extending like wings. The landeq called Beagle 2, travels attached to one side, folded up rather like a very large pocket watch. Moving away from the Earlh at an average speed of 3 kilometres per second, the spacecraft will conserve energy, doing almost nothing until about a week before its arrival at Mars. Right now there's little activity on board. But silence and low activity are not the norm for this Mars mission. Only a few lllustrotion hy Mediolob, @tSA 2001 weeks ago, the ground controllers were still checking out the spacecraft configuration, as well as the post-launch of the special clamps holding Beagle 2 in the launch," explains Con McCarthy, survival of the seven instruments on board. place during the launch. Beagle 2 Principal Systems Engineer. Some very delicate operations took place, "These clamps are extra means of "Releasing them three days after the during which a major part of the mission making sure that the lander stayed launch was a very critical operation, was at stake. One of them was the release perJectly attached to the spacecraft during because if the clamps were not released correctly Beagle 2 could not be ejected on arrival at Mars, and Mars Express would Pioneering New Woys of Working go into orbit around the planet with the extra 65 kg oJ the lander on top." This Mors [xpress hos been developed qukker fion ony ofter extra weight could have affected Mars (omporoble plonelory mission, ond ol oboul holf fie Express operations considerably, not to cosl. lt t00k only one yeor lo g0 from engineering mention the fact that the lander's mission conrepl lo fie slorl of developmenl, compored lo the would have ended before it even began. usuol five yeors, ond il hos cosl 300 million Euros, For the Mars Express team, delicate (ompored to Rosetfot one billion Euros. Whol is fie operations like this and time pressure se(rel? lt lies in lhe nelv monogeriol opprooch being became routine many months before the used, whi(h includes distributing fosks ond launch. After all, this mission is not called responsibilities differenily wilhin the whole teom, ond the Mars Express by chance it has been re-use of existing hordwore I developed quicker than ary other comparable planetary mission. The design Mors Expres Proiecl Monoger Rudi fthmldt exploins, and development phase took less than four "Giving more responsibility to industry wos o key foctor. 3 years, compared with up to six years for fhe Proiect feom ollowed industty lo toke deckions foster previous similar missions. If anything went lhon in the posl. Ako, we hove enohled industry 6 RudiSthmidt,ESAllorsExyesProiettllonoger wrong, ESA could not simply postpone interoct directly with the lounch-service provider ond lhe scientific comnunity. lhis speeds up the dedion- the launch date. Calculations had shown noking process ond hees nonpower for other tosks. Reolising that ull three - ESA, industry ond the lounth- that the best combination of fuel use and service provider - sre in lhe 'some boll' to l,liots, we hove nonoged to estshhrt on excellenl teom spiril fron travel time could only be achieved by the very beginning, whkh hos helped o lot during times of high stress or technkol prohlens." launching Mars Express in the period between 23 May and 2 I June 2003 .