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Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment NIGER FEBRUARY 2018 ECOWAS COMMISSION COMMISSION DE LA CEDEAO COMMISSÃO DA CEDEAO Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Niger | 1 DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Cover photo: “Baby camel and Toureg boy in Niger” by International Livestock Research Institute, accessed via Flikr (https://www.flickr.com/photos/ilri/5245969037/in/album-72157622319661321/). Reproduced under Creative Commons CC BY- SA 2.0. Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 5 Message from the President of the ECOWAS Commission .................................................................................... 7 Statement from the Vice President of the ECOWAS Commission ......................................................................... 8 Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Research Process ............................................................................................................................................... 12 Terminology and Conceptual Definitions .......................................................................................................... 14 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................................ 15 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................................... 16 Description of the Sample ................................................................................................................................. 17 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 Scope and Limitations of the Study .................................................................................................................. 19 Country Background ............................................................................................................................................... 21 National-Level Vulnerabilities, Risks and Resiliencies ......................................................................................... 23 Economics and Resources (Most Vulnerable Pillar) ......................................................................................... 26 Population and Demographics (Second Most Vulnerable Pillar) ..................................................................... 31 Security (Third Most Vulnerable Pillar) .............................................................................................................. 35 Politics and Governance (Fourth Most Vulnerable Pillar) ................................................................................ 39 Rule of Law (Least Vulnerable Pillar) ................................................................................................................ 42 External Factors .................................................................................................................................................. 44 Gender Considerations ...................................................................................................................................... 46 Sub-National Level Vulnerabilities, Risks and Resilience Factors: Observations by Region ............................. 49 Agadez Region ................................................................................................................................................ 49 Diffa Region .................................................................................................................................................. 55 Niamey Region .............................................................................................................................................. 61 Tahoua Region ............................................................................................................................................... 65 Tillabéri Region .............................................................................................................................................. 71 Zinder Region ................................................................................................................................................. 76 Conclusion and Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 81 Appendix A: Data Sample ....................................................................................................................................... 84 Appendix B: Vulnerability Index ............................................................................................................................. 88 Appendix C: Additional References ....................................................................................................................... 90 Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Niger | 3 Appendix D: Matrix of Vulnerabilities, Risks, Resilience Factors, and Recommendations by Human Security Pillar ......................................................................................................................................................................... 91 Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Niger | 4 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACLED Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution AfDB African Development Bank ANDDH Clinique Juridique of the Association Nationale de Défense des Droits humain AQIM Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb AREN The Association for the revitalization of Livestock in Niger AU African Union CEDAW Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women CNCCAI Commission Nationale pour la Collecte et de Contrôle des Armes Illicites CNDH National Commission on Human Rights CNDP National Council of Political Dialogue CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CRA Conflict Risk Assessment CRVA Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment CSI Centre de Santé Integré CSO Civil Society Organization DFID United Kingdom Department for International Development DPA ECOWAS Directorate of Political Affairs ECOMOG ECOWAS Monitoring Group ECOWARN ECOWAS Early Warning and Response Network ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECPF ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework EWD ECOWAS Directorate of Early Warning FDI Foreign Direct Investment FDS Forces de Défense et de Sécurité FGD Focus Group Discussion FGM/C Female genital mutilation/cutting GBV Gender-based violence GDP Gross domestic product GIS Geographic Information System GSDRC Governance and Social Development Resource Centre GSIM Group to Support Islam and Muslims HACIA High Authority for Fighting Corruption ICAF Interagency Conflict Assessment Framework IDPs Internally displaced persons IFC International Finance Corporation IFIs International financial institutions ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IncReps ECOWARN’s Incident Reports INEC Independent National Electoral Commission IOF International Organisation de la Francophonie Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Niger | 5 IOM International Organization for Migration ISGS Islamic State in the Greater Sahara ISWAP Islamic State West African Province KII Key Informant Interview MINUSMA UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali MJRN Movement for Justice and Rehabilitation of Niger MNJ Movement of Nigeriens for Justice MNJTF Multi-National Joint Task Force MNSD National Movement for the Society in Development MODEN/FA Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation MUJAO Movement for the Unity and Jihad in West Africa NGO Non-Governmental Organization OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PNDS National Party for Democracy and Socialism REWARD Reacting to Early Warning and Response Data in West Africa SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons SD Standard Deviation SitReps ECOWARN Situation Reports SNA Stakeholder Network Analysis SSR Security Sector Reform UN United Nations USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization WTO World Trade Organization Country Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: Niger | 6 Message from the President of the ECOWAS Commission The 15 Member-States of the ECOWAS Community represent a thriving region of the world, with a population of approximately 366 million and a rich human and topographical diversity. From the coastline to the mountain peaks of Fouta Djallon, across the Sahara and the mangroves of the Niger Delta, ECOWAS is home to diverse families, communities, and nations. Over the last decade, the region has witnessed significant progress in lifting the standard
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