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Delahanty-Constelacion.Pdf (1.169Mb) Constelación y campo Psicología de Kurt Lewin Constelación y campo Psicología de Kurt Lewin Guillermo Delahanty CASA JUAN PABLOS UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE MORELOS MÉXICO, 2009 COLECCIÓN DE AUTOR Delahanty, Guillermo Constelación y campo : Psicología de Kurt Lewin / Guillermo Delahanty; prólogo Jaime Winkler; fotografía Gerardo Suter. — Cuernavaca, Morelos; Casa Juan Pablos : Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 2009. 272 p. : il. ISBN: 978-607-7554-18-9 1. Campo, Teoría de (Psicología Social). 2. Psicología Social — Investigación. 3. Lewin, Kurt, 1890 – 1947. I. Winkler, Jaime, pról. LC HM251 D44 DC 302.072 D44 CONSTELACIÓN Y CAMPO. PSICOLOGÍA DE KURT LEWIN Guillermo Delahanty Esta publicación fue apoyada por el Fondo para la Consolidación de las Universidades Públicas y Estatales y por Apoyo Solidario, SEP. Primera edición, 2009 D.R. © 2009, Guillermo Delahanty D.R. © 2009, Casa Juan Pablos, Centro Cultural, S.A. de C.V. Malintzin 199, Col. del Carmen Coyoacán 04100, México, D.F. <[email protected]> D.R. © 2009, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos Fotografía de portada: Gerardo Suter, Espacios intervenidos, 2004 ISBN: 978-607-7554-18-9 Impreso en México Printed in Mexico Para José Cherbowsky Dudar radicalmente es un acto de investigación y descubrimiento Erich Fromm ÍNDICE Prólogo Jaime Winkler 13 Presentación Guillermo Delahanty 19 PRIMERA PARTE Grupos y regiones geográficas: biografía intelectual de Kurt Lewin 29 De la epistemología a la psicología social 53 Teoría del campo, marxismo y psicoanálisis 75 SEGUNDA PARTE Dinámica de grupo y psicoanálisis de grupo 99 Lewin y la psicoterapia de grupo 124 TERCERA PARTE Lewin y la psicosociología francesa 153 Lewin y el movimiento institucional 178 Lewin y el campo del grupo operativo 192 CUARTA PARTE Fundamentos epistemológicos de la investigación-acción participativa 213 [11] 12 ÍNDICE La investigación-acción participativa en el trabajo comunitario en tiempo de crisis 222 La intervención en crisis en la investigación-acción 229 Bibliografía 235 PRÓLOGO Jaime Winkler* A medida que avanzamos en la lectura del libro del doctor Guiller- mo Delahanty nos invade una sensación de autocrítica: ¡qué poco sabemos, aun los que estamos en el medio académico, del papel histórico y de los aportes de Kurt Lewin a la psicología contempo- ránea! Muchas veces nos hemos conformado (y nuestros maestros también) con alguna explicación más o menos sintética de la teoría del campo, de los vectores de fuerzas, de algunos conceptos de la topología lewiniana. Recalcábamos que el “aquí y ahora” a ultranza respondía a una necesidad de oponerse a un determinismo histórico mecanicista, mal derivado de las teorías de Freud. Se podría afirmar, sin temor a un exceso de generalización, que en las últimas décadas Kurt Lewin “no estaba de moda”. El pujan- te desarrollo, a veces estridente, de otras corrientes de la psicología, y en particular de aquellas que tienen cierto poder de “resonancia” en los ámbitos clínicos y experimentales, ha impactado y encandi- lado a muchos. Cuando hablo de “modas” me refiero a que, en periodos de va- riable duración, circulan códigos compartidos por algunos sectores que tienden al encierro endogámico. Esos códigos hacen referencia * Jaime Winkler nació en Paraguay, se graduó de médico y se especializó en psiquiatría en la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Obtuvo el docto- rado en Psicología Clínica en la Universidad de París 7 (Ex Sorbona) Francia, con mención de honor. Es profesor en la División de Estudios de Posgrado de la Facultad de Psicología de la UNAM. Fundador de la Escuela Mexica- na de Psicodrama y Sociometría, junto con María Carmen Bello. Profesor y supervisor didacta por parte de la Federación Brasileña de Psi codrama. Sus actividades profesionales y académicas se han desarrollado principalmen- te en el ámbito de los grupos y las instituciones, desde el enfoque psico y sociodramático, y con los aportes de la teoría de Enrique Pi chon-Rivière. [13] 14 JAIME WINKLER a conceptos, a teorías, a ciertas prácticas particulares, y muchas veces son identificados con alguna figura señera, que actúa a la manera de referente patriarcal y fundador. Se crea así un círculo de complicidades lingüísticas que dan identidad (y sensación de pertenencia) a quienes manejan el código. Pero es comprobable que muchos de estos iniciados desconocen la génesis, la historia y el desarrollo de esos conceptos, sus nociones críticas, sus aportaciones originales. Y más aún, la historia de sus creadores, sus raíces, sus influencias, su evolución en diferentes etapas de su vida. Este libro implica una lección, un llamado de atención, ya que es un ejemplo de investigación seria, no solamente de los aportes de Kurt Lewin, sino de las ramificaciones de los mismos, sus en- trelazamientos con teorías, prácticas y métodos de otros autores que marcaron una época en la psicología del siglo XX. La descripción que hace el autor de estos entramados se aseme- ja a un gigantesco árbol cuyas abundantes ramas se entrelazan con las de otros árboles. Lo que es impactante es descubrir las ramifi- caciones de las raíces, de las que se nutre Kurt Lewin y a las que él nutre. Guillermo Delahanty es un cronista de la psicología del siglo XX. No sólo aborda la génesis de las ideas y la trascendencia de las mismas, sino también sus genealogías. Podemos, gracias a este libro, dibujar mapas representativos de linajes. ¿Quién fue el “pa- dre” de quién?, ¿de cuál idea brotó la chispa y qué hicieron con la herencia sus nietos? Esto nos llevará a ubicar sus inserciones ac- tuales. Es impresionante el número de autores y descripciones en rela- ción con cada uno, con sus producciones y con sus vidas. Por ejemplo, desfilan los nombres de Hobbs, Buber, Maslow, Freud, M. Klein, Adler, Rogers, Perls, Erikson, Lapassade, Lourau, Pagés, por mencionar sólo algunos. El autor esclarece lo esencial de sus apor- tes y los ubica en su momento histórico, tanto personal como del medio social que los rodeaba, del país o el continente donde vivie- ron al producir sus ideas. En ese sentido, ofrece un brillante tra- bajo de sociología del conocimiento al articular historia, circunstancias y producción de inteligencia. Se puede decir que en estas crónicas historiográficas “nadie se salva” de ser descubierto por el autor en sus avatares personales, casamientos, divorcios, parentescos, polémicas, encuentros y des- encuentros. Es decir, nadie que haya tenido algo que ver, directa o indirectamente, con Kurt Lewin, y además, entre ellos. PRÓLOGO 15 El autor pone de relieve hechos sabidos y quizá no suficientemen- te ponderados en la historia de estos creadores: la repetida situación de haber tenido que migrar a otros países por razones de persecu- ción étnica o política. El hecho de que muchos de ellos for maban parte de minorías, es decir, lo “otro”, lo “diferente”, lo “ex traño”. El libro deja entrever, no muy explícitamente, que el ser perse- guidos y vivir en tierras extrañas pudo haber sido el motor para la investigación de fenómenos psíquicos tales como la angustia, la depresión, la frustración, entre otros. Kurt Lewin, al igual que otros desterrados, construye sus propios territorios, por cierto bastante extensos. En ellos se incluyen desde fenómenos “personales” (si es que pueden llamarse así) hasta gru- pales, comunitarios y sociales. Estudia los procesos de socialización del sujeto, en relación con la cultura predominante, así como el papel de las ideologías y las cosmovisiones. Su propuesta de “investigación-acción” es una verdadera salida del atolladero en el que todavía están inmersos ciertos sectores académicos: entre la experimentación “pura” (a la que denominan “psicología científica”) y las prácticas que pretenden ser transfor- madoras del sujeto-objeto de la investigación; entre aceptar —y ponderar— el papel del investigador-actuante en el campo que investiga, y su consiguiente influencia en los resultados de la bús- queda, y el pretender dar cuenta de los fenómenos observables “desde afuera” de su transcurrir. En este trabajo se enfatiza que la aportación lewiniana se da, fundamentalmente, en el terreno de la metodología de abordaje y conocimiento de los grupos y las comunidades. Hay varias partes de este libro que me provocaron resonancias: a nivel de comparaciones sobre sus correspondientes praxis, el para- lelismo entre Lewin y J. L. Moreno, el fundador del psicodrama. Con métodos y técnicas muy diferentes, ambos se propusieron investi- gar y transformar a través de la acción. Ninguno de los dos se que- dó con la satisfacción solipsista de la elucubración teórica. Ambos se interesaron siempre por la vida de las comunidades, y Moreno es pecialmente por las comunidades marginales (niños, prostitutas, pre sos, refugiados, entre otros). Ambos tuvieron la convicción de que los grupos son verdaderos laboratorios de experiencia social, además de una profunda confianza en el desarrollo de los mismos. Pero me resuena aún más, en lo personal, cuando expone las ideas y las prácticas de Pichón Riviere, Bleger y Ulloa. Los tres fue- ron mis maestros en la época de mi formación de posgrado en la 16 JAIME WINKLER Argentina y dejaron en mí una profunda huella a nivel metodoló- gico, técnico y ético. Fernando Ulloa decía en sus clases de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, a propósito del action-research, que el psicólogo clínico era como un tirador de arco y flecha, tratan- do de atinar a un blanco móvil, con la característica de que también el arquero que disparaba la flecha estaba en movimiento. De igual forma surgió con esta lectura el recuerdo del excelente aporte de José Bleger, de clara inspiración lewiniana, cuando re- presentó en elipses que se integraban en otras elipses más grandes el camino recorrido en la psicología desde el estudio de los fenó- menos individuales hasta el de los grupos, la familia, las institucio- nes y la comunidad.
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