DOCSLIB.ORG

C. Cowpeas (Niébé)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
C. Cowpeas (Niébé) Report No. 59968-NE Niger Modernizing Trade During a Mining Boom Diagnostic Trade Integration Study for the Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized Integrated Framework Program September 2010 Poverty Reduction and Economic Management 3 (AFTP3) Africa Region Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized i Table of Contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND ACTION MATRIX ...................................................................... VIII 1. MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................1 A. Background .......................................................................................................................... 1 B. Growth and Structure of the Economy ............................................................................... 1 C. Macroeconomic Management ............................................................................................ 3 D. Balance of Payments and the Exchange Rate ..................................................................... 5 E. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 9 2. FOREIGN TRADE: FLOWS AND POLICIES ........................................................................ 11 A. For an Accurate Picture of Trade ....................................................................................... 11 B. Trade Policy ....................................................................................................................... 15 C. Trade Policy with Nigeria ................................................................................................... 18 D. Preferential Agreements ................................................................................................... 21 E. Standards and Quality ....................................................................................................... 23 F. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 24 3. THE BUSINESS CLIMATE AND INSTITUTIONS ................................................................. 26 A. Investment Constraints ..................................................................................................... 26 B. Legal and Regulatory Framework ...................................................................................... 28 C. Taxation ............................................................................................................................. 29 D. The Financial Sector........................................................................................................... 31 E. Other Constraints .............................................................................................................. 34 F. Business Support Institutions ............................................................................................ 37 G. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 40 4. CUSTOMS .................................................................................................................... 41 A. Legal Framework ............................................................................................................... 41 B. Operation of Customs Administration .............................................................................. 42 C. Some Peculiarities of the Organisation of Services ........................................................... 48 D. Combating Fraud and Corruption ...................................................................................... 49 E. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 51 5. TRANSPORT ................................................................................................................. 53 A. A Landlocked Country........................................................................................................ 53 B. Air and River Transport ..................................................................................................... 55 C. Road Transportation of Goods .......................................................................................... 56 D. Building a Dry Port ............................................................................................................. 60 E. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 62 6. AGRICULTURE: FIVE KEY SUB-SECTORS ......................................................................... 64 A. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 64 B. Onion ................................................................................................................................. 65 C. Cowpeas (niébé) ................................................................................................................ 70 ii D. Sesame............................................................................................................................... 73 E. Souchet (Pois Sucré, Chufa, Tigernuts) .............................................................................. 76 F. Gum Arabic ........................................................................................................................ 77 G. Other Promising Export Sub-Sectors ................................................................................. 79 H. Cross-cutting Issues ........................................................................................................... 81 7. LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS ............................................................................ 85 A. The Context ....................................................................................................................... 85 B. Export Status and Prospects .............................................................................................. 86 C. Challenges and Opportunities for Increasing Livestock-Meat Exports: ............................ 89 D. Hides and Skins .................................................................................................................. 94 E. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 97 8. MINING ....................................................................................................................... 99 A. The Current Situation ........................................................................................................ 99 B. Interventions to Support Miners .................................................................................... 103 C. Export Opportunities ....................................................................................................... 104 D. Artisanal Mining: Constraints and Recommendations .................................................... 106 E. Legislative, Regulatory and Administrative Needs .......................................................... 107 F. Impact of Mining on Local Communities ......................................................................... 108 G. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 110 9. TOURISM AND HANDICRAFT ART ............................................................................... 111 A. The Tourism Sector .......................................................................................................... 111 B. Problems and Priorities ................................................................................................... 115 C. The Way Forward in Tourism .......................................................................................... 119 D. The Art Handicrafts Sub-sector ....................................................................................... 119 E. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 121 ANNEX 1: COMPLETE ACTION MATRIX ............................................................................... 122 ANNEX 2 : PROJETS POUR APPUYER LE SECTEUR MINIER DU NIGER .................................... 131 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 135 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 : Niger – Decomposition of GDP and growth performance by sector .......................... 2 Table 1.2 : Tax revenues/GDP: Niger and other WAEMU countries (%) ........................................ 4 Table 2.1 : Main exports by value according to three sources, 2001-2005 ................................. 12 Table 2.2 : Value of annual re-exports, special taxes, and customs receipts, 2002-2006 ........... 14 Table 2.3 : Major re-exported products, average for 2004-2006................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tuareg Music and Capitalist Reckonings in Niger a Dissertation Submitted
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Rhythms of Value: Tuareg Music and Capitalist Reckonings in Niger A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology by Eric James Schmidt 2018 © Copyright by Eric James Schmidt 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Rhythms of Value: Tuareg Music and Capitalist Reckonings in Niger by Eric James Schmidt Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Timothy D. Taylor, Chair This dissertation examines how Tuareg people in Niger use music to reckon with their increasing but incomplete entanglement in global neoliberal capitalism. I argue that a variety of social actors—Tuareg musicians, fans, festival organizers, and government officials, as well as music producers from Europe and North America—have come to regard Tuareg music as a resource by which to realize economic, political, and other social ambitions. Such treatment of culture-as-resource is intimately linked to the global expansion of neoliberal capitalism, which has led individual and collective subjects around the world to take on a more entrepreneurial nature by exploiting representations of their identities for a variety of ends. While Tuareg collective identity has strongly been tied to an economy of pastoralism and caravan trade, the contemporary moment demands a reimagining of what it means to be, and to survive as, Tuareg. Since the 1970s, cycles of drought, entrenched poverty, and periodic conflicts have pushed more and more Tuaregs to pursue wage labor in cities across northwestern Africa or to work as trans- ii Saharan smugglers; meanwhile, tourism expanded from the 1980s into one of the region’s biggest industries by drawing on pastoralist skills while capitalizing on strategic essentialisms of Tuareg culture and identity.
    [Show full text]
  • FINAL REPORT of the Terminal Evaluation of the Niger COGERAT Project PIMS 2294 Sustainable Co-Management of the Natural Resources of the Air-Ténéré Complex
    FINAL REPORT of the Terminal Evaluation of the Niger COGERAT project PIMS 2294 Sustainable Co-Management of the Natural Resources of the Air-Ténéré Complex Co- gestion des Ressources de l'Aïr et du Ténéré Evaluation Team: Juliette BIAO KOUDENOUKPO, Team Leader, International Consultant Pierre NIGNON, National Consultant Draft Completed in July 2013 Original in FR + EN Translation reviewed and ‘UNDP-GEF-streamlined’ on 16 Dec 2014 STREAMLINING Project Title Sustainable Co-Management of the Natural Resources of the Air- Ténéré Complex (COGERAT)1 Concept Paper/PDF B proposal (PIF- GEF Project ID PIMS # 13-Nov-2003 2380 equivalent) UNDP-GEF PIMS # 2294 CEO Endorsement Date 14-Jun-2006 ATLAS Business Unit, NER10 / 00044111 / 00051709 PRODOC Signature Date 22-Aug-2006 Award # Proj. ID: Country(ies): Niger Date project manager hired: No info. Region: Africa Inception Workshop date: No info. Focal Area: Land Degradation / Multiple Planned planed closing date: Aug-2012 Trust Fund [indicate GEF GEF Trust Fund If revised, proposed op. closing date: Aug-2013 TF, LDCF, SCCF, NPIF] GEF Focal Area Strategic OP15 (Land Degradation / Sustainable Actual operational closing date (given TE 31-Dec-2014 Objective Land Management – of GEF3) harmonisation and mgt response finalisation) Exec. Agent / Implementing 2 Partner: Ministry in charge of the environment portfolio Decentralised authorities, particularly Communes and local communities, users of the Reserve, occupational groups and NGOs, Land Commissions, traditional chiefs, other opinion leaders, the Regional Governorate and decentralised technical services. In addition, there is the Ministry for Water and the Environment (MH/E) Other Partners: (providing the institutional basis of the project), UNDP as the Implementing Agency for the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Technical and Financial partners, the Steering Committee, the Partners’ Forum, the management unit and operational units of COGERAT, the office of the Aïr and Ténéré Nature Reserve, and the Scientific Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • ECFG-Niger-2020R.Pdf
    About this Guide This guide is designed to prepare you to deploy to culturally complex environments and achieve mission objectives. The fundamental information contained within will help you understand the cultural dimension of your assigned location and gain skills necessary for success. The guide consists of 2 parts: ECFG Part 1 introduces “Culture General,” the foundational knowledge you need to operate effectively in any global environment (Photos courtesy of IRIN News 2012 © Jaspreet Kindra). Niger Part 2 presents “Culture Specific” Niger, focusing on unique cultural features of Nigerien society and is designed to complement other pre- deployment training. It applies culture-general concepts to help increase your knowledge of your assigned deployment location. For further information, visit the Air Force Culture and Language Center (AFCLC) website at www.airuniversity.af.edu/AFCLC/ or contact AFCLC’s Region Team at [email protected]. Disclaimer: All text is the property of the AFCLC and may not be modified by a change in title, content, or labeling. It may be reproduced in its current format with the expressed permission of the AFCLC. All photography is provided as a courtesy of the US government, Wikimedia, and other sources as indicated. GENERAL CULTURE CULTURE PART 1 – CULTURE GENERAL What is Culture? Fundamental to all aspects of human existence, culture shapes the way humans view life and functions as a tool we use to adapt to our social and physical environments. A culture is the sum of all of the beliefs, values, behaviors, and symbols that have meaning for a society. All human beings have culture, and individuals within a culture share a general set of beliefs and values.
    [Show full text]
  • Niger Page 1 of 27
    2009 Human Rights Report: Niger Page 1 of 27 Home » Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs » Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor » Releases » Human Rights Reports » 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices » Africa » Niger 2009 Human Rights Report: Niger BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices March 11, 2010 Niger is a republic that restored its multiparty system in 1999 following coups in 1996 and 1999; it has a population estimated at 15.4 million. In 2004 voters elected Mamadou Tandja to a second five-year presidential term in an election that international observers deemed generally free and fair. The ruling coalition of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) and the Democratic and Social Convention (CDS), joined by four other parties, won a majority of national assembly seats. President Tandja's second--and final, due to constitutional limits--five-year term was due to expire on December 22, 2009; however, he organized a controversial referendum that established the Sixth Republic and allowed him to remain in office for three additional years and that eliminated the term-limits provision, although this provision was specifically prohibited from revision in the 1999 constitution. To consolidate the power needed to approve these changes, President Tandja dissolved the National Assembly and the Constitutional Court, modified the electoral code, restricted basic freedoms, curtailed press freedom, and granted himself emergency powers to rule by decree and executive order. In 2007 the Tuareg rebel group Nigerien Movement for Justice (MNJ) launched a series of attacks against military and strategic installations in the north.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 Annual Language Service Review Briefing Book
    Broadcasting Board of Governors 2010 Annual Language Service Review Briefing Book Broadcasting Board of Governors Table of Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................................................................3 Preface ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 How to Use This Book .................................................................................................................................................................................6 Albanian .................................................................................................................................................................................................................12 Albanian to Kosovo ......................................................................................................................................................................................14 Arabic .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 Armenian ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................20
    [Show full text]
  • Security Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities
    Alan Bryden and Boubacar N’Diaye (Eds) Security Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) LIT Security Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities edited by Alan Bryden and Boubacar N’Diaye LIT (Bibliographic information here) Contents Preface vii Foreword ix Abbreviations xi 1 Mapping Security Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa 1 Alan Bryden and Boubacar N’Diaye 2 Benin 17 Théodore C. Loko 3 Burkina Faso 45 Jean-Pierre Bayala 4 Côte d’Ivoire 73 Raphaël Ouattara 5 Guinea 95 Dominique Bangoura 6 Mali 125 Mahamadou Nimaga 7 Mauritania 151 Boubacar N’Diaye 8 Niger 177 Anonymous 9 Senegal 205 Niagale Bagayoko-Penone 10 Togo 229 Comi M. Toulabor 11 Entry Points for Security Sector Reform in Francophone 255 West Africa Alan Bryden and Boubacar N’Diaye List of Contributors 275 About DCAF 279 Preface These are defining moments for Africa. The ‘Arab spring’ in North Africa has in some cases overturned regimes that have held power for decades. In other cases, authorities have been impelled to embrace more participative modes of governance. Yet conflicts have also been unleashed that are causing widespread bloodshed and suffering. If these dynamics are evident across the continent, West Africa’s politico-security environment certainly seems to defy prediction. Since this research project was launched, Guinea and Niger’s political landscapes have shifted radically from entrenched authoritarian rule to military regimes of exception and now (following successful elections) to fledgling democratic dispensations. By contrast, elections that were meant to heal divisions in Cote d’Ivoire had the opposite effect as Laurent Gbagbo, until forcibly removed, sought illegitimately to hold onto power.
    [Show full text]
  • Crisiswatch: February Alerts and January Trends 2020 | Crisis Group
    2/4/2020 CrisisWatch: February Alerts and January Trends 2020 | Crisis Group CrisisWatch Tracking Conflict Worldwide BROWSE MAP SCROLL DOWN TO READ TRENDS & OUTLOOK CrisisWatch is our global conict tracker, a tool designed to help decision-makers prevent deadly violence by keeping them up-to-date with developments in over 80 conicts and crises, identifying trends and alerting them to risks of escalation and opportunities to advance peace. Learn more about CrisisWatch GLOBAL OVERVIEW SEARCH DATABASE PRESIDENT'S TAKE USING CRISISWATCH ABOUT SUBSCRIBE Global Overview JANUARY 2020 Outlook for This Month February 2020 Conflict Risk Alerts https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/february-alerts-and-january-trends-2020 1/64 2/4/2020 CrisisWatch: February Alerts and January Trends 2020 | Crisis Group Central African Republic, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen Resolution Opportunities Ethiopia, Egypt Trends for Last Month January 2020 Deteriorated Situations Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Somalia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Venezuela, Israel/Palestine, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen Improved Situations Thailand, Kosovo, El Salvador In January, the security situation in the Sahel deteriorated, especially in central Mali, western Niger and northern Burkina Faso, where suspected jihadists inicted a heavy toll on civilians. In Nigeria, Boko Haram stepped up attacks and jihadist group Ansaru claimed its rst attack since 2013. Al-Shabaab intensied deadly raids in Kenya, and violence rose in Cameroon’s Anglophone areas and eastern DR Congo. Political tensions increased in Somalia’s Galmudug state and Guinea-Bissau, and security forces hardened a crackdown in neighbouring Guinea.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey on Migration Policies in West Africa
    A Survey on Migration Policies in West Africa Commissioned and funded by: A Survey on Migration Policies in West Africa Prepared by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development, Vienna – Austria and the Interna- tional Organization for Migration (Regional Office for West and Central Africa), Dakar – Senegal Commissioned and funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Berne - Switzerland ICMPD and IOM • March 2015 Authors: Alexandre Devillard, Alessia Bacchi, and Marion Noack Coordinators: Stéphane Rostiaux and Timon Van Lidth (IOM), Malin Frankenhaeuser (ICMPD) Abstract This survey analyses the current policies, practices, and trends in the area of migration in the fifteen ECOWAS Member States. It therefore attempts to both provide a better understanding of the migration policies West African countries already have in place and highlight where coherent frameworks are lacking. The analysis shows that thirty-five years after the adoption of the 1979 Protocol relating to the Free Movement of Persons, the Right of Residence and Establishment, sev- eral factors are still impeding effective inter-regional mobility within the ECOWAS region. Member States face a significant delay in transposing the 1979 Protocol and supplementary protocols into law. While the right of entry and the abolition of visa requirements for a 90-day stay have been implemented in all countries, less progress can be noted as regards the Right of Residence, the Right of Establishment and access to employment. In the area of emigration, the study shows that labour emigration and employment abroad is regulated only to a limited extent. Furthermore, information and services on the different aspects of the migration process and living/working conditions abroad provided by diplomatic representations abroad lack continuity.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Niger's Economy Is Mainly Based On
    WT/TPR/S/118 Trade Policy Review Page 54 IV. TRADE POLICY BY SECTOR1 (1) OVERVIEW 1. Niger’s economy is mainly based on agriculture, livestock breeding, forestry and fishing, in which a large number of the rural population is also involved. The sector's share of trade in goods is considerable even though difficult to circumscribe because of the importance of informal trade channels. 2. Since the end of the uranium boom in the early 1980s, Niger has gradually abolished its policies of intervention and support for priority agricultural subsectors in order to lower the budget deficit and, since 1996, State enterprises in this sector have been included in the privatization programme. Currently, expanding the marketing of agricultural and livestock products, particularly through exports, is the central focus of the poverty reduction strategy (PRS) adopted in early 2002. For this purpose, the Government intends to support the development of promising branches (for example, cowpeas, cattle on the hoof, meat, hides and skins) through an investment programme that focuses on the provision of public assets (infrastructure, social and health requirements, support/advice). 3. For a long time, uranium was Niger’s main mineral wealth, but its importance has declined sharply. The future appears uncertain because of the high cost of production and the questions affecting nuclear power in Europe, but the authorities view the future of Niger’s uranium with greater optimism. Niger nevertheless hopes to promote foreign investment in the mining sector in order to diversify the substances exploited and provides fiscal incentives for this purpose. Obstacles to foreign investment in the mining sector include: difficult access to the areas with mining or petroleum potential because of the desert conditions and the lack of infrastructure; high energy costs for the industrial processing of mineral substances; and Niger’s landlocked situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Alpine Research | Revue De Géographie Alpine
    Journal of Alpine Research | Revue de géographie alpine 102-1 | 2014 Ressources territoriales, développement et tourisme, II : Qualités, Risques et Contradictions Insecurity and generalized political crises A challenge for tourism development in the Aïr massif region of Niger Lawali Dambo, Maman Waziri Mato, Département de Géographie, Université de Zinder, Niger and Elhadji Maman Moutari Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/rga/2349 DOI: 10.4000/rga.2349 ISSN: 1760-7426 Publisher Association pour la diffusion de la recherche alpine Electronic reference Lawali Dambo, Maman Waziri Mato, Département de Géographie, Université de Zinder, Niger and Elhadji Maman Moutari, « Insecurity and generalized political crises », Journal of Alpine Research | Revue de géographie alpine [Online], 102-1 | 2014, Online since 13 June 2014, connection on 20 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/rga/2349 ; DOI : 10.4000/rga.2349 This text was automatically generated on 20 April 2019. La Revue de Géographie Alpine est mise à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Insecurity and generalized political crises 1 Insecurity and generalized political crises A challenge for tourism development in the Aïr massif region of Niger Lawali Dambo, Maman Waziri Mato, Département de Géographie, Université de Zinder, Niger and Elhadji Maman Moutari EDITOR'S NOTE Translation: Brian Keogh 1 Introduction 2 The geopolitical position of Niger within a Sahel-Saharan zone that is undergoing profound political change is raising questions regarding the development of certain territorial resources that are potentially indispensable to start or accelerate the development of an entire region.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Evaluation of the Cooperation of the European Commission
    KINGDOM OF BELGIUM Federal Public Service JOINT EVALUATION OFTHE COOPERATION OFTHE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, BELGIUM, DENMARK, FRANCE AND LUXEMBOURG WITH NIGER BETWEEN Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation KINGDOM OF BELGIUM Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation Special Evaluation Offi ce of International Cooperation Egmont • Rue des Petits Carmes 15, B-1000 Brussels • + 32 2 (0)2 501 38 34 • www.diplomatie.belgium.be • www.dg-d.be • [email protected] Un autre regard sur les politiques Legal registration : 0218/2010/50 see Un autre regard see sur les politiques JOINT EVALUATION OF THE COOPERATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, BELGIUM, DENMARK, FRANCE AND LUXEMBOURG WITH NIGER BETWEEN 2000 - 2008 Final report Volume 1 – Main report Second revised edition (Original: French) Report commissioned by the Special Evaluation Unit of the Federal Public Service for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation of the Kingdom of Belgium for the group of donors made up of Belgium, Denmark, France, Luxembourg and the European Commission. Luxembourg, August 2010 Consortium led by see Société d’Etudes et d’Evaluation sarl 241 Route de Longwy L1941 Luxembourg www.see-policies.eu JOINT EVALUATION OF THE COOPERATION WITH NIGER 2000-2008 Table of contents VOLUME 1 - MAIN REPORT LIST OF ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Legacies: Governing Biodiversity and Livelihoods Around the W National Parks of Benin and Niger
    CONSERVATION LEGACIES: GOVERNING BIODIVERSITY AND LIVELIHOODS AROUND THE W NATIONAL PARKS OF BENIN AND NIGER by Daniel Charles Miller A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Natural Resources and Environment) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Professor Arun Agrawal, Chair Associate Professor Rebecca Hardin Professor Maria Carmen de Mello Lemos Kent H. Redford, Archipelago Consulting Professor Brice A. Sinsin, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin © Daniel C. Miller 2013 All rights reserved. DEDICATION To Mom, Dad, and Bea ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the encouragement, support, and generosity of many people far and near, from the drylands of West Africa to the Great Lakes of the United States. I begin by acknowledging my dissertation committee. I reserve special thanks for Arun Agrawal, my PhD advisor. I came to Michigan to study with Arun and I have not once regretted the decision. I have learned that he is not only an exemplary scholar and teacher but also an exemplary human being. I would also like to express my gratitude to the other members of my committee: Rebecca Hardin, Maria Carmen Lemos, Kent Redford, and Brice Sinsin. Rebecca opened my eyes to the ethnographic literature on conservation and development, especially in Africa. From the start, she pushed me to think creatively and to pursue the questions that were truly interesting to me. Maria Carmen kindled my interest in climate change adaptation and sharpened my understanding of environmental governance. She also introduced me to the wonders of the Rancilio espresso machine and homemade gnocchi.
    [Show full text]