Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Cinnamomum Tamala Leaf Extract and Its Antibacterial Potential
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Int. J. Nano Dimens., 11 (1): 88-98, Winter 2020 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Synthesis and characterization of Silver nanoparticles from Cinnamomum tamala leaf extract and its antibacterial potential Kamrun Nahar1, Shahin Aziz2, Muhammad Shahriar Bashar3, Md. Ahsanul Haque1, Sharif Md. Al-Reza 1,* 1Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh 2Senior Scientific Officer, Chemical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh 3Senior Scientific Officer, Institute of Fuel Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Received 09 June 2019; revised 24 August 2019; accepted 31 August 2019; available online 02 September 2019 Abstract The novel approach has been carried for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Cinnamomum tamala and silver nitrate solution. The optimal condition for synthesizing Ag-NPs was obtained by varying the leaf extract concentration, temperature, AgNO3 concentration, effect of ratio of leaf extract to AgNO3 solution, pH and reaction time. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to key out the specific functional groups responsible for the reduction of silver nitrate to form silver nanoparticles and the capping agents present in the leaf extract. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) represents the morphological characterization of synthesized nanomaterials. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the particles were crystalline, spherical and irregular in shape and the size were 16 nm and 9 nm at 25 °C and 60 °C, respectively. Electron X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is used to determine the phase distribution, crystallinity and purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles are found to be highly effective against some pathogenic bacteria species, thus signification of the present study is in production of various pharmaceutical and bioactive products. Keywords: Antibacterial Activity; Cinnamomum Tamala; Green Synthesis; Silver Nanoparticles; Spectral Analysis. How to cite this article Nahar K, Aziz S, Bashar MS, Haque MdA, Al-Reza SMd. Synthesis and characterization of Silver nanoparticles from Cinnamomum tamala leaf extract and its antibacterial potential. Int. J. Nano Dimens., 2020; 11 (1): 88-98. INTRODUCTION The field of nanotechnology is one of the vital nanoparticles (titanium oxide and zinc oxide). areas for current material science researcher. Researchers have paid special attention to the Nowadays, interest of nanobiotechnology is synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles for their the development of environmentally benign superior material properties with versatile technology for the synthesis of metal/metal oxide functions, which can be easily used for chemical nanoparticles with miraculous and boundless imaging drug agents and drug due to nano size applications in the fields of agriculture, cosmetics, feature. They can be easily used for chemical defense, environmental safety, food, health and imaging drugs agents and drug due to nano pharmaceutical [1]. size feature. They can be used as multipurpose Nanoparticles can be broadly classified into function agents for cellular delivery as they are two groups: Organic nanoparticles and Inorganic widely available, have rich functionality and nanoparticles. Organic nanoparticles are good biocompatibility. These are also good carbon nanoparticles (fullerenes) and inorganic carriers of targeted drug delivery and controlled nanoparticles are magnetic nanoparticles, noble drug release [2]. It has been reported that since nanoparticles (gold and silver), and semiconductor ancient times silver metal is known to have antimicrobial activities [3] and silver nanoparticles * Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. K. Nahar et al. (Ag-NPs) are of particular interest due to their India [14]. It is commonly used for flavorings food peculiar properties and wide applications. Silver and widely used in pharmaceutical preparation nanoparticles are used to treat infections in open because of its hypoglycemic, stimulant and wounds, chronic ulcers [4] and in textiles, home carminative properties [15]. The leaves of this water purification systems, medical devices, tree are used as spice having clove like taste and cosmetics, electronics, and household appliances pepper like odor. [5], catalysis, biosensing, imaging, drug delivery, In the present work, an attempt has been made nanodevice fabrication and in medicine [6-8], to synthesize silver nanoparticles using aqueous treatment of brucellosis [9], anti-inflammatory leaf extract of C. tamala. The characterization [10], mosquito larvicidal [11], etc. was done using several spectral analyses. The Nanoparticles can be obtained by using synthesized silver nanoparticles were also conventional or unconventional methods, using evaluated for their antibacterial activity. two different approaches: “top-down” and “bottom-up”. The first approach is the “top-down” MATERIALS AND METHODS method which calls for breaking down of solid Plant material and chemical materials into small pieces by applying external C. tamala leaves were collected from the local force. In this approach, many physical, chemical market in Kushtia, Bangladesh. Silver nitrate was and thermal techniques are used to provide the purchased from commercial sources (Merck, necessary energy for nanoparticle formation. Germany). All glassware was sterilized with nitric The second approach, known as “bottom-up”, is acid and further rinsed with distilled water and based on gathering and combining gas or liquid then deionized water and dried in oven before use. atoms or molecules. These two approaches have advantages and disadvantages relative to each Preparation of leaf extract other. In the top-down approach, which is costlier Primarily the leaves were thoroughly washed to implement, it is impossible to obtain perfect with distilled water to remove dirt particles and surfaces and edges due to cavities and roughness then sun dried to remove residual moisture. The that can occur in nanoparticles; whereas excellent dried leaves were cut into small pieces. 2 g of nanoparticle synthesis results can be obtained by powdered leaves in 100 ml deionized water boiled bottom-up approach. In addition, with the bottom- for 15 min at 80 ºC. The aqueous plant extract was up approach, no waste materials that need to be filtered through Whatman no.1 filter paper. Then removed are formed, and nanoparticles having the filtered extract was stored in 4 ºC for further smaller size can be obtained thanks to the better use in synthesis of silver nanoparticles. control of sizes of the nanoparticles [12]. In recent years green chemistry and biosynthetic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles methods have become more attractive ways to An aqueous solution of 80 mL 0.01M AgNO3 obtain Ag-NPs. These unconventional methods use was added to 20 mL C. tamala leaf extract and the either biological microorganisms (e.g.: bacteria, mixture was stirred with a magnetic stirrer at room fungi, marine algae, yeasts) or different alcoholic temperature. The color of the solution changed or aqueous plant extracts. Green synthesis has from colorless to light yellow and then to brown multiple advantages over classical routes: it is cost color. Silver nanoparticles formation was primarily effective, eco-friendly and does not require high identified by color change. The separation of silver pressure, energy, temperature or the use of toxic nanoparticles from the dispersion was carried out chemical reagents [13]. Plant-mediated synthesis by centrifugation after that Ag-NPs were washed of Ag-NPs is more advantageous compared to four times with distilled water and acetone the methods that use microorganisms especially to remove water soluble impurities and then because they can be easily improved, are less nanoparticles were lyophilized and stored in dry biohazardous and do not involve the elaborate bottles for further analysis. stage of growing cell cultures. Cinnamomum tamala (Family- Lauraceae) is Standardization a medium sized evergreen tree mainly grows in For efficient synthesis of silver nanoparticles, tropical and subtropical Himalayas, Uttar Pradesh, effect of concentration of leaf extract, effect of Eastern Bengal, Burma, Khasi and Jaintia Hills of reaction time, effect of temperature, effect of pH, Int. J. Nano Dimens., 11 (1): 88-98, Winter 2020 89 K. Nahar et al. effect of ratio of plant extract to AgNO3 solution, (alkaline reagent), phenolics (lead acetate, alkaline and effect of concentration of AgNO3 on Ag-NPs reagent test), triterpenes (Liberman test), saponins formation were investigated and the optimum (foam test), tannins (Few FeCl3) and carbohydrates conditions for the reaction were selected. (Molish test) [16-18]. Characterization of silver nanoparticles Antibacterial activity assay Characterization of silver nanoparticles was The antibacterial test was carried out by carried out by using visual observation and agar disc diffusion method [19] using 100 µl of various techniques, in visual observation, change standardized inoculums suspension containing 107 in color of the solution was observed by naked CFU/mL of bacteria. Two Gram-positive (Bacillus eye. For identification of Ag-NPs in solution