STU DIES REL ATED TO W IL D ERN ESS

Mineral Re so urces o f the

i r k Wild rn s s Stud Ar a Cit co C ee e e y e ,

Mo nro Co unt T nn s s e y , e e ee

B I F J H F K and E . O E U E I VEY n O . S . S . G O OG C S U a d y N LAC R C R RC , L AL R , B E U OF MINES P U T BEHUM D B WI I MS U . S . U A L . and BRADFOR . LL A , R A

S T U D I E S R E L A T E D T O W I L D E R N E SS — W I L D E R N E S S A R E A S

G E O L O G I C A L S U R V E Y B U L L E T I N 1 5 5 2

An eva lua tio n of the minera l p o tentia l of the a rea

UN ITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON ‘ 1 984 , DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

K ecreta WI I M . C S r LL A P LAR , y

I SU VEY S . EO O C U . G L G AL R

k Directo r s . ec Dalla L P ,

Library o f Co ngress Cat alo gi ng in Publicatio n Dat a Main entry under title :

T nn M n n M n . a W a a Co . i er l resources of the Citico Creek ilder ess study re , o roe , e essee

n 1 5 2 U . S . Geological Survey bulleti 5 a Bibliogr phy: p .

. no . : Supt of Docs . I 1 M — T n — n a a . n and n n . . S i es mi eral resources e essee Citico Creek Wilder ess I l ck, J ck

n 1 552 . F . II . Series . Geological Survey bulleti E B n — 75 9 o . 1 2 22 0 Q , 55 6 8 83 60006

Fo r s ale b th e i st r ib u ti o n Bran c U . S . eo o i ca Su r e y D h , G l g l v y , 604 So u t i cket t Street ex a n dri a VA 2 304 h P , Al , 2 STUDIES RELATED TO WILDERNESS

In accordance with the provision s of the Wildern ess Act L aw 88— 5 77 S 3 1 964 a nd a a and (Public , eptember , ) rel ted cts s fi a na b u L aw 93—622 an a 3 a speci c lly desig ted y P blic , J u ry , M n S a nd U . S . a S . a 1 975 U . , the Geologic l urvey Bure u of i es have been conductin g min eral survey s ofwilderness and prim i i S and all a a a t ve area s . tudies reports of primitive re s h ve ' ' f fi a a as n n . a n bee completed Are s o ci lly desig ted wilder ess , ' ' ' a n n wa s a i ncor o wild, or c oe whe the Act p ssed were p n N a na n a n S an d rated i to the tio l Wilder ess Preserv tio y stem , n u The some of them are presently bei g st died . Act provided that areas under con sideration for Wildern ess designation should be studied for suitability for incorporation into the Wil Th e n a n one a dern ess Sy stem . mi er l survey s co stitute spect of T r a the suitability studies . his repo t discusses the results of n a n S r a i n mi er l survey ofthe Citico Creek Wilder ess tudy A e ,

N a na M n n T nn . a the Cherokee tio l Forest, o roe Cou ty , e , th t is n n n na n 93-622 bei g co sidered for wilder ess desig tio (PL , an a 3 J u ry ,

CONTENTS

Introduction Loca tion a nd description La n d sta tus Previou s work Present investigations Ackn owledgments Geology Stra tigraphy and lithology Structure Folds Faults Cleava ge a nd jointing Metamorphism Geochemica l survey S a mpling a nd a na ly tical techn iques Strea m-sedimen t samples Panned concen trates Soil samples Rock samples Q uartz veins a nd gossa n Ra diometric survey Min era l appra isa l Metallic resources Copper Gold Iron N onmeta llic resources Sla te Graphite Ston e Silica S an d a nd gravel Barite Oil a nd ga s Referen ces cited VI CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS

T 1 i ma an d n n PLA E . Geolog c p sectio s of the Citico Creek Wilder ess a n un T n n I S M . n tudy Are , o roe Co ty , e pocket 2 S a a a n S u . mple loc lity m ps of the Citico Creek Wilder ess t dy T nn — a M n n . In Are , o roe Cou ty , e pocket

In dex map ofCitico Creek Wilderness Study Area and vicin ity Photographs showin g

2 . T a a n n u a ypic l view lo g Citico Creek , showi g o tcrops of met san dston e and met acongl omerat e ofunit III a - n D 3 . S a oublecam n m ll step fold exposed lo g p Creek , withi met as andst on e and sla te ofun it II 4 n met a ra wacke nd n n . Co torted beds of g y a thi i terbeds of dark slate exposed along new roadcut at S a ssafra ss Ridge a - 5 . Typic l view of bedding cleavage relation s within unit IV sla tes Map showin g location s ofbarium-rich rocks Photograph showin g thin lamina tions of sulfide minerals (ma inly n a a a n a t a Ga pyrite) withi d rk gr phitic sl te of u it V , E gle p roadcut

M n 8. ap showi g gold distribution i n the Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area and vicinity

TABLES

T B Ran nd n a u i n a 1 . a a n A LE ge medi v l es for selected eleme ts s mples of soil , a n a nd ann n n a i n 1 976 stre m sedime t , p ed co ce tr te collected from the n S a M n n T nn Citico Creek Wilder ess tudy Are , o roe Cou ty , e . 2 Ran and an a n in 1 2 - . ge medi v lues for selected eleme ts 9 rock chip samples collected in 1 976 from the Citico Creek Wilderness Study a M n n T nn Are , o roe Cou ty, e . a a n n 3 . Parti l alyses of selected samples of vein quartz a d gossan collected in 1 976 n S a M n from the Citico Creek Wilder ess tudy Are , o roe

Ra a an and an a u in a a dio ctivity r ges me v l es rocks ofthe Citico Creek re , grouped by lithologic map un it

5 . n n a n U a n d Th in a n Co ce tr tio s of selected rock s mples of u it V , Citico Creek area n n 6 . Gold co te t of sa mples from the Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area

a a n a 7 . Cer mic ev luatio ofsl tes ST UDIES RELAT ED T O W I LDERNESS

MI N ER AL R ESO U RCES O F T H E

CI T I CO CR EEK WI L D ER N ESS ST U DY AR EA ,

MON R O E CO U N T Y , T EN N ESSEE

By S R S . G O OG U n F U . F S a d ER . O R OHN . J LACK IC R CE , E L ICAL VEY , an d

B RE M N S W MS . S . U U P B M an d BR O R B . U AU L T . EHU ADF D ILLIA , A of I E

SU MMARY

' The proposed Citico Creek Wilderness comprises about acres km ) in the Cherokee N ation al Forest south of the Little Tennessee River in ea stern most Monroe n nn n n nd D bl cam R T . a a a are a ou e . Cou ty , e Pri cip l dr i ges Citico Creek p Creek ocks of u a a n reenschi st -a a met as a ndst one meta ra wa cke the st dy re i clude g f cies rkosic , g y , d met ac n l m rat u Z e M n a an o o e e a S a . sl te , g of the Gre t moky Gro p of Proterozoic g i or u n n a na u u a n a deposits of co solidated Q u ter ry a ll vi m locally m tle the bedrock . Deform t n n n io is expressed by a sy mmetric a d overtur ed folds and by several major faults . M a n 5 00 a a nd a n and ana ore th s mples of soil , rock , stre m sedime t were collected l zed 31 a n an d a n b a a -a n y for m jor , mi or , tr ce eleme ts y spectrogr phic , tomic bsorptio , - n N o fi n a a n . n n a n a d fire assay methods . signi ca t met l omalies were detected Co ce tr tio s and Zn an a n un n s ulfidi c of Cu , Co, As , Pb , slightly higher th b ckgrou d were fo d withi parts of a distinctive stratigraphic un it composed of graphitic sla te and met agray

a . n n an d are fi n a a w cke Withi this u it , pyrite pyrrhotite the chief sul de mi er ls; tr ces of a a a a na and a n n ccessory sph lerite , ch lcopy rite , g le , rse opyrite form microscopic i ter nna an n a nd n n n growt hs . A reco iss ce grou d r diometric survey a subseque t eutro activation a na ly sis of selected ra dioactive rock sa mples show tha t the s ulfi dic parts of the graphitic sla te unit a lso have a rela tively high content of Th but have n o resource n a pote ti l . N o metallic min eral resources appear to exist within the Citico Creek Wilderness S a . R a a a nd n are n a no a tudy Are esources ofsl te , silic , sto e prese t, but they displ y speci l a f n a u n n qu lities to dif ere ti te them from other s ch material throughout the regio . A om a u n n a n Ba in n lo s co ce tr tio s of some rock sa mples suggest loca l pote tia l for barite . Ceramic evaluation tests on selected samples of slate in dicate that the slate would a n a na a a s a nd M n a n h ve o ly m rgi l use for structur l cl y products such a brick tile . i or s d and gravel deposits occur alon g a few streams but are present in larger quantities and are a in a a a n more e sily recovered other re s . A possibility lso exists for the prese ce of na u a as at a t r l g gre t depths . 2 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERN ESS STU DY AREA

I NT RODU CT I O N

LOCAT I O N AND DESCRI PT I O N

The proposed Citico Creek Wilderness comprises approxima tely ' a cres km ) of nationa l forest land south of the Little Ten

n es s ee a . ( . River in e sternmost Monroe County , Tenn fig The study a a a a rea is entirely within the Cherokee N tion l Forest , long the southern continua tion of the Great Smoky Mounta ins in the Blue “ a an d Ridge physiographic province . Surf ce minera l rights are 2 S 1 77-a 2- entirely owned by the U . . Government , with the cre km )

Fa lls Bra nch Scenic Area being the only ea sement . The Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness a nd the North C arolina State Line a a a are together form the ea stern border of the area . Princip l dr in ges n l m ( . 2) a d a a Doub eca Citico Creek fig one of its m jor tribut ries , p

IGU 1 — n m n F RE . I dex ap of Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area (shaded) a nd vici ity . INTRODU CTION 4 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERN ESS STU DY AREA

a Creek , the latter forming the northwestern bound ry of the study

a a . a a rea . Tot l relief is bout ft m) The lowest elev tion , In at n Doublecam an d ft (430 ), is the co fluence of p Citico a In a Creeks; the highest , bout ft ) , is stride the Tennessee a North C a rolina border near Brush Mounta in . The topogr phy is a a a a a typic l of much of the Gre t Smoky Mount ins , with n rrow v lleys ,

an d a . steep slopes , sh rp ridge crests Principa l a ccess is from the southwest a long Tennessee State Route

an d a . U S . 68 from Ma disonville Tellico Pl ins . Forest Service Roa d 21 7— I continues from Route 68 to the northea st a long Sa ssafra ss

a a . a Ridge , where it forms the southern border of the study re Ro ds — n 21 — G 21 7 H a d 7 extend into the southea stern interior . Forest Ser vice Roa d 35 provides entry from Citico Beach and other northwest l c ti n s with o a 5 9 Doubleca m a G o a o , R d extending up p Creek to F rr ap, n a a 81 a S ant eet a d Roa d 29 a short dist nce up Citico Creek . Ro d , long l h a a a a a Creek , llows a ccess from the North C rolin (e stern) side to Ga a a 21 7— H a a a Beech p , from where dirt ro d ( ) he ds northw rd long - a a a h the Tennessee North C rolin border for about mile . The area a s a a an d a a been he vily logged in the p st , m ny hiking tr ils follow old ra ilroa d gra des a long major strea m va lleys .

LAND ST AT U S

The Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area comprises portions of two tra cts of la nd purcha sed by the Forest Service under the a uthority of 1 a a nd a a the Weeks Act of 1 9 1 . Surf ce miner l rights were purch sed from Babcock Lumber an d Land Company an d the Tellico River Lum 1 77-a 2- ’ ber Compa ny . The cre km ) F alls Bra nch Scenic Area near the south-central boundary is the only ea sement within the study a a a area . The southern bound ry of the re will be slightly modified to — I F r s t . a U . S . o e a 21 7 accommodate a new scenic highw y , Service Ro d

PREVI O U S WORK

Early geologic studies in the southern Great Smoky Mounta ins were made by Safford (1 85 6 ; 1 869) an d Keith who reported on the reconna issa nce mapping of both ea stern Tennessee a nd western a an d 1 0 North C arolin . King others ( 95 ) described the geology of the a Murphy qua dr ngle , which includes the Citico Creek Wilderness a a a Study Area . More det iled investig tions of the western Gre t Smoky Mounta ins were published by Neuman and Nelson Mers ch at an d Wiener compiled a provisiona l geologic map of the Ocoee Supergroup in this region from ava ilable da ta and their

‘R and in evised updated 1 978. INTRODUCTION 5

1 4 a own reconna issance . Hale ( 97 ) studied the ne rby Coker Creek gold area b a nd district . The most recent geologic work in the , y Lesure others (1 97 describes the geology and minera l resources ofthe Joyce - a a Kilmer Slickrock Wilderness , which borders the present study re on the ea st (fig .

PRESENT I NVEST I GAT I O NS

1 wa s . . a . . Field work during October 976 , done by J F Sl ck , E R n d nd . a . . . . a Force , a F . G Lesure , ssisted by A E Grosz , M P Foose ,

S . a . a a a ll U . C . E . Brown, of the Geologic l Survey (USGS) Sever l ddi 1 77 a and tional days of mapping were done in October 9 , by Sl ck Force ,

d . d . . a n . a n . . . a ssisted by R . H . Ketelle A E Grosz P T Behum B B Wil a a liams of the U . S . Bureau of Mines conducted field reconn iss nce in a nd a April 1 977 . Sa mples of soil , rock , stre m sediment were collected a a by USGS personnel and submitted for geochemical an lysis . R dio metric surveys were ma de a long major roa ds with a ha nd-held scintil a -r lomet er and subsequently checked by a gamm ay spectrometer .

ACKNOW LEDGMENT S

Field ra diometric mea surements a nd pa nning of hea vy-minera l

a a . concentrates from stre m sediments were m de by A . E Grosz , X-r ff w s USGS . Minera l identification by ay di raction a done in the Mr s a . n d . . o e . . a l boratory by P J . Loferski a M E , USGS; R B Finkelm n ,

a . a a a USGS , ssisted in electron microprobe work Grosz lso sep r ted i i minerals from panned concentrates , using heavy liquids , and dent fied a . . the miner ls M . P Foose , USGS , helped during our prolonged attempts to unravel the geologic structure of the study area and pro ided r v Me s chat a nd . . insight into possible solutions . C . E . L S Wiener of the North C arolina Division of Minera l Resources provided a pre limina ry map compilation of the geology of the southern Great Smoky Mountains an d discussed with us the general stratigraphy of Mers ch at a lfi - the region . lso lent polished sections of s u de rich rock - a N O. . a a collected from the F rner ( . Tenn ) qu dr ngle southwest of the

a a . a a n d a . a Citico Creek re R . C . H le the l te J M . F gen, Tennessee a a V lley Authority , Knoxville , Tenn . , provided unpublished inform a nd a a a tion mine loc tions . R . A . L urence , USGS , Knoxville , lso sup

a a e . U S plied inform tion bout form r mines . . Forest Service personnel a and a from the W tershed Miner ls Bra nch , Atla nta , Ga . , furnished maps an d tabulations on minera l and surfa ce ownership an d prospect

a a . a nf a w d t Addition l prospect i orm tion a s obta ined from the U . S . a a a a a D Bure u of L nd M n gement , W shington , C . 6 THE CT HCO CT EEKWME DERNEQ S S NHNY AREA

GEO L O GY

ST RAT I GRAPHY AND LI T HO LOGY

The Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area is underla in by greens chi st facies meta sedimenta ry strata of the Proterozoic Z Grea t Smoky

a . a a Group , which is p rt of the Ocoee Supergroup Unconsolid ted llu via l deposits of Qua terna ry a ge are found locally in some major a a a ma a a a nd strea m dra ina ges . Prec mbri n rocks northe st of the p re just north of the Little Tennessee River in the western pa rt of the Grea t Smoky Mounta ins Na tiona l Pa rk ha ve been subdivided by m n a n d Mers ch at an d Neu a Nelson More recently , Wiener (1 973) compiled a reconna issa nce geologic map of the southern pa rt of a the Grea t Smoky Mount ins , including both the Citico Creek Wilder a a nd - Mer ch t ness Study Are the Joyce Kilmer Slickrock Wilderness . s a an d Wiener were unable to project lithologic units for long distances southwestward from the Na tiona l Pa rk a n d used different s ubdivi sions an d nomencla ture a s earlier established by Hernon (1 968) near ’ Mers ch t n d 1 Hern n . a a 973 o s Ducktown, Tenn Wiener ( ) extended ’ slaty unit 1 an d Hern on s unit 2 northea stward to the area of the pro a n d a n d Mers ch at posed Citico Creek Wilderness recently (Wiener , 1 978 a a Ga and a a ) design ted them the F rner , Boyd p , Buck B ld Form a a s a a a a a n d e tions , respectively . To portr y det iled str tigr phic stru ’ a a s Hern on s re tur l picture possible , units a here subdivided into

a a a . more specific lithologic types , design ted by Rom n numer ls a a f a a are a Bec use of dif erent structur l interpret tion , we un ble to cor rela te our subdivisions completely with those in the a dj acent Joyce - r an d Kilmer Slickrock Wilde ness (Lesure others , but those units which are correla tive a re so indica ted on the map expla nation e (pl . Lithologic descriptions of individua lly mapped units ar given ma on the geologic p .

ST RU CT U RE

The meta sedimenta ry rocks of the Citico Creek area are deformed n d n d by open a closed folds a by severa l major fa ults . The Nichols a a n d 1 ma a a Cove f ult (Lesure others , 977) divides the p re into two a a ff str tigr phic sequences that display di erent fold styles . Northwest a a nd a are of the f ult , on ne r Pine Ridge , the structures extremely a a a s complic ted . Selected conta cts have been ca refully tr ced here , but a a yet the ex ct n ture of the structure is uncerta in . The geology of this particula r a rea is complex an d a dds uncerta inty to interpretations of a a nd a a structur l str tigr phic fea tures . GEOLOGY 7

FOLDS

a a a Northwest of the Nichols Cove f ult, open folds th t h ve long sub a nd horizontal ea st limbs short , steeply dipping west limbs (with

a ) are a a ( . respect to nticlines ch r cteristic fig These folds , here ' a a a a - i termed step folds , form gener lly e stw rd ris ng flight of steps tha t ra nge in sca le from mes os copic (outcrop) to mega scopic (major

Pine Ridge syncline , pl . Along Citico Creek , between the former n d D ubleca m a n Wa rden Station a o p Creek , enveloping surfa ce of n a a such folds ca be tr ced using the upper bound ry of unit III , which a dips gently to the northwest . A hinge of the m jor syncline shown within unit III is exposed where it crosses the North Fork of Citico

Creek . a a a a a Southe st of the Nichols Cove f ult , the deform tion style is ch r c riz d ff te e by inclined or upright closed folds . These folds di er from the step folds on the northwest side ofthe fa ult in that they commonly are symmetric ha ving either gentle or steep limbs; some sma ll folds are a a isoclina l . Sever l l rger folds of this type strongly influence the a a s a a a topogr phy , indic ted by m jor nticlines on either side of Gra ssy 1 a Gap (pl . ) coincident with line r ridges trending north (Hampton a a nd a a Le d) northe st (Brushy Ridge) . To the north long the south fork a a a of Citico Creek , nother nticlin l axis coincides with a northea st

— - IGU 3 . S a a n Doubleca m n met a s a ndst on e F RE m ll step fold exposed lo g p Creek , withi a nd a un n N u n a nd a a ann a . sl te of it II , orth of ichols Cove fa lt . Beddi g cle v ge ot ted n n N m n View looki g orth . ote a for sca le . 8 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERN ESS STUDY AREA

trending ridge tha t forms a spur on th e southwest side of Brush a a a a a Mount in , ne r the he dw ters of Ike C mp Branch . an d a r In some area s , complex folding tr nsposition of beds a e evi a a a a dent . Along the new S ss fr ss Ridge ro d , excellent exposures show abrupt local terminations of coarse cla stic beds in a sequence of inter k r wa c e a nd a a . layered met a g ay gr phitic sl te At one loca tion , highly contorted beds of met agraywacke are found within a simple homoclina l a section (fig . other exposures show intensely folded sl te between met a s an dst on e met a ra wa cke unfolded beds of more competent or g y . These fea tures are most rea sonably interpreted a s reflecting proc - esses of preconsolidation (soft sediment) slumping . Plunges of fold axes a nd of linea ted structures such a s cleava ge bedding intersections appea r to be shallow throughout the study a a a a a area . Axes of minor folds th t h ve mplitudes less th n few feet ° ° a 1 0 20 a a a ax typic lly plunge to northe st , p r llel to the es of major folds of the region .

FAU L T S

The major fault recognized within the study area is the Nichols u and 1 7 Cove fa ult , previously described by Les re others ( 97 ) to the a a as a a northea st . We h ve interpreted this f ult thrust, lthough m a - locally it ay be high angle reverse fa ult . It divides the Citico

IGU - n F RE 4 . Co torted beds of met agraywacke a nd thin interbeds of dark slate exposed n n w r a e dcut at S a N m n a . oa a a R N a . a lo g ss fr ss idge , south of ichols Cove f ult ote for sc le

1 0 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERN ESS STUDY AREA

— - IGU 5 . T a n a a a n n un n F RE y pic l view of beddi g cle v ge rel tio s withi it IV slates . Beddi g n a n a a a n n N a here is e rly horizo t l; cle v ge is i cli ed . ote h mmer for scale . GEOLOGY 1 1

Clea va ge in sla tes appea rs to be para llel to the a xia l pla nes of step folds northwest of the Nichols Cove fa ult an d to closed folds south f a are a a a ea st o the fault . Qu rtz veins oriented long cle v ge directions

a in ma ny slaty rocks . Ne r Hemlock Knob , on the southern border of a a ro a dcut a a a a the study are , new exposes group of p r llel qu rtz veins that are preferentia lly alined within the a xia l-plane cleavage of a prominent a nticline . d a a a A second an younger , more widely sp ced cle v ge commonly - deforms the earlier slaty clea va ge of fin e gra ined rocks . It is visible

a s a h erri n bon elike a . a loca lly in outcrops d rk , g p rtings In some sl te a a a a a outcrops , this p rting or fr cture cle v ge forms minor crenul tions on the earlier clea vage surfa ces a n d is a ssocia ted with chevron folds

4 1 0 . a of sma ll a mplitude (less tha n in . or cm) The strike ofthe fr cture a a n d cleava ge genera lly para llels the fold xes , the dip is steep or ver a a a a tica l . As seen in thin section , the older penetr tive sl ty cle v ge is kinked a nd in places transposed by the younger cleavage . The younger fracture cleavage is marked by concentrations of organic material . St ereon et The origin of this seconda ry fracture clea va ge is unclear . plots demonstrate that it is not a simple bedding-clea vage i nt ers ec ma a a a - a a a a tion . It y be minor xi l pl ne cle v ge developed during or fter

a a . a a the ma in period of region l deform tion However , no m pp ble folds seem to be a ssociated with it .

MET AMO RPH I SM

The entire study area a ppea rs to be within the green s chi s t fa cies of a a 1 966 Car region l met morphism (Tennessee Division of Geology , ; ent er - i s o ra d p , The chlorite biotite g , determined ma inly by a - petrogr phic study , extends west southwest from near Big Fodder a a a st ck to the northern p rt of Fl ts Mounta in (pl . The biotite alma ndine garnet i s ogra d pa sses through the centra l pa rt of the a a 2 Joyce Kilmer Memori l Forest , bout mi (3 km) ea st of the south a i s ds a e st corner of the present study area . These ogra c nnot be corre a a a a a a l ted with m pp ble rock units (design ted by Rom n numer ls , pl . either in the Citico Creek area or in the a dj acent Joyce Kilmer a nd 1 Slickrock Wilderness (Lesure others , 977 pl . Minor amounts of chlorite a n d muscovite form the matrix of much met a s a nds t on e a nd met a s ilt s t n e I— a of the o of units IV . Meg scopic a a a biotite is restricted to the southern p rt of the study re , where it forms porphyrobla stic fla kes a s much a s 1 mm in dia meter in schis met a ra wacke an d w s tose g y of units V VI . Finer gra ined biotite a noted ' i n thin sections from severa l met a s a n ds t on e a n d met a gray a a w cke units south of Pine Ridge . Biotite is lso common in most rocks a a of the upper pl te southe st of the Nichols Cove fa ult , except in a a highly gr phitic sl te of unit V , where bulk compositions (or graph 1 2 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERN ESS STU DY AREA

a a ite) may ha ve prevented its formation . The pp rently greater defor mation of lower plate rocks nea r the Nichols Cove fa ult a n d the di st ri buti on of biotite on the north side of a n d close to the fault suggest that i so rad ma a a the biotite g y be rel ted to the proximity of this m jor thrust . Garnet wa s identified by optica l a n d X-ray methods in 8 of 1 4 heavy a a a r mineral concentr tes from p nned stre m sediment . Two types of ga a a a a net were found , one l vender or p le pink , the other p le clove “ ' a a brown . The l tter type corresponds to the colorless g rnet described by Lesure a n d others (1 977) from the a dj a cent Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock a X-ra - a a a a Wilderness . Prelimin ry y powder c mer studies indic te th t a a a a - a the pink g rnet is simil r to rhodolite , m gnesium iron v riety; the h a s d- a a a a brownish type sp cings lmost identic l to spess rtine , a - a - n l ma nga nese rich ga rnet . Recent det iled electron microprobe a a y a an d 1 980 a a a ses (Sl ck others , ) confirm these chemic l cl ssific tions . a a a a a a The g rnets were collected in stre ms th t dr in sm ll b sins , but a thin sections of rocks from the s me ba sins do not conta in garnet . Garnets were a lso noted in a pa nned concentrate from the mouth of a s Crowder Branch (pl . well within the chlorite zone determined a a a a ma a by petrogra phic study . Where s m ng niferous g rnet y be com reen s chi st-a a 1 6 mon product of lower g f cies met morphism (Turner, 9 8, a - a a a p . m gnesium rich g rnet is known to be more ch r cteristic of - a a a a a high gr de met morphic terr nes . Possible expl n tions for the a ppa rent conflict between da ta from thin sections a nd pa nned strea m sediments a re that either the ha nd-specimen covera ge h a s been too spa rse (about 200 sa mples) or tha t bulk compositions of most loca l are a a a a a a rocks in ppropri te for the form tion of g rnet , so th t only few selected (unsa mpled) horizons provided the detrita l ga rnets found by a a a - a i nh er p nning . Altern tively , the m gnesium rich g rnets could be it ed - a n a second cycle detritus from older , more highly met morphosed ba sement source for rocks of the Grea t Smoky Group (Slack an d others ,

GEO CH EMI CAL SU RVEY

SAMPLI NG AND ANALY T I CAL T ECH NI Q U ES

a a a nd a S mples of rock , soil , stre m sediment , vein qu rtz were col lected throughout the Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area (pl . An attempt wa s ma de to uniformly sa mple ea ch type of materia l . How a wa s a a a ever , full cover ge limited by dense veget tion in some re s , a a ff especi lly in the south ne r Je rey Hell . Rock sa mples were ta ken by a composite-chip method from severa l GEOCHEMICAL SURVEY 1 3

a a re a pa rts of ea ch sa mpled outcrop . The chip s mples represent tive of a a a a s a s all all major rock types of the re including vein qu rtz , well m a a the rock units shown on the geologic ap . Soil s mples were t ken s urfici a l a a a a below org nic m teri l , gener lly from the lower to middle pa rts of the A horizon but in some places from the upper part of the B 80- a a a . horizon . Soil s mples were sieved to minus mesh prior to n lysis Strea m sediment wa s sa mpled from a ctive a n d a few sma ll intermit a a n d Doubl eca m tent tributaries dr ining into Citico Creek p Creek . Additiona l sa mples were collected from outside the study a re a from r a - drainage ba sins that a e partly within the study area . Stre m sediment sa mples were sieved to minus 80-mesh; some sa mples rich in orga nic a material were a shed before na lysis to avoid spectra l interference . Pa nned concentrates of heavy minera ls were collected from major a a - a strea ms by using st nd rd gold panning techniques . S mples were taken either from loose gra vel in or near a stream or from potholes a a l where stre ms flow over bedrock , especi lly from ower Citico Creek n a d its tributa ries . A semiqua ntitative spectrogra phic a na lysis for 31 elements wa s

a a . a a n d m de for every s mple Concentr tions of gold , silver , zinc were determined more accura tely by atomic-absorption a n d fi re-a ssay

. a a a a a methods S mples were n lyzed in the l bor tories of the USGS , n d . a U S . a a Denver, Colo , the Bure u of Mines Met llurgy Research a Center, Reno , Nev . The semiqua ntit tive spectrographic va lues are a s a 1 reported six steps per order of m gnitude ( , or multiples of 1 0 of these numbers) a n d a re a pproximate geometric midpoints of the concentration ranges . The precision is expected to be within one a djoining interva l on ea ch side of the reported va lue 83 percent of the time a n d within two a djoining interva ls 96 percent of Mot ooka a n d the time ( Grimes , I e a a e e - e e n th ir study of the dj cent Joyc Kilm r Slickrock Wild rn ss , Lesure an d others (1 977 compared geochemical data from their area a a a n d a a with those from the ne rby H zel Creek Font n copper mines . Comparisons were ma de by plotting data on cumulative frequency distribution dia gra ms to determine which wilderness sa mples con t a in ed a a a nom lously high v lues . Geochemica l da ta from the Citico Creek a rea ha ve been eva luated by simila r compa risons with these known minera lized area s a n d with data from the Joyce Kilmer

Slickrock Wilderness . In the tabulation a n d discussion of the geo a a a of a a chemic l d t , selected elements p rticul r economic interest , a Ba a nd a re especi lly Au , Ag , , Cu, Pb , Zn , Ni , Co , Sn , empha sized . a a an d a Concentr tions of other m jor, minor , tr ce elements (Fe , Mg, Ca L a Y r , Ti , Mn , B , Be , Cr, , Nb , Sc , Sr , V , , Zr) a e within expected a a a a n d are r nges of b ckground v lues not further discussed . Complete a a a n d n lyses for rock , soil , strea m sediment a re a va ilable in Hopkins an d others 1 4 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERN ESS STUDY AREA

ST REAM-SEDI MENT SAMPLES

Ana lyses of 1 1 9 strea m-sediment sa mples collected in 1 976 an d 25 a 1 973 an d 1 977 s i i s mples collected in (Lesure others , ) show no gn fi a n d ca nt meta l a noma lies . Silver gold were not detected in a ny s a m

. a Ba ples Other elements of m jor economic interest ( , Co , Cu , Ni , Pb , a a a Sn , Zn) were gener lly found to h ve concentr tions within expected a a wa s a r nges (t ble Tin detected in three s mples , but with a high 1 va lue of only 5 ppm . The sediment in a few strea ms conta ins slightly a a a a nom lous concentr tions of zinc , with high va lue of 1 45 ppm; no a r a system tic geog phic distribution exists for these occurrences , how

e . a an d 1 a ver One s mple collected by Lesure others ( 977 t ble 2 , s a m 235 5 . a a 1 80 ple no ) from just west of Bob B ld cont ins ppm lea d . A sec a a a a a 1 ond s mple from the s me dr in ge b sin , collected in 976 , yielded a only 30 ppm le d .

PANNE D CO NCENT RAT ES

Splits of 1 4 pa nned-concentra te sa mples were a na lyzed by spectro gra phic an d atomic-absorption methods (ta ble N0 elements are a a - present in nom lously high concentrations . A hea vy minera l fra c tion wa s sep a rated from the rema inder of e a ch sa mple by standard

T B 1 — Ra n e a nd med ia n va l ues in m o r s elected elemen ts in s a m les o s o il A LE . g ( pp ) f p f ,

s trea m s ed imen t a nd a n ned co n cen tra te co llected in 1 9 76 ro m the Citico reek Wil , p f C

Ar M u dernes s S tud ea o n ro e Co n t Ten n . y , y ,

an a m a n a a m and z n w are a m 'All lyses by se iqu tit tive spectrogr phic ethods except those for gold i c , hich by to ic

m i n 2 nd n a n . a a a a re n a n 1 3 5 7 1 0 a o bsorptio Spectrogr phic d t reported to the e rest u ber the series , , , , , , so ,

w n m m n n n a T . H n a a a a o a m a . R . hich represe t pproxi te idpoi ts of group d t geo etric sc le (see text) A lyses by opki s , w m d J . a G D n . m : m na n . . u an U C A C rtis , Sh rkey , S S, e ver , Colo Letter sy bols L , detected but belo li it of deter i tio

i N n m n n n w m n in a n a n ot . E not a d (v lue p re theses); , detected le e ts looked for but fou d their lo er li its of detectio ,

m: 2 Bi 2 b 1 W n n i n w a m a t m n 00 0 5 S 00 5 0 . t o pp As( ), ( Cd( ), Mo( ), ( ), ( ) Au fou d o ly soil s ples li it ofdetectio ppm)]

Strea m sediment P a nn ed con centrate (1 1 9 sa mples) (1 4 samples)

Element Median L ow Media n L ow Median

‘ i Determin ed by emission spectrographic methods only; detection 11 m t 200 ppm. GEOCHEMICAL SURVEY 1 5

- a a a a re a hea vy liquid methods . Princip l he vy miner ls epidote , tourm “ ' d a a a an . line , zircon , hem tite , m gnetite , limonite , g rnet , ilmenite One -mm ribbon-shaped gra in of gold wa s found in a sa mple from a the mouth of Flint Branch of Doubl ecamp Creek . The Flint Br nch a a a dra ina ge ba sin is outside the bound ries of the present study re , however .

SO I L SAMPLES

Soil sa mples collected in 1 976 (1 28) were a na lyzed a n d showed no a nomalously high meta l va lues (table Gold a n d zinc are the only elements that have loca l concentrations slightly higher tha n ba ck f at det ec ground that might be o possible interest . Gold is the limit of a 1 40 tion ppm) in two sa mples . Zinc concentr tions of ppm occur a a a a a a a a a in two re s , but neither re correl tes geogr phic lly with re s r a where similar va lues of zinc a e found in rock or stre m sediment .

a a Of 1 9 soil samples collected in 1 973 within the Citico Creek re , l a 1 a a a a n oma ofis . a only , d rk silty lo m , is considered Th t s mple con 4 1 a n d 300 a n d ta ins ppm Ag, 0 ppm Cu, ppm Pb (Lesure others , wa s a a a 1 7 a 3 a . a 97 , t ble , s mple no This soil s mple t ken ne r F rr Gap in the northernmost pa rt of the study a rea a long the ea stern - boundary with the Joyce Kilmer Slickrock Wilderness .

ROCK SAMPLES

2 met a s a n ds t o n e Spectrogr aphic a na lyses (table ) of rock chips of , met a ra wa cke a n d met acon lomerat e 1 1 3 a an d a g y , g ( s mples) of sl te a (79 sa mples) revea l no meta l a noma lies ha ving resource. potenti l . Seventeen rock-chip samples collected in 1 973 along the common (ea stern) bounda ry with the Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness

e an d 1 977 a a a a . (Lesur others , ) simil rly show no nom lously high v lues B arium is high in some sa mples of slate a n d met a s a n ds t o n e (table and a an d a a concentr tions of As , Co , Pb , Cu , Zn slightly higher th n b ck ground a re distributed within s ulfidic a n d graphitic parts of unit V . Rock sa mples containing high concentra tions of barium a re ma inly a a a from the southern p rt of the study re , within units southea st of a the Nichols Cove f ult (fig . Rocks conta ining ppm Ba are an d a a a a s common , eight s mples , m inly sl te , cont in to a much a s Ba a nd ppm (Hopkins others , Some of the highest con cent rat ion s are from samples collected a long Sa ssafra ss Ridge ea st of a 5 1 1 24 41 . 0 80 07 . Hemlock Knob (s mple nos , , , pl No correlation a a a n d - exists between high b rium v lues high ba se meta l va lues , a 424 n d 1 . 5 a 5 39 a B except for s mple nos , e ch conta ining ppm a a n d 1 5 0 a n d 1 00 (respectively) ppm Pb . Overa ll , the high barium con 1 6 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERN ESS STU DY AREA

T B — Ra n e a nd media n va lues in m o r s elected elemen ts i n 1 92 ro ck-ch i A LE 2 . g ( pp ) f p

s a m les co llected in 1 9 76 ro m th e Citico Creek Wildern es s S tud Area Mo n ro e p f y ,

Co u n t Ten n . y ,

a na m a n a r a m o a nd z n w are a m 'All lyses by se iqu tit tive spectrog phic eth ds except those for gold i c , hich by to ic

a a a are n a n m in 1 2 5 n a n . g , , 3 , , 7 , 1 0 , a d o n bsorptio Spectro r phic d t reported to the e rest u ber the series so , m n ma m n a a o n a a . n a T w a g g ( ) R . . H n hich represe t pproxi te idpoi ts of roup d t eo etric sc le see text A lyses by opki s ,

m : e w U G D n . m m n a a and . . n J . Sh rkey , C A Curtis , S S , e ver , Colo Letter sy bols L , detect d but belo li it ofdeter i tio n t m n n t n n d w m a I n a n N o . o a n in (v lue p re theses); , detected Ele e ts looked for but fou d their lo er li its ofdetectio ,

m: BI 1 0 20 S n 1 0 Sh 1 00 W 5 0 m n in pp ( ) , Cd( ) , ( ), ( ), ( ); other ele e ts discussed text]

Meta s a n dsto n e meta ra wa cke meta co n lomerat e , g y , g (1 1 3 samples)

Avera ge 1 2 Elemen t Media n san dston e L ow High Media n

l P ett ij ohn 2 Tureki a n a n d Wedepohl

3 1 n III K a 967 . r uskopf ( , Appe dix ) ‘ Order of ma gn itude estima ted by Tureki a n an d Wedepohl

tents clea rly a re a noma lous with respect to other rocks in the study a re a an d a s compared with a vera ge va lues for sha les (table Sulfide minera ls loca lly constitute a s much a s 1 0 percent by volume a a lfi i in rocks of unit V . P rticul rly good exposures of s u d c rocks within this unit ca n be observed in roadcut s at E a gle Gap a n d Hemlock Met a ra wa cke Knob . g y ra rely contains more tha n 2 to 3 percent sul fides; la minated graphitic sla te a n d met a s ilt s t on e may conta in a s a s 1 0 a a a a n d much percent sulfides , typic lly concentr ted long lenses micro l min t i n s a a o of the coa rser silty beds (fig . In most outcrops of a met a s ilt st on e a are a sl te or , the sulfide miner ls tr nsposed into the d a a a a a n a a . m jor sl ty cle v ge show strong, preferred line tion an d are a Pyrrhotite pyrite the chief sulfide miner ls , pyrrhotite form a met a ra wa cke a n d a ing dissemin tions in the g y , pyrite porphyrobl stic cubes (to 3 cm) or strea ked a ggrega tes (with minor pyrrhotite) in a a gr phitic sl te . Microscopic studies of selected s ulfide-rich sa mples reveal the pres a ence of very minor mounts of other sulfides of economic interest , a a an d a a a princip lly sph lerite ch lcopyrite , plus tr ces of rsenopyrite a n d a a a g len . These ccessory sulfides genera lly form ma rgina l inter

GEOCHEMICAL SURVEY 1 9

growths with pyrrhotite (partly a ltered to marca site) in either meta a a a graywa cke or slate . Their presence re dily expl ins the high b ck f an d a ground concentrations o Cu , Zn , As , Pb in these rocks (t ble Simila r occurrences of minor ba se-metal sulfides were found by Mer s ch at an d Larson (1 972) in correlative rocks in the Farner qua drangle about 20 mi (30 km) southwest of the Citico Creek a rea . Because of the unusua l concentration of sulfide minera ls in this - m a a . s a area , the rocks were res mpled in more det il Composite chip ples were ta ken at approxima tely 3-ft (l -m) spa cings for ea ch litho a at a 22 1b 1 0 wa s logic unit . A composite s mple weighing le st ( kg) taken of each of six units conta ining different proportions of graphitic met a ra wa cke a nd a a a met a s ilt s tone and slate , g y , l min ted gr phitic a a a s am slate . No anom lous met l concentr tions were found in these lfide- ples or in four other s u rich specimens , except for slightly high — va lues (200 300 ppm) for Zn . Sulfide concentra tes from two bulk sa mples of met a graywa cke a nd graphitic slate collected near Ea gle Gap were separated by density a a n d a (heavy liquids), gr in size , m gnetic susceptibility . Eleven con centr t es a a an d a from the two bulk s mples , m inly pyrite pyrrhotite , a a 31 nd a a were n lyzed for major, minor , a tr ce elements . Anom lously high meta l va lues were found for severa l elements in some (not all)

a . a a a a sulfide concentr tes A few s mples , p rticul rly finer gr ined splits , a a s a s 2 5 0 cont in much 0 ppm Ag, ppm Sn, 5 00 ppm Pb , 5 00 ppm Ni , nd ppm Co , ppm Cu, ppm Zn , a greater tha n 1 per cent As .

Q U ART Z VEI N s AN D GOSSAN

are Qua rtz veins occur throughout the study area . They most com a are a an d are a a mon in slate , typic lly few feet wide , tr ce ble for tens a a are to hundreds of feet long strike . Loca lly some qu rtz veins folded a a a or deformed into pods or boudins , p rticul rly ne r the Nichols Cove

a . are a a a a f ult Most veins b rren milky qu rtz , lthough few conta in a minor mounts of pyrite . One unusua l vein from the Hemlock Knob roadcut a a a a nd a n cont ins qu rtz , lbite , minor pyrite d siderite . Four of 32 sa mples of vein qua rtz collected in 1 976 (table 3) a nd one 1 973 a a a a collected in cont in slightly nom lous met l concentra tions . a Silver is present in three s mples , the highest va lue being 5 ppm oz/t o n a 5 021 ) in s mple no . . A minor amount of gold ppm) is present in a qua rtz vein from Crowder Bra nch in the northern part of a a a the study re (s mple no . three other veins conta in tra ces of at — gold the limit of detection , ppm (sa mple nos . TCC 2 , 1 0 , 1 2; table Wea k lea d anoma lies (1 00— 1 5 0 ppm) occur in the same s am a ples with detect ble silver , suggesting a common host minera l such a s a a a g len . A le d concentration of 5 5 0 ppm is present in a sa mple of 20 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERNESS STUDY AREA

- R cks t ack iron sta ined qua rtz collected on o , a long the common bound ar - ur and y with the Joyce Kilmer Slickrock Wilderness (Les e others , - 1 a 1 a . a a 977 , t ble , s mple no One s mple of gossa n cemented breccia from the Sa ssafra ss Ridge roa d just west of Ea gle Gap con 200 n 1 ta ins 1 5 percent Fe , ppm Mn , ppm Zn , a d 00 ppm ea ch of

n d a 3 a . a Co a Cu (t ble , s mple no This s mple , a lthough i ndicat a - a ing a noma lous b se met l minera lization , does not conta in sufficient

meta l to be of resource interest .

T B — P artia l a na l s es A LE 3 . y of s elected s a mp les of vein qua rtz a nd gos s a n collected in ) 1 9 76 ro m the Citi Creek Wilder s t d r a M r e u t Ten nes S u A e n C n n . f co y , o o o y,

' ana y y em q an a m n a m ds g and z n w i are y All l ses b s i u tit tive e issio spectrogr phic etho except those for old i c , h ch b m n a a o . a ana are e n a n m in y d , 1 , 2 , 3 5 7 1 0 to ic bs rptio Spectrogr phic l ses report to the e rest u ber the series , , , , and on w n a ma m n a a on a m a e na T so , hich represe t pproxi te idpoi ts of group d t geo etric sc le (see t xt) . A lyses by R. .

H n J . a k and . . , , , U G , D n , . ym : t w m determi opki s Sh r ey C A Curtis S S e ver Colo Letter s bols L , detec edbutbelo li it of na n a in a n N n t m n k f r o . E n tio (v lue p re theses); , detected le e ts loo ed o but ot found and their lower limits of detec n in m: As 200 20 5 Nb 20 Sb 1 00 Sn 1 0 1 W , pp ( ), d( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( 00) (50)] tio C Mo Sr ,

Elements (percent)

Elements (ppm)

‘ am an-c m n S ple of goss e e ted breccia . RADIOMETRIC SURVEY 21 RADI OMET RI C SU RVEY

Ra diometric rea dings were ma de a t 1 5 2 sepa rate stations on rock ' exposures a long the new Sa ssafra ss Ridge roa d that forms the south ern bounda ry of the study a rea a nd a long the Doubleca mp-Farr Gap a a a a - at a roa d . Re dings were t ken with h nd held scintillometer sp c a and s ulfidic ings of about 5 00 ft . Gr phitic rock of unit V yielded the highest ra dioactivity va lues (table Selected samples from area s of high ra dioa ctivity were a na lyzed qua ntita tively by neutron a ctiva tion and contain from 1 5 to more tha n 36 ppm Th an d 3 to 5 ppm U (table Anoma lously high ra dioa ctivity rea dings within unit V are believed to be caused by minor concentrations of mona zite in meta - r nd met a s nds tone . a g aywacke , slate , a a Thin section study indic tes a and that most of these rocks contain at lea st traces of mon zite , some

— it ra n es a nd ea n va lues in r ks o the Citi Creek a rea T B 4 . Ra dio a tiv m A LE c y g oc f co , 1 group ed by lithologic map un it (p l. ) 'Radi oactivity determined by hand-held scintillometer a nd checked by gamma-ray spectromete r]

Approximate mean value Map un it(s) Lithology Radioactivity range of radioactivity (ur)‘ (ar)’

Met asandst one and meta 20-30 n a co glomer te . Sla te Graphitic meta graywacke n a d sla te . Met s ndst ne m r — a a o , etag ay 1 7 5 0 a a nd a w cke , sl te .

‘ One ur (radioelement unit) is the radioactivity producedby 1 ppmU in radioactive equilibriumwith all daughter products .

— T B E 5 . C n entrati ns o U a nd Th in s ele ted r k s a m les o un it V Citi Creek A L o c o f c oc p f , co a r ea (s ee p l. 1 )

na e a n n H T. a a n . a J r. . M . ' y y y y d, , C . E , and V. C m , U G , D n . ] A l s s b del ed eutro ctiv tio b Mill r llis S ith S S e ver , Colo

F ield no . 22 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERNESS STUDY AREA

a a a s a s 1 a s mples cont in much percent . L minated silty argillite or slate from unit V loca lly conta ins thin (1 mm) ba nds rich in d a n az . a a zircon , epidote , mon ite Semiqu ntit tive microprobe sca ns of two such monazite gra ins reveal high concentrations of rare-earth nd a Th : a a - elements a high U r tio , in greement with the whole rock a a an lyses (t ble However, neither the uranium nor thorium con of a a a tent these rocks ppe rs high enough to h ve resource potentia l .

MI NE RA L AP P RAI SAL

BEE PAL L HJ R ES OU RCES

Proterozoic a nd Z meta sedimenta ry rocks of the Ocoee Super a a a a a group loc lly cont in import nt met llic miner l deposits , chiefly of nd copper a gold . The only meta l a noma lies within the Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area are a ssociated with minor a mounts of sulfide n a a a and met a ra wacke mi er ls in gr phitic sl te g y of unit V (pl . These a a a s a s 1 0 an d str t cont in a much percent pyrite (or) pyrrhotite , minor a a a nd a n mounts of intergrown ch lcopyrite sph lerite , a d rare ga lena n d a a . a n rsenopyrite Concentr tions of As , Co , Pb , Cu , a d Zn slightly higher tha n ba ckground va lues are evident from spectrogra phic a na l s i s a y . No potenti l resource va lue appea rs to be a ssociated with this a a sulfide miner liz tion, however .

COPPER

Copper sulfide deposits occur in rocks of the Ocoee Supergroup in severa l pla ces near the study area . The Ducktown copper district, conta ining some of the largest ma ssive sulfide deposits in the United , a a 0 0 a a St tes , is bout 3 mi (5 km) southwest of the study re in south

a . ( . a or o e stern Polk County , Tenn fig Prim ry e n w being mined there consists of pyrrhotite an d pyrite with a ssociated minor a a a nd a a a ch lcopyrite , sph lerite , m gnetite (M gee , Sulfuric cid a a s and is the major product of v lue , but copper , iron ( pellets), zinc , minor a mounts of gold and silver a lso a re recovered . Another region of simila r sulfide mineralization is in western a N O at a a an d az Sw in County , . . , the former Font n H el Creek mines

( . a a a 1 5 (25 ) a s fig The Font n mine , bout mi km northe t of the study a a w s 1 26 nd 1 44 a re , a mined between 9 a 9 , producing more th n a a long tons of copper (Espensha de , The H zel Creek mine , lso s 22 35 known a the Everett or Ada ms mine , is about mi ( km) north a of a a a a 1 900 an d e st the wilderness study re . Mining there beg n bout 1 4 at az continued intermittently until 94 . Reserves the H el Creek property were estimated in 1 942 to be long tons of high-gra de MIN ERAL APPRAISAL 23

n d a ore (3 percent ea ch of copper a zinc), of which bout tons a - a have since been mined . Approxim tely long tons of low gr de ore conta ining 1 to percent combined copper a n d zinc a lso is re a ported (Espensha de , Both mines were perm nently closed in 4 a a n d a a wa s a 1 94 , when r il ro d ccess blocked by the rising w ters of

Fonta na Reservoir . N0 major gossans nor abunda nce of copper minera ls wa s identified a a s within the wilderness study area . Region l geologic studies such tha t by Mers ch at a nd Wiener (1 973) suggested that the host rocks for the Ducktown an d Fonta na -Ha zel Creek deposits are st ratigraph Mers ch at a nd ica lly higher tha n rocks of the Citico Creek a rea . Wiener (1 973) showed tha t strata probably correlative with these ma ssive sulfide terra nes are exposed severa l miles southea st of the

a a a . a a wilderness re bound ry Within the present study re , the poten tia l for occurrence of significa nt copper minera liza tion is therefore judged to be low .

GO LD

The proposed wilderness is about 8 mi (1 3 km) northea st of the a - a a a a Coker Creek district , gold producing re of pproxim tely ' a cres (5 0 km ) in southern Monroe County . At Coker Creek , gold orig i n in nd fin e- a nkeriti c at g from quartz veins a gr ined , a country rock of the Ocoee Supergroup wa s discovered in 1 827 a n d worked period ’ i call 1 2 s a a y through the 9 0 (H le , Most production c me from pla cer deposits a nd terra ce gra vels a long ma in strea ms a nd their trib i s ut ar e . a a at ll Sever l ttempts underground mining , a unsuccessful , ’ a 1 869 a nd -1 92 s a were m de between the mid 0 . Tot l production of Au h a s a a from the district been estim ted to be bout ounces (Ha le , 1 97

Gold in or near the study area h a s been known for more tha n a cen a nd a a 1 tury h lf, since Troost ( 837) reported sma ll a mounts of gold in 1 - . a 869 . 4 4 the Tellico River S fford ( , p 89 90) cited the occurrence of ' gold on the waters of Coker Creek a n d projected the trend of gold a be ring rocks of the district into the Whiteoa k Flats area , about a a a third of mile west of the present study rea . Gold in Whiteoa k Flats wa s later reported between B a llplay a nd Citico Creeks by Ashley (1 9 1 1 ) a nd a long Fla ts Creek a n d Gold Bra nch by Rove Rove ' “ a lso mentioned va gue rumors of gold-bearing quartz veins on the ' a a he dw ters of Citico Creek . a a During this study , me sur ble qua ntities of gold were detected in a an d a s a m four rock s mples , tr ces were found in four others . Two soil a a a a ples lso cont in detect ble gold . All m jor strea ms of the area were a a p nned for gold , but na lyses of the stream sediment samples show none . 24 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERN ESS STUDY AREA

a a In ddition to the gold in s mples from the present study, gold wa s found previously in or nea r the Citico Creek a rea by Lesure an d 1 977 an d a others ( ) by the Tennessee V lley Authority (TVA , R . C . 1 9 7 a 6 - . 7 a a n Ha le , written commun , T ble lists gold be ring s mples , a d figure 8 illustrates the distribution of gold occurrences in an d near the Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area . Tra ces of gold were found a long Doublecamp Creek and the Unicoi a a a and a Mounta in highl nds in gr y pyritic sl tes in thin qu rtz veins . 2 a Lesure a nd others (1 977 p . 6) reported ppm gold in sample of h r bl t 3202 pyrite porp y o as s from slate (sample no . ) on Little Fodder u a a sta ck Mounta in o the ea stern bounda ry . A simil r porphyrobl st sa mple (TCC— 42) from a ro adcut a long the lower reaches of Double ca mp Creek conta ins a tra ce of gold ppm) . Three sa mples of a TOC-2 1 0 1 2 a a a a a vein qu rtz ( , , ) h ve detect ble gold; s mple of qu rtz

(6041 ) from the a rea of Crowder Bra nch conta ins ppm gold . One

T B — ld c n ten t o s a m les r m the Citi Creek Wildernes s S tud Area a nd A LE 6 . Go o f p f o co y vicin ity

' ' 1 n . 3 z n ton . am a n a are in a m n m w 1 m 0 . 000 0 5 o 'All v lues listed p rts per illio (pp ), here pp perce t per lo g S ple loc tio s TCC fi n m f m n n a n fire-a a num are wn in fi 7 . sho gure pre xed u bers ro prese t i vestig tio , ss y tests; - Ha T nn m and 1 977 a m a r n ana 495 3 n m m n . bers fro Lesure others, , to ic bso ptio lyses; u bers fro Robi C le , e essee - n 4 4 w n mm n . 1 77 at m a n a a 01 Va Ge B an Kn T nn . 9 lley Authority, ologic r ch, oxville , e , ritte co u , , o ic bsorptio lyses; ,

m - n L ' w m rm na 4022 a nd 6041 a m a m a n a a . e , s ples fro this study , to ic bsorptio lyses ( ) detect dbutbelo li it ofdete i tion or below va lue shown]

a n Sample no . S mple descriptio

- Dark gray slate . n u Vei q artz . - Dark gray slate .

Vein qua rtz .

Do . a - a D rk gray sl te . n Pyrite conce tra te .

Soil . n a and a a I terl y ered pale medium gr y sl te . met acon l merat e Arkosic g o . - Dark gray slate . - - m n ne Sheared light olive gray arkosic et as a dst o .

Forest litter .

Strea m sediment .

Do . n Pyrite conce trate . M t ra cke e ag ywa .

met a s n st ne Coarse a d o . S oil .

‘ Do . n Vei quartz .

26 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERN ESS STUDY AREA

panned-concentrate sa mple collected from Flint Bra nch a long the northwest boundary of the study a rea yielded a -mm ribbon-shaped

grain of gold . Minor a mounts of gold a lso were found in the highla nds surround ing the hea dwa ters of the north a n d south forks of Citico Creek; this “ ' a 1 2 coincides with the v gue rumors of gold mentioned by Rove ( 9 6 , a a - a a met a s a n ds to n e p . Here , tr ces of gold occur in d rk gr y sl te , , m n lomerat e a n d a n d et a co g , thin qu rtz veins of units IV a V . Lesure 2 1 977 . 3 a a a n d others ( , p ) reported gold in the s me rea , from two a - a 235 5 a n d a 2222 stre m sediment s mples ( four rock s mples ( , 2 2 7 an d a a an d a a 230 , 2 3 , soil s mple mull s mple The gold-bearing TVA sa mples (495 3— 1 — 1 a nd 495 3-2— 2) a re a lso 1 4 1 6 a 2 r h n . a 97 . a Me s c at a d from this region H le ( , p ) st ted th t unit (of 1 973 a Wiener , ; unit III of this study) in the Gre t Smoky Group con “ s o- a a a wa s ta ins the c lled Un k veins , but gold not detected in two a qua rtz veins s mpled from this unit during the present study . Rove

1 2 . 2 a a ( 9 6 , p 8) reported gold in simil r veins in the Unicoi Mount ins wa s a . e st of Coker Creek , Tenn In the present study , gold not detected a 1 26 26 in samples of conglomer te from unit II , which Rove ( 9 , p . ) indi c t a a ed to be gold bea ring in the Coker Creek area . Bec use of the low tenor of gold-bearing rocks in the study area an d the la ck of large

a a a a . lluvi l deposits , it is doubtful th t commerci l quantities of gold exist

IRO N

1 837 a Troost ( first noted tr ces of iron in Citico Creek , north of the a a a s a a 1 869 a study re , possibly pyrite ltered to limonite . S fford ( ) l ter a a a a included the gener l re in the E stern (Tennessee) Iron Region , 1 85 4 h a d a a a a which , in , nine oper ting furn ces . One of the l rgest oper wa s a 1 tions , the Tellico Iron Works , bout 9 mi ( 5 km) west of the a a iVer wa s study re on the Tellico R . Much of the ore mined from fer ru i n ous a a nd g s ndstone of the Ocoee Supergroup , most of the iron wa s an d siliceous high in phosphorous . In the Ducktown copper dis tri ct a wa s 1 9 a , goss n mined for iron until depletion in 07 . Since th t n time , iron sinter a d pellets have been produced at Ducktown a s a byproduct of sulfuric a cid ma nufa cture from primary iron sulfides . Neither highly ferruginous sandstone nor major gossa n deposits a a a a - were found in the study re . One sm ll exposure of goss n cemented breccia conta ins 1 5 percent iron (table another red oxidized meta

— a TCC 36 a 4 . s ndstone (sa mple no . ) cont ins only percent iron Most a rocks in the study a rea have tra ces of pyrite or pyrrhotite , cont ining

a s a s 1 0 a . a much percent loc lly However, these concentr tions of iron a s a s a are re in sulfides , well in the goss n , too low to be of current source interest . MIN ERAL APPRAISAL 27

NO NMET ALLI C RESO U RCES

Known nonmeta llic resources within the Citico Creek study a rea d a a n d a a a a an . include slate , gr phite , stone , silic , s nd gr vel Some sl te a a a might find ma rgin l use for structur l cl y products but , like the a a an d other nonmeta llic resources , is present in l rger qu ntities is more ea sily recovered outside of the proposed wilderness . A low m a a potentia l for barite ay also exist in the study re .

SLAT E

Units of sla te genera lly do not crop out in the study area but are n a are a exposed a long ro adcut s a d strea mbeds . Sl tes commonly gr y to d r a re a a a a n a a e a a . a black , in m ny re s pyritic , lso loc lly gr phitic V rie a a n d a a g ted yellow , red , violet , blue , brown sl te is lso present , typ i ll t a ca y with clea va ge a a high a ngle to bedding (fig . cre ting a a attra ctive banded slabs . Some of the sl te could prob bly be crushed a s r a a n d a for use roofing g nules pulverized for miner l filler . How and a a ever, for these uses , color uniformity rock purity (l ck of c rbon at e a nd a a a a a sulfides) would be necess ry , lthough m ny sl te gr nules are a a a rtifici lly colored (B tes , None of the varieties of slate would be suitable for dimension slate a a that might be competitive with other products . Detriment l f ctors “ ' 1 r h robl a s t s include ( ) pyrite po p y forming knots , which would weather an d sta in; (2) la ck of color uniformity (in the variegated var i a a a ety) required of dimension stone (Pennsylv ni St te College ,

and (3) a a a at a a ( . cle v ge typic lly high ngle of bedding fig which , a - a a a s where present, cre tes rod sh ped pieces m king the rock useless dimension stone . a a a a a TCC— 1 3 1 4 a n d Cer mic ev lu tion tests of three sl te s mples ( , , 1 5 a S . a a a ) by the U . Bure u of Mines Met llurgy Rese rch Center , Tusc Al ll a a . a a a a e loos , , showed th t would h ve only ma rgin l use for stru tural clay products such a s building brick or tile (see table The lack of a nearby market a rea in the foreseeable future suggests a low resource potentia l for these rocks .

GRAPHIT E

a a a n d D rk sl te of unit V in pl ces is sooty bla ck a shiny surfa ced, a a a Ga a a a a a especi lly ne r E gle p long the S ss fr ss Ridge ro d . This a a a a a a m teri l , which in h nd specimen ppe rs gr phitic , is typica lly very a fine gr ined , occurring either disseminated throughout the rock or a a a 1 a concentr ted in irregul r fl ttened chips , to 5 cm cross . No high a a a wa s a n a qu lity fl ke gr phite seen in y of these rocks , presum bly a a a bec use of the low met morphic gr de of the a rea . 28 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERN ESS STU DY AREA

a m N m w m m a m w 5 m w m a w o w o a e o n a a 0 w a a n d g d d d gn g' ém g' d' d' d' 4 gu g' “ “ “ nn “ “

fi . fi . a fl. m fl. A fl. ' a “ m fl fl. e x w w fl fl fi x s g ~ o m N w c m N a a o m o q g v v m N a w m m w ; w v m w a

m “ m . . _ w a fi v A M fi m m w M w fi fi w x a w 0 m g s g s g A e o . w u m v N m . “ m w h a vw a ~ N w h a

m m m m m A w w a w m g g a m . . o fi

0 1 0 1 v N N OO CQ Q ‘ N N CO OO fl‘ lO

o c o a c o c o o c c o c o o c c o o m o m o m o m o n o m o m o n o m o o fi a m N c o a a m m c o a a m fl fi fi fl fi a H a a a a a a a a a a a fi MIN ERAL APPRAISAL 29

Qualitative X-ray -emission tests revealed the presence of major T C— 24 n d TCC— 1 a graphite pea ks in unit V slate sa mples C a 3 . Speci l chemica l tests were performed in which residues from HCl an d HF treated sa mples were burned to determine tota l ca rbon a nd orga nic a TCC— 24 a a a an d carbon content . S mple cont ins percent tot l c rbon a a a a a percent org nic c rbon , le ving percent inorg nic c rbon, T — 1 a . a CC 3 a which probably is gr phite Simil rly , cont ins percent a a a nd a tota l ca rbon, percent org nic c rbon, percent inorg nic a X-ra a a carbon or graphite . Addition l y studies of sever l shiny bl ck specimens of slate from nea r E a gle Gap fa iled to show a ny chara cter i i a n a a a a st c graphite pea ks , suggesting morphous r ther th n cryst l a a a a a line state . Five a n lyzed s mples from this s me loc lity cont in less a a a fin e- a than 2 percent nonc rbon te c rbon . These gr ined deposits of graphitic rock ca nnot compete with higher gra de flake graphite ma inly a in foreign deposits (Mexico) , or from more e sily worked deposits in nd a a a a nd Th oen en 1 94 a Alaba ma a Pennsylv ni (P llister , 8; S nford nd a a L mb ,

ST O NE

Met a s ands t ne met a r a wacke a n d met acon lomerate o , g y , g in the m s a a a a an d a a a a a a a a a . re y be suit ble ripr p , r ilro d b ll st , ro d m teri l A a a a sm ll quarry on the south side of Citico Creek , bout 9 mi upstre m e D ublecam a of the confluenc with o p Creek , removed m ssively bedded met a s a nds t o ne a nd met acon lomerat e a g of unit III , presum bly for use a s a a ha s a and ro d met l . Stone been used only loc lly , however , there is a a a a no re son to believe th t wider m rket will exist in the future . Some units of attractive blue-quartz met agraywacke and met aco n a a a a glomer te lso h ve potentia l use a s dimension stone . They h ve low porosity and high strength due to recrysta llization and commonly are a a a a a m ssively bedded . However , in m ny re s they cont in a and dissemin ted iron sulfides (pyrite (or) pyrrhotite) , which would a form unsightly st ins upon weathering . The presence of iron sulfides and variable gra in size in some beds would considerably restrict use of the stone .

SILICA

a Thick , rel tively pure quartz veins occur in sla te a nd met a s ilt s tone a Doublecam an d long p Creek near Beehouse Gap . Outcrops of veins a s m a s 6 2 t n uch ft ( m) thick were found a severa l loca tions , a d some a a m a flo t blocks suggest th t thicker veins ay exist . Qu rtz veins possi a s a fluxs to ne a bly could be used source of , silic flour, or ferrosilicon . a a In the p st , small amount of vein quartz from nearby area s h a s been used as a fluxs t one in copper smelting in the Ducktown copper dis 30 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERN ESS STUDY AREA

ri t n d t c (Hurst, However , the cost of working , crushing, a tra ns porting the quartz wo uld not be competitive with that from other

sources .

SAND AND GRAVEL

Minor a mounts of sa nd a n d gra vel occur a s a lluvium a long a few a a a Doubleca m an d stre ms , especi lly the lower p rts of p Creek Citico a a a n d a a re Creek . Bec use l rger more e sily recovered deposits found a in other regions , the resource potenti l of the deposits in the study

a rea is judged to be low .

BARIT E

Anoma lous contents of ba rium determined for ma ny fin e-gra ined el a sti c rocks in the Citico Creek area suggest a potentia l for strata s trat aboun d a a re bound barite . Deposits of b rite of economic impor a a a a a s a t nce in m ny p rts of the world , princip lly source for high a a a a density drilling muds . B rite is lso of explor tion interest bec use of a a - s rat aboun d Pb-Zn its common ssoci tion with sediment hosted , t a a a a deposits (L rge , Some rocks in the study re cont in to ppm Ba (table ma inly slates from southea st of the Nichols

a ( . a s t rat abound a Cove f ult fig In the bsence of obvious veins , b rite Ba - a strataboun d or rich feldspar or mica is suggested . A l rge deposit of a a Ba - a B - n d a h a s b rite , celsi n ( feldsp r), a rich muscovite , a sph lerite recently been described from the Da lra dia n of the Scottish Highla nds a a nd oth ers here a a are (Co ts , 1 980) ,w the met sediment ry rocks of simi l ar a e and g lithology to those of the Ocoee Supergroup . In the Citico a a a n d a concen Creek re , b rium contents of strea m sediments a p nned trates do not exceed 700 ppm (table a n d Ba -rich rocks apparently are not confined to a restricted stra tigraphic interva l (fig . The potentia l for st rat abound barite (an d a ssociated Pb-Zn) is thus judged

a a . a a a to be low within the present study re However, b rium is nom l ous ly high in slaty rocks in the a dj a cent Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wil - a derness , where some strea m sediment sa mples cont in to Ba and 1 2 met a s edimen ppm (Lesure others , 977 tables , Other a a a a t ry terr nes of the Gre t Smoky Mount ins , including the Joyce - ma a a a Kilmer Slickrock Wilderness , therefore , y h ve higher potenti l s tr t n for a abou d ba rite .

O I L AND GAS

nd n d 1 979 Recent seismic a a eroma gnetic studies (Cook a others , ; a an d 1 978 a a a H tcher Zeitz , ) indic te th t the Blue Ridge in North C ro lina conta ins a thick sequence - 3 mi or 1 — 5 km thick) of s edimen REFEREN CES CITED 31

an a a 4 1 0 tary rocks , below overlying l yer of met morphic rocks to mi - a (6 1 5 km) thick . These met morphic rocks , of which those of the pro a a a a a posed Citico Creek Wilderness are p rt , h ve pp rently been moved northwestwa rd about a hundred miles up a n d over the younger sedi a a a n a mentary rocks . These sediment ry rocks h ve unknown potenti l at a nd for hydrocarbons . The depths which they occur the implied degree of meta morphism suggest that any hydrocarbons present a s a nd an d would be in the form of natur l ga not oil (Cook others , 1 97 The chances of finding concentrations of this ga s are problem atica l; until some deep drilling is done to test the results of the seis a a a of a s a ca n a mic studies , no re son ble estim te the g potenti l be m de , but the presence of ga s ca nnot be tota lly discounted .

REFE RENCES CI T ED

H 1 9 1 1 The fi M n un T nn : Ashley , G . . , , gold elds of Coker Creek , o roe Co ty , e essee Geo — a S u of T nn The R u T nn . 79 1 07 . logic l rvey e essee , eso rces of e essee , p R L 1 60 n u a an d n a : N ew a and a . . 9 B tes , , , Geology ofthe i d stri l rocks mi er ls York , H rper

44 1 . Brothers , p M R n T nn H . 1 70 a a n R . 9 C rpe ter , , , et morphic history ofthe Blue idge provi ce of e essee — 1 3 . 749 76 . n 81 no . nd N a na : a S a . a orth C roli Geologic l ociety of Americ Bulleti , v , , p

M F n d McC urt . F r N a a M. a . a o S . G. o t e . a . S . Co ts , J , mith , C , y , J G ll gher , J y , , , W J 1 980 St rat abound a - n n a a n i n a a a n n a , b rium zi c mi er liz tio D lr di schist e r Aberfeldy ,

B. 89 . n n u n M n n and M a Tran a n . Scotla d: I stit tio of i i g et llurgy s ctio s , v , sec , B -B1 22 I 1 0 . p . E n a O . . a d n D u n . A . a . S . . . a a S Cook , F . , Alb ugh , D , Brow , L , K fm , , liver, J , H tcher , 1 T n- nn n in a n n a a an R D . J r . 979 . , , , hi ski ed tecto ics the cry st lli e souther App l chi s; P -reflecti n fi n R an d n : Ge COCOR seismic o pro li g of the Blue idge Piedmo t ology , — 5 67 .

H i n N a na n a n a . . 1 963 Espe sh de , G , , Geology of some copper deposits orth C roli , Virgi i , d n 1 2-1 a n a a a : U . S . a S 1 4 5 0 . Al b m Geologic l urvey Bulleti , p T nn s : C . 1 4 M n n a R. 97 H le , , , Gold deposits ofthe Coker Creek district, o roe Cou ty , e es ee T nn n n 72 93 . e essee Divisio of Geology Bulleti , p i u D . J r . and Z 1 T n n n S a R . 978 r a H tcher , , , eitz , Isidore , , hi c y st lli e thrust sheets the o th ern Appa lachia n Inner Piedmont an d Blue Ridge: Interpretation ba sed upon re gi on al aeroma gnetic data Geological Society of America Abstracts with Pro

a 1 0 n o . 7 . 41 . 7 . gr ms , v , , p

n n M. 1 6 n a R. 9 8 n a a and Her o , , , Geology of the Ducktow , Is bell , Persimmo Creek qu d ra n les T nn a nd N n n- R a a : U S . a S O g , e essee orth C roli . Geologic l urvey pe File eport , 4 7 p . l n R . T u A a na . S a D nd S F 1 a . . a a . . 979 Hopki s, , C rtis, C , h rkey , J . . , l ck , J , , Geochemic l y and a n a f n ses of rock , soil , stre m sedime t s mples rom the Citico Creek Wilder ess S u a M n T nn u O n - R n : U . S . a S t dy Are , o roe Cou ty , e essee Geologic l rvey pe File eport - 79 5 77 31 . , p M n a . 1 95 5 S a a u nd n a u Hurst , V J , tr tigr phy , struct re , a mi er l reso rces ofthe i er l Bluff

a an a : a e a Su u n 63 1 37 . qu dr gle , Georgi Georgi G ologic l rvey B lleti , p 1 907 n N n n N a n a Keith, Arthur, , Descriptio of the a taha la quadra gle ' orth C roli T nn : S . ca u 4 1 . 4 a . U . S Ge a a 1 3 2 e essee] Geologi l rvey ologic l Atl s , Folio , p , m ps n B . . u nd a m M u a a W. 1 95 0 a Ki g, P , Keith , Arth r, H yes , C . , , Geologic p ofthe urphy q d an T n n -N - R . a n a : S . a S r O n r gle , e essee orth C roli U . Geologic l u vey pe File eport 32 THE CITICO CREEK WILDERNESS STU DY AREA

n n N ew M r - B. 1 967 : cG aw a . 721 Kr uskopf, K , , I troductio to geochemistry York , Hill , p . Ge a a am a a n - E . 1 80 a . 9 a n L rge , D , , ologic l p r eters ssoci ted with sedime t hosted, subm ri e exhalative Pb-Zn deposits: An empirical model for mineral exploration : Geologisches — — 4 5 9 1 29 . a u D 0 . J hrb ch , , p ind l h nd R. W o . R. a 1 M n . . 977 a u . G. Les re , F , Force , E , p , J , Hill , J J i er l resources of -S r n N a na— T nn l : S . Geo the Joyce Kilmer lick ock Wilder ess , orth C roli e essee U . og

u n 1 41 6 89 . ical S urvey B lleti , p Ma Ma 1 968 and u n T nn gee , urice , , Geology ore deposits of the D cktow district , e essee , i r U n S a 1 933- 1 967 a n- a N n O e S . ew deposits of the ited t tes , (Gr to les volume , v a n n M n n M a a an d n n York , Americ I stitute of i i g, et llurgic l Petroleum E gi eers, — 207 241 . p . T 2 n n E and a n . 1 97 a fi i Merschat . . . a a an , C , L rso , L , , Dissemi ted sul des L te Prec mbri O a S a a a 4 coee rocks Geologic l ociety of Americ Abstr cts with Progr ms , v . , — 2 2 3 . no . . 9 9 , p

r E n n . d . S 1 973 na m O Me scha t . . a a S , C , Wie er, L , , Provisio l geologic p ofthe coee uper u n N a na an d a n T nn e gro p , southwester orth C roli southe ster e essee G ological

5 no . . 420 S a a a . 5 . ociety of Americ Abstr cts with Progr ms , v , , p d - M. an . 1 976 na a n ne Mot ooka . t o t , J , Grimes , D J , A ly ic l precisio of six h order semi

n ana S . a S a a a a : U . 2 738 5 . qu tit tive spectrogr phic ly ses Geologic l urvey Circul r , p B N n H d . . 1 965 e n N euman R . . an a S M n , , elso , W , , G ology of the wester Gre t moky ou — nn S . n a n T : U . S 4 D a a a 3 9 81 . t i s , e essee Geologic l urvey Professio l P per , p D nd Th nen - a . . a oe . R . 1 94 a r a and ana P llister , H , , J , 8, Fl ke g phite v dium investigation i nd n n Ala a M n a a a : U . S . n R n Cl y , Coos , Chilto Cou ties , . Bure u of i es eport of I vesti i n s 4 at o 4366 8 . g , p nn an a S a 1 947 a nd new nn a n a a Pe sy lv i t te College , , Properties uses of Pe sy lv i sl te n S a M n a n u n S a n n 4 1 n an a 7 68 . Pe sylv i t te i er l I d stries Experime t t tio Bulleti , p n 1 963 a n an n — n a n n . a a d Pettijoh , F J , Chemic l compositio of s dsto es Excludi g c rbo te

n n 5 M a ed . a a a a a : U . S . Geo volc ic s ds , ch pter ofFleischer , ich el , , D t ofgeochemistry 4 — — a Su na a 40 S . S l SZI . logic l rvey Professio l P per , p 1 2 R nn a n n n i R O . N 9 6 a a T n : Ma n U n ove , . , , eco iss ce ofgold deposits ofe ster e essee diso ,

n n b M. 2 n u u S . 9 . versity of Wisco si , p . thesis , p 1 nn n T nn T nn S aff . M. 85 6 i a a a S a : ord, J , , A geolog c l reco iss ce of the t te of e essee e essee 4 S a nn a R : N a 1 6 . t te Geologist, First Bie i l eport shville , p

1 869 T nn : N a 5 50 . , Geology of e essee shville , p n n D n n n a n n n S a R . S . a d a . . 1 949 a a a ford, , L mb , F , , I vestig tio ofthe Be j mi Fr kli gr phite - P d n n a : U . n n n n an a . . S mi e (gover me t ow ed) the Just gr phite mi e , Chester Cou ty , M n R n n 4 3 1 a a 5 0 7 . Bure u of i es eport of I vestig tio s , p

F n . B and E a n in met as ed S a . 1 980 l ck , J . , Wiggi s , L . , Grosz , A . . , , Diverse types ofg r ets iment ar a S N r a na a nd T nn in y rocks of the Gre t moky Group , o th C roli e essee , 1 1 e a S R a 1 9 0 : U . . a S na a 75 G ologic l urvey ese rch 8 S Geologic l urvey Professio l P per , - p . 66 67 . T nn n 1 966 ma T nn : N a a e essee Divisio of Geology , , Geologic p of e essee shville , sc le

T a 1 837 u a S a T nn : N a roost , Gir rd, , Fo rth geologic l report ofthe t te of e essee sh

37 . ville , p K an d ede hl H 1 n n in Tureki a n . 1 W o . . 96 , K . , p , K , , Distributio of the eleme ts some ’

n 72 no . 2 a n a : a S a . m jor u its ofthe E rth s crust Geologic l ociety ofAmeric Bulleti , v , , — 1 75 1 9 1 . p . w- 4 n 68 M a : N ew McGra 03 . T . 1 9 ur er, F J , et morphic petrology York , Hill , p

n S . and Mers ch at . E 1 8 S m n a . 9 a . 7 Wie er , L , , C , , u m ry of geology betwee the Gre t S M n a n a at a T nn and a n moky ou t i f ult P rksville , e essee , b seme t rocks of the Blue R at a Ga N a n a : T nn n R idge Gl de p, orth C roli e essee Divisio of Geology eport of — 2 n a n 37 . 23 9 . I vestig tio s , p