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Micrdrilms International 300 N A FUELWOOD MANAGEMENT PLAN AND COST- BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR ALDER (ALNUS JORULLENSIS) IN THE ECUADORIAN ANDES Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Dunn, Walter Wheat, 1958- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 18:36:36 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276547 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. 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Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Order Number 1332281 A fuelwood management plan and cost-benefit analysis for alder (Alnus jorullensis) in the Ecuadorian Andes Dunn, Walter Wheat, M.S. The University of Arizona, 1987 U'M'I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 FUELWOOD MANAGEMENT PLAN AND COST - BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR ALDER (Alnus jorullensis) IN THE ECUADORIAN ANDES by Walter Wheat Dunn A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER > OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT in the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1987 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS COMMITTEE This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: Zidc-foler nV?- Ann M. Lyhc, Date Assistant ^fofessor of Watersh#0 Management A Peter Ffollio Date • Professor of Watershed Management ^ o $cX 9 7 Mark Langworthy Date Assistant Research7 Scienti of Agricultural Economics FOREWARD From 1982 to 1985 I served in the Peace Corps as forestry project manager for CARE-Ecuador's village level forestry project in Saraguro, Loja, Ecuador. At that time villagers wanted help planting alder for fuelwood but we lacked alder propagation and management information. Interest in alder management for fuelwood, soil conservation, windbreaks, silvopastoral management, and nitrogen fixation has grown considerably since then. To provide a guide for managing alder in Saraguro, this study combines my records and village-level forestry experience with information gathered from literature, interviews, and observations conducted in Ecuador and Costa Rica. The field work was carried out from June 15 to August 15, 1986 during my time as a graduate student at the University of Arizona. The research project was funded by the Office of International Programs, the Graduate College, and the Department of Agricultural Economics of The University of Arizona and by CARE-Ecuador. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my deepest gratitude to Dr. Penny Morgan for her vision and belief in this project and Dr. John Mare for his funding support through the Office of International Programs. At the University of Arizona, School of Renewable Natural Resources, I would like to thank Dr. Ann Lynch for guidance, constant encouragement, and faith in a quality product. Dr. Peter Ffolliott's Dryland Forestry courses provided a forum for the development of this research. In the Department of Agricultural Economics, I would like to thank Dr. Eric Monk for guidance, financial support, and always providing new insight. Dr. Mark Langworthy helped provide prospective and focus. David Kebler guided me patiently through the maze of statistics and computers and Tony Caprio rescued me from an endless array of computer traps. At CARE-New York, John Michael Kramer provided encouragement and helped promote this project. John Roper, Regional Technical Advisor in Agroforestry for CARE, provided food for thought. In Ecuador, I would like to offer special thanks to Dennis Desmond for believing in me and Frank Sullivan for his support. John Mosher provided insight into the credit structure in Ecuador and encouragement when it was needed. iv Bruce Kernan, in the AID mission in Ecuador, made my trip to Ecuador possible and Glen Gallaway, the alder man, was the pillar of this project. Peter Arnold made everything seem possible. Ing. Pancho Cardenes and Ing. Wilfredo Garces, of the Ecuadorian Ministry of Agriculture, took special interest in helping this project. Ing. Francisco Garces at Peace Corps-Ecuador once again gave me the helping hand I needed to make an idea come to life and Peace Corps Volunteers Brian Riley, Cindy Minor, and Eric Jespersen took time from their busy schedules to provide field experience. Ing. Edger Ramirez at PR2DESUR, in Loja, shared his alder research and experience. Ing. Viciente Mollinos at INFORDE, in Quito, provided essential market information. In Saraguro, community forestry extension agents Lucho Macas, Edger Ordonez, Manuel Vacacela, and Miguel Quishpe were the guiding light to knowing whether alder management would work. Curtis and Joy Hofmann, at Hacienda el Bosque, found many of the stands of known age. In Costa Rica Ing. Hector Martinez and Ing. Rodolfo Salazar, of the Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE), provided essential contacts and research papers. Ing. Pablo Camacho, Ing. Edger Ortiz, and Ing. Didier Salas, of the Instituto Tecnologico de Costa Rica, were invaluable for their experience in managing alder. Ing. Walter Picado, Ing. Jilbert Cannet, and Ing. Oscar Sanchez of the Ministry, of Agriculture of Costa Rica, also assisted in nursery management, techniques. TABLE OP CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS x ABSTRACT xi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Definition of Problem 1 Objectives 4 Approach .4 Project Area 6 2. SILVICS AND DENDROLOGY 11 Species Description 11 Site Requirements 14 Volume And Growth Rates 18 Site Improvement ........................19 Soil Erosion Control 19 Nitrogen Fixation and Production .. 20 Pasture Productivity 22 3. PROPAGATION AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT 25 Seed Collection 25 propagation 26 Seedbed And Container Management 28 Outplanting 30 4. PLANTATION MANAGEMENT 31 Site Selection And Preparation 30 Spacing 33 Weeding 34 Grazing Management 34 Pruning 35 Harvesting 36 5. VOLUME PREDICTION 37 Data Collection 38 Tree Age And Size 38 Stand Density 42 Site Productivity 44 vii vii i TABLE OF CONTENTS — Continued Prediction Of Future Tree Volume 46 6. MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES 50 7. FUELWOOD CONSUMPTION 54 8. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 59 Analysis of Management Alternative 60 Optimal Management Alternatives 65 Sensitivity Analysis 66 Investor Perspective 70 Subsidies 70 Total Cost Of Project Implementation 74 9. DISCUSSION 76 10. CONCLUSION 82 APPENDIX A . 86 APPENDIX B 88 LITERATURE CITED 91 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Livestock type and number for Saraguro, Loja, Ecuador 7 2. Land use in the provence of Loja 7 3. Seed Weight For Alder (A, jorullensis) 12 4. Seed weight for alder from different elevations 12 5. Specific gravity for alder 15 6. Precipitation Range For Alder as reported by various authors 15 7. Temperature range for alder in degrees celsius 16 8. Elevation above sea level range for alder by author 17 9. Nitrogen fixed by alder in Columbia 21 10. Location, elevation, and mean annual precipitation for sites sampled in Ecuador .... 39 11. Stand origin and sample method for sample sites in Ecuador 40 12. Age, number of sampled trees, diameter, height, volume, and standard deviation for sample sites in Ecuador 43 13. Volume of fuelwood in 5 tercios 57 14. The market value of the average Saraguran family's annual fuelwood consumption at different prices 58 15.
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