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Shifting Discourses of Nesting Orientalisms: the Case of Western

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Shifting Discourses of Nesting Orientalisms: the Case of Western SHIFTING DISCOURSES OF NESTING ORIENTALISMS: THE CASE OF WESTERN BALKAN FRAGMENTATION By Natalija Waldhuber Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations and European Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations and European Studies Supervisor: Xymena Kurowska, PhD CEU eTD Collection Word count: 14,691 Budapest, Hungary 2013 ABSTRACT This paper examines the issue of Western Balkan fragmentation in the context of the EU enlargement process through a post-colonial lens. The project is based on theoretical and conceptual framework and a discourse analysis of political statements in Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian media. Theoretical framework, based on Edward Said’s orientalism and its applications to the Balkans, demonstrates that the Balkans have been perceived as the “other” of Europe. Analysis of the concept of “nesting orientalism” then shows that the Balkan nations internalize the Western “othering” and, in their desire to rise on the Western hegemonic scale, orientalize the rest of the region. The discourse analysis concludes that the fragmentation has occurred because of certain hierarchies that have been consolidated by a type of “othering” that is based on how the accession countries position one another vis-à-vis the European integration process. The thesis also contributes to the field conceptually because it demonstrates that the concept of "nesting orientalism" is still current, but that ways of “othering” within the Balkans have shifted. Key words: Western Balkans, Nesting Orientalism, Orientalism, post-colonialism, EU enlargement process, European integration, discourse analysis. CEU eTD Collection i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to dedicate this work to the whole region of the Western Balkans in hope that one day it will no longer be separated by discourses, but reunited in modern “brotherhood and unity.” First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Xymena Kurowska, for her tireless assistance, guidance and mentorship. I truly appreciate her expertise, and also her passion for passing along her knowledge and personal advice. I would also like to thank my fellow CEU IRES 2013 classmates for one of the most special years in my life. Special thanks to two exceptional ladies Vera Sidlova and Katrin Siider, who were beside me in the most difficult times. Special thanks also to my wonderful friend Emily Holding, who assisted me with language issues, and all other friends from all around the world who supported or helped me in any way. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents Jožica and Franc and my sister Tadeja, for their unconditional love and support in whatever I do. I could never have done it without you! CEU eTD Collection ii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... ii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...................................................................... 7 1.1 Knowledge and power ......................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Post-colonialism ................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Orientalism .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.1 Orientalism within Europe ............................................................................................ 14 1.3.2. The Balkan other ................................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER 2: NESTING ORIENTALISMS AND METHODOLOGY .................................... 21 2.1 Nesting orientalisms ................................................................................................................ 22 2.1.1 Discourses within Former Yugoslavia ................................................................................. 24 2.1.2 Application of Nesting Orientalism by other authors .......................................................... 26 2.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 29 2.2.1 Discourse analysis ................................................................................................................ 29 2.2.2 Method ................................................................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER 3: EMPIRICS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ............................................. 34 3.1 Overview of Empirical Analysis ................................................................................................. 34 3.2. Discourses in Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian media .................................................... 35 3.2.1 Slovenia ................................................................................................................................ 35 3.2.2 Croatia .................................................................................................................................. 38 3.2.3 Serbia ................................................................................................................................... 41 3.3 Discussion................................................................................................................................. 43 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 50 CEU eTD Collection iii INTRODUCTION One of the greatest challenges for the European Enlargement Policy has been integration of the Western Balkans1. A project launched at the Vienna Summit in 1998 with the purpose of reintegrating the war-torn peninsula securing its stability and consequently securing the stability of Europe as a whole2, has not born many successes. In the year 2013, the region is still highly fragmented and regional cooperation is not where it ought to be. Traditional international relations scholars offer two major explanations for why this is the case. The first group argues that the region is fragmented because nations fail to implement European norms, while the others believe that the policies of the European Union are simply not efficiently executed. A statement from Serbian foreign affairs politician Duško Lopandić, however, hints that explanation is not as straightforward. He stated “the attractive power of the EU is so strong, as to be a cause of the fragmentation in the region.”3 This paper examines the issue of the Western Balkan fragmentation through a post-colonial lens, which uncovers that the historical discursive “othering” of the Balkans in the West has fostered an internal “othering” within the region. Although this phenomenon, known as “nesting orientalisms,” was first observed by Milica Bakić-Hayden4 in the early 1990s, this paper argues that ways of “othering” have shifted. Now the basis of “othering” is no longer religious or cultural heritage, but one’s position in the European integration process. CEU eTD Collection 1 The region of the Western Balkans consists of former Yugoslav states, excluding Slovenia, therefore, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, including Kosovo, as defined by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 of 10 June 1999, and Albania. 2 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges, COM (2012) 600 Final (October 2012). 3 As quoted in: Milica Delević, Regional Cooperation in the Western Balkans (Paris: Institute for Security Studies, European Union, 2007), 28, http://www.christophesolioz.ch/links/doc/2007/2007_chai.pdf. 4 Milica Bakić-Hayden, “Nesting Orientalisms: The Case of Former Yugoslavia,” Slavic Review 54, no. 4 (1995): 917–931. The post-colonial approach contributes to the scholarship on the fragmentation of the Western Balkans in the context of the EU enlargement process, which has mainly been examined through traditional theoretical frameworks. The following paragraphs explain what realism and liberalism enable us to see, but also what their limitations are and in what ways post-colonial examination can fill a gap in the literature. Ulrich Sedelmeier argues that most of the enlargement process is explained through a realist lens, focusing on EU foreign policy and the ability of the EU to ensure stability and shape its candidates through different policy instruments and conditionality.5 The assumption that drives this argument is that “actors are driven by narrow self-interests that are primarily influenced by material factors.”6 Thus, realists simply explain greater fragmentation of the Western Balkans following the EU enlargement process, which includes redistribution of resources to candidates who better comply with EU conditionality, as a fight for EU resources. Mustafa Türkes and Göksu Gökgöz explain that according
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