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ON Semiconductor Is ON Semiconductor Is Now To learn more about onsemi™, please visit our website at www.onsemi.com onsemi and and other names, marks, and brands are registered and/or common law trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC dba “onsemi” or its affiliates and/or subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. onsemi owns the rights to a number of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property. A listing of onsemi product/patent coverage may be accessed at www.onsemi.com/site/pdf/Patent-Marking.pdf. onsemi reserves the right to make changes at any time to any products or information herein, without notice. The information herein is provided “as-is” and onsemi makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the accuracy of the information, product features, availability, functionality, or suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does onsemi assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages. Buyer is responsible for its products and applications using onsemi products, including compliance with all laws, regulations and safety requirements or standards, regardless of any support or applications information provided by onsemi. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in onsemi data sheets and/ or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals” must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. onsemi does not convey any license under any of its intellectual property rights nor the rights of others. onsemi products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as a critical component in life support systems or any FDA Class 3 medical devices or medical devices with a same or similar classification in a foreign jurisdiction or any devices intended for implantation in the human body. Should Buyer purchase or use onsemi products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and holdonsemi and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that onsemi was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. onsemi is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This literature is subject to all applicable copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. AND9166/D Induction Cooking Everything You Need to Know Introduction The traditional concept of gas and the electric stoves is http://onsemi.com still the most popular in the market. There are ongoing debates, as to which is the best technology for cooking and why. Nowadays Induction heating for cooking applications APPLICATION NOTE is quickly gaining popularity. Induction cooking technology not only offers the advantage of having a better efficiency conversion compared to the standard solutions (Gas and In an induction cooker, a coil of copper wire is placed electric stoves), but also offers the advantages of rapid underneath the cooking pot. An alternating electric current heating, local spot heating, direct heating, high power flows through the coil, which produces an oscillating density, high reliability, low running cost and non-acoustic magnetic field. This field induces an electric current in noise. According to the U.S. Department of Energy the the pot. Current flowing in the metal pot produces resistive efficiency of energy transfer in these systems is about 84%, heating which heats the food. While the current is large, it is compared to 74% for a smooth-top non-induction electrical produced by a low voltage. unit, providing an approximate 10% saving in energy for the The heart of such systems is the electronics which is same amount of heat transfer [1]. the biggest challenge in terms of the design. It is The principle behind an induction cooking stove is to a combination of a power stage coupled with a digital excite a coil of wire and induce a current into a pot made of control system and also must deal with the thermal a material which must have high magnetic permeability and management issues. In Figure 1 is shown a schematic of which stands in the proximity of the aforementioned coil. an induction cooker. The way it works is similar to an inductor where the pan is The heat generated, follows the Joule effect R times a very lossy core. The generated heat is due to the eddy the square of the inducted current. Figure 2 shows a block currents generated in the pot’s bottom layer combined with diagram of an induction cooker inverter. The main blocks the hysteresis losses from that magnetic material in the pan. are an EMI filter plus some over voltage and over current For nearly all models of induction cooktop, a cooking vessel protections, a rectifier bridge plus the bus capacitor, must be made of a ferromagnetic metal, or placed on an the resonant inverter, the coil, all the sensor and actuators, interface disk which enables non-induction cookware to be an auxiliary power supply, a thermal management system used on induction cooking surfaces. and a control unit. Load N:1 VIN Load Figure 1. Equivalent of an Induction Cooking System © Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2014 1 Publication Order Number: October, 2014 − Rev. 2 AND9166/D AND9166/D Heat Sink Line Voltage Coil EMI Filter and Protections Rectification and BUS Power Board − Inverter Auxiliary Power Sensor and Actuators FAN Supply Control Board (MCU) Figure 2. Block Diagram of an Inductor Cooker HOW INDUCTION HEATING WORKS Induction heating is the process of heating a metal by frequencies can reduce the inductance of the coil and size of electromagnetic induction. The electromagnetic induction the resonant capacitor, allowing for cost savings of the unit. generates Eddy currents within the metal and its resistance Induction heating is based on electromagnetic laws. leads to Joule heating (as shown in Figure 3) and also The overall system can be approximated by an electric generates losses due to the hysteresis of the magnetic transformer, where the primary is the copper coil into material in the pan [1]. An induction cooker consists of the induction cooker and the secondary the bottom layer of a copper coil (generally), through which a high-frequency the pot (see Figure 4 and Figure 5). The heat generated is alternating current (AC) is passed. The frequency of the AC due to the loading of the equivalent resistance of the losses used is based on the maximum switching frequency of the in the pan, which in the transformer allegory, would be a load switch which is usually an IGBT. Higher switching resistor on the secondary winding. Inducted Current GLAS Electrical Coil Magnetic Field COIL Current FERRITE Figure 3. Scheme of an Induction Cooking http://onsemi.com 2 AND9166/D N + @ p Isec IIn I Isec + I @ Np IIn Ns In In VIN Load VIN Load N :N p sec Np:1 Figure 4. Scheme of the Equivalent Transformer for an Induction Heating System Figure 5. Inducted Current in the Pot Bottom Layer http://onsemi.com 3 AND9166/D Electromagnetic Induction Where H [A/m] is the magnetic field intensity (see Electromagnetic induction, also called induction, follows Figure 6). df is an infinitesimal arc length along the wire, Faraday’s law: “The induced electromotive force in any and the line integral is evaluated along the wire. i is the closed circuit is equal to the negative of the time rate of current flowing in a certain conductor. B [Wb/m2] is the flux change of the magnetic flux through the circuit”. This can be density. m is the permeability and m0 is the permeability in easily explained in the following form: Electromagnetic free space while mr is the relative permeability. Where e is induction occurs when a circuit with an alternating current the electromotive force (EMF) in volts and F [Wb] is flowing through it generates current in another circuit by the magnetic flux. The direction of the electromotive force being placed within an alternating flux field. Going back to is given by Lenz’s law. Where dA is an element of surface the point, an alternating current, which flows into area of the moving surface A, B is the magnetic field, and a conductor, generates a magnetic field following the same B ⋅ dA is the infinitesimal amount of magnetic flux. In more equation: visual terms, the magnetic flux through the wire loop is ŏ ȍ proportional to the number of magnetic flux lines that pass H @ dl + i (eq. 1) through the loop. Where N is the number of turns of wire and FB is the magnetic flux in webers through a single loop. When the flux changes the wire loop acquires f + ŕŕ @ B dA (eq. 2) an electromotive force e [V], defined as the energy available A from a unit charge that has travelled once around the wire B + m @ H (eq. 3) loop. As shown in the equivalent circuit of Figure 1, e is the voltage that would be measured by cutting the wire to m + m @ mr (eq. 4) 0 create an open circuit, and attaching a voltmeter to the leads. df e + N @ (eq. 5) dt Fe i1 in + df e u 0 e dt A − H Figure 6. Graphical Illustration of Ampere’s Law and Lenz’s Law Skin Effect Where J is the current density [A/m2], JS is the current When an AC current flows in a conductor, the distribution density at the surface of the conductor.
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