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Lectures on Geothermal Areas in China GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Reports 2008 Orkustofnun, Grensásvegur 9, Number 7 IS-108 Reykjavík, Iceland LECTURES ON GEOTHERMAL AREAS IN CHINA Wang Kun Department of Geothermal Management Tianjin Bureau of Land, Resources and Real Estate Management Heping District, Tianjin 300042 P.R. CHINA [email protected] Lectures given in August 2008 United Nations University, Geothermal Training Programme Reykjavík, Iceland Published in December 2008 ISBN 978-9979-68-253-0 ISSN 1670-7400 Wang Kun ii Lectures PREFACE The UNU Visiting Lecturer in 2008 was Dr. Wang Kun, Senior Engineer and Deputy Director of the Geothermal Management Department at Tianjin Bureau of Land, Resources and Real Estate Management (TBLRREM), Tianjin, China. TBLRREM is responsible for the geothermal development, monitoring and utilization in Tianjin. Tianjin is the leading province in geothermal in China. In 2007, the space heating area was approximately 12 Mm2 in Tianjin alone. Seventy geoscientists and engineers from China have graduated from the UNU-GTP and many of these are from Tianjin. Dr. Wang Kun is a former UNU-GTP Fellow (1998) and specialized in reservoir engineering. She obtained her BSc in numerical mathematics at Nankai University in Tianjin 1989, and her PhD in geology at Peking University 2005. She worked as a senior engineer at the Design Institute of Geothermal Exploration and Development until 2001, when she moved to the TBLRREM. Wang Kun is one of the leading geothermal reservoir engineers in China. She gave a series of lectures on geothermal development and resource management in China. Her lectures were excellent and well attended by members of the geothermal community in Iceland as well as the UNU Fellows and MSc Fellows. Since the foundation of the UNU-GTP in 1979, it has been customary to invite annually one internationally renowned geothermal expert to come to Iceland as the UNU Visiting Lecturer. This has been in addition to various foreign lecturers who have given lectures at the Training Programme from year to year. It is the good fortune of the UNU Geothermal Training Programme that so many distinguished geothermal specialists have found time to visit us. Following is a list of the UNU Visiting Lecturers during 1979-2008: 1979 Donald E. White United States 1994 Ladislaus Rybach Switzerland 1980 Christopher Armstead United Kingdom 1995 Gudm. Bödvarsson United States 1981 Derek H. Freeston New Zealand 1996 John Lund United States 1982 Stanley H. Ward United States 1997 Toshihiro Uchida Japan 1983 Patrick Browne New Zealand 1998 Agnes G. Reyes Philippines/N.Z. 1984 Enrico Barbier Italy 1999 Philip M. Wright United States 1985 Bernardo Tolentino Philippines 2000 Trevor M. Hunt New Zealand 1986 C. Russel James New Zealand 2001 Hilel Legmann Israel 1987 Robert Harrison UK 2002 Karsten Pruess USA 1988 Robert O. Fournier United States 2003 Beata Kepinska Poland 1989 Peter Ottlik Hungary 2004 Peter Seibt Germany 1990 Andre Menjoz France 2005 Martin N. Mwangi Kenya 1991 Wang Ji-yang China 2006 Hagen M. Hole New Zealand 1992 Patrick Muffler United States 2007 José Antonio Rodríguez El Salvador 1993 Zosimo F. Sarmiento Philippines 2008 Wang Kun China With warmest wishes from Iceland Ingvar B. Fridleifsson, director, UNU-GTP Lectures iii Wang Kun TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LECTURE 1: THE TYPES, DISTRIBUTION AND BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOTHERMAL AREAS IN CHINA by Wang Kun ..................................... 1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................1 1. THE TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL AREAS IN CHINA ............................................................... 1 1.1 Hot springs and geothermal water areas .............................................................................. 1 1.2 High temperature geothermal areas on the plate margin and intraplate low temperature geothermal areas ........................................................... 3 1.3 Brief characteristics of three types of geothermal zones ..................................................... 4 1.3.1 Plate marginal high temperature zones ................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Hot spring zones in fold systems ............................................................................ 4 1.3.3 Geothermal water zones in the basin ...................................................................... 4 2. DISTRIBUTION OF THE GEOTHERMAL AREAS IN CHINA ............................................... 5 2.1 Trisection pattern of the geothermal areas in China ............................................................ 5 2.1.1 Eastern geothermal area .......................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Middle geothermal area .......................................................................................... 6 2.1.3 Western geothermal area ......................................................................................... 6 2.2 Heat flow distribution of the boundary and the inland in China .......................................... 6 2.2.1 Heat flow distribution at the boundary in China ..................................................... 6 2.2.2 Trisection pattern of the heat flow distribution in the interior ................................ 7 2.3 Trisection pattern of the character of the geothermal water ................................................ 7 2.3.1 Low mineralization and deeply circulating hot water in the eastern geothermal area ........................................................................... 7 2.3.2 The low temperature and sealed fresh brine in the western geothermal area ......... 7 2.3.3 Low temperature and highly concentrated hot brine in the middle geothermal area ............................................................................ 8 3. THE CONTROLLING FACTORS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF GEOTHERMAL AREAS IN CHINA ................................................................................ 8 3.1 The history of the geotectonic evolution of the Chinese mainland ...................................... 8 3.1.1 The geotectonic evolution process and the trisection pattern of geothermal areas in China ............................................................................. 8 3.1.2 The geotectonic evolution and the heat flow distribution ....................................... 8 3.2 Plate movement of the modern lithosphere ......................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Plate movement controls the strike of the folded belts ........................................... 9 3.2.2 The strike of the folded belts dominates the strike of the hot springs and/or hot water zones ....................................................................................... 9 3.2.3 The plate movement controls the heat flow distribution ......................................... 9 3.2.4 The heat flow on the boundary of the Chinese mainland is affected by global geothermal belts ............................................................. 10 3.2.5 The trisection distribution pattern of the interior heat flow is related to the stress field ............................................................................... 10 3.3 The deep-crustal structure and isostatic gravity compensation function ........................... 10 3.3.1 The trisection pattern of crustal thickness and Moho-depth in the Chinese mainland ................................................................................... 10 3.3.2 The isostatic gravity compensation function ........................................................ 10 3.3.3 The relation of geological evolution and crustal thickness to heat flow ............... 12 3.4 The rock’s thermal conductivity ........................................................................................ 12 4. CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................... 13 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................. 13 Wang Kun iv Lectures Page LECTURE 2: BACKGROUND, HISTORY AND STATUS OF GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION IN TIANJIN by Wang Kun ................... 15 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 15 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 15 2. DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES ................ 16 2.1 Geology .............................................................................................................................. 16 2.2 Strata in Tianjin ................................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Distribution of geothermal fields in Tianjin ...................................................................... 18 2.4 Characteristics of geothermal fields................................................................................... 19 3. HISTORY OF GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION IN TIANJIN .................................................. 20 4. STATUS OF GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION IN TIANJIN .................................................... 21 4.1 Geothermal utilization in 2007 .......................................................................................... 21 4.2 Contribution of geothermal
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