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The Flora of Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area, Cherokee National Forest, Monroe County, Tennessee

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The Flora of Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area, Cherokee National Forest, Monroe County, Tennessee University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-1977 The Flora of Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area, Cherokee National Forest, Monroe County, Tennessee Jeffry Lowell Malter University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Malter, Jeffry Lowell, "The Flora of Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area, Cherokee National Forest, Monroe County, Tennessee. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1977. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2887 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Jeffry Lowell Malter entitled "The Flora of Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area, Cherokee National Forest, Monroe County, Tennessee." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Botany. A. Murray Evans, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Clifford C. Amundsen, David K. Smith Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Jeffry Lowell Malter entitled "The Flora of Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area, Cherokee National Forest, Monroe County, Tennessee." I recommend that it be accepted in partial ful llment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Botany. ' A. Murray Evans; Maj or Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: '/ ... ; f / � : I I , h -\..-··t..ot t / Accepted for the Council: Vice Chancellor Graduate Studies and Research THE FLORA OF CITICO CREEK iHI...DEmJES.S STUDY ,:-�.R2.�., CHEROKEE NATIONAL FOREST, �ONROE COUNTY, TE:JNESSEE A Thesis Presented for t�e Master of Science Degree The University af Tennessee, Kncxville Jeffry Lowell Malter December 1977 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To my major professor , Dr . A. Murray Evans, sin=er­ est thanks for help with this thesis , my botanic al educa- tion , and several enj oyable ld trips to the my s terious swamp s of the So utheast. To Dr. David K. Smith, for serving on my comm ittee, critically reviewing this manus cript, and especially for introducing me to the intriguing world of the cryp togams , the author is mo st grateful . Thanks to Dr. Clifford C. Amundsen fa:· serving on my committee and helping with some philosophical problems of wilderness conse rvation. Especial thanks to Dr. Gene Wofford for helping with the many tasks associated with plant identi ficat ion and herbar ium '.vork . Dr . Hal DeSelm was always willing to spend t ime answe ring my many que stions and was mo st kind in assisting with the grass identif at ions . For his insuiration and willingness to share hi s sto rehouse of knowle dge , I am mo st grateful to Dr . Aaron J. Sharp . Without the help of many graduate students 1n the Departments of Botany and Zoology , this study and my biological education would be quite incomp te. Particular thanks go to Thomas S. Patr ick , who has been an ever ll iii faith ful companion in the field and laboratory , always willing to hike one more ridge or peer into the d is s ect i n g scope, never complaining that my sedge was st ill in flower , nor that I had asked him to look at a sp ider or snai l in­ stead of a toadshade . To Rick Phil lippe , Dave Web b, Mark Whitt:en , and the many others who made the storms less stormy and the sunny days sunnier, I am grateful . Rob ert L. Jones is gratefully thanked for his ex­ pertise on the plethodonts and his enjoyab le companionship while fording many a wet and rocky stream. To Paul Somers for initial ly suggesting Citico Creek as a place worthy of study , and for his deep concern with its preservation , I am most appreciative. Without the financ ial and logistic support of the Botany Department of The University of Tennessee and the United States For est Service , the undertaking of this proj ect would have been most difficult. Especial thanks go to Harvey "Cap" Price , Alice Stevenson , and other Forest Service employees. Sigma Xi , the Sc ientific Research Society of North A�erica, was most generous in giving the author a Grant-in­ Aid and for this he is most appreciative. To Margaret, Chuck , and all my friends from "group ," I thank you for both the many years of mor al support and a iv never-failing fa ith in the blooming of the spring flowers, after a long , cold winter. To Henry St einberg, wiz ard of the molecule and long-time friend, my deepest appreciation for many enjoy­ able talks and walks. My parents, Dr . �lax and Franc�s Kcch, have always had cheery sm iles and warm hearts, and I am mo st grate ful to them for the ir many years of support . ABSTRACT Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area, located entirely within the Cherokee National Forest t Mon-roe CouJ1ty, Tennes­ see, is under consideration r inclusion in the National Wilderness System. A study of the vascular flora of this 6,716 hectare area was conducted between �arch, 1976 and September, 1977. A total of 536 taxa, including 259 county records, was determined. This represents approximately 23% of the state ora. Pertinent literature on the history, climate, geology, soils, and vegetation of the area is summa zed. Particular note has been made of rare plants, with seven on the Tennes­ see list being found. One of these, .Junct'S gyrrnccarpus Coville, is reported for the rst ti�e in Tennessee outside the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Plants found in the study area and listed on the rare plant lists of neigh­ boring states are also discussed. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER P ..�GE INTRODUCT ION. I. LOCATION. 4 II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION • 8 Physiography. 8 Forest .... 9 Animal Li . 9 Curr ent Use . 10 I I I. HISTORY . 12 Human Habitation and Use .... 12 History of Forest Conservation. 18 Biological History. ... 21 Botanical History . 28 IV. CLB1ATE 30 ,, . GEOLOGY 33 VI. SOILS . 38 VII. VEGE TAT ION .• VIII. FLORA .•••••• ••••.• • • • • 51 General Discussion. 51 Descriptions of Collecting Localities . 54 IX. ENDAl\JGERED PLANTS 64 X. SUMM.t\RY . 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 75 APPENDICES. I • I • I 11 11 86 APPEND IX A. • 87 APPENDIX B. • 114 APPEND IX C. 115 VI • • I 'I • II: I I II I • I I 'I Ill t t I I I I I 1 116 vi. LIST OF TABLE S TABLE PAGE 1. Area of Forest Land in Specific For est Types. 46 2. Age of the Forest, Using Ten Year Increments . 47 3. Correlation of Age with Forest Types. 48 4. List oi Plants Found in the Citico Creek Wilderness Study Area and Included on the Rare Plant Lists of Tennessee and Six Surro�nd ing States. ·S 5 5. List of Plants Found in the Citico Cre ex Wilderness Study Area and Considered to be Extinct, Possibly or Prob ably Extinct, or Given Some Legal Protection by Twenty -One �1 States . I .L 6. Systematic List of Plants with Common Names and Localities... 87 7. Statistical Summary of the Flora . 114 8. List of Aquatic - or Wet-Environment Plants .. 115 vii I ::-.I TRODUCT I ON As part of the Nation al Wilderness Sys tem , Citico Creek Wilderness Study Ar ea (WSA) ha s been set aside for a pe riod o£ five years, from 1975 through 1980. In these years , scientific studies will play a role in determining the eventual status for its inclusion in or exclus ion from th e �ilderne ss sy stem. Together with political and eco­ nomic factors , this area will either be perm anently set aside or returned to the normal multiple us e activities of the Forest Service . A first step in deterrr.ining the ch aracter of an area is the identifi cation of its con stituents . The aim of this study has be en tc determ ine the vascular plant component . The app ropriate literature associated with th is work has been consulted to help put the area into a phys ical and biolo gical pe rspective. The biological imp act of human �se in the Citico Cre ek WSA has been investigated and has been shown to con­ siderably alter, at time s, the natural vegetation of the area. Despite these events , the regrowth of th e forest into a heavily vegetated timberland , has proceeded with a rapid pace . That the vegetation will continu e to mature, if left undisturbed may some day restore this area to one with a truly mature aspect. 1 2 Although a flora sannct be fully understood unt il its vegetative history has been sc ientifically determined) this study is the first such step towards that under­ standing . As little physical work has been don e in the are a which would explain the geological and subsequent topographic events which have formed and altered the land­ scape, some extr apolations from work in surrounding areas have been made. Though in detail there may be some error, statements have been made reg arding the geology that hope ­ fully will help give a framework for the ensu ing biological and physical ev ents in the area.
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