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RESEARCH ARTICLE Comparative Phylogenetic Studies on Schistosoma japonicum and Its Snail Intermediate Host Oncomelania hupensis: Origins, Dispersal and Coevolution Stephen W. Attwood1,2*, Motomu Ibaraki3, Yasuhide Saitoh4, Naoko Nihei5,6, Daniel A. Janies7 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China, 2 Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom, 3 School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America, 4 Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan, 5 Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan, 6 Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, 7 Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Attwood SW, Ibaraki M, Saitoh Y, Nihei N, Janies DA (2015) Comparative Phylogenetic Studies on Schistosoma japonicum and Its Snail Intermediate Background Host Oncomelania hupensis: Origins, Dispersal and Coevolution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(7): e0003935. Schistosoma japonicum causes major public health problems in China and the Philippines; doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003935 this parasite, which is transmitted by freshwater snails of the species Oncomelania hupen- Editor: Joanne P. Webster, Imperial College London, sis, causes the disease intestinal schistosomiasis in humans and cattle. Researchers work- UNITED KINGDOM ing on Schistosoma in Africa have described the relationship between the parasites and Received: April 30, 2015 their snail intermediate hosts as coevolved or even as an evolutionary arms race. In the present study this hypothesis of coevolution is evaluated for S. -
Tea Horse Road April 8-14, 2014
lijiang Michael Freeman Acclaimed Photographer and Bestselling Author & present The Lijiang Tea Horse Road April 8-14, 2014 The 3rd Three Skills Photography Workshop The Spring Michael Freeman photo workshop at The Bivou, Lijiang, takes masterclasses to a new level with a programme that sets participants on the path to fully rounded photography. At the heart of the masterclass is the assignment. For the 7 days that they spend in the Lijiang area, participants will be working as a group on an editorial photo assignment called The Lijiang Tea Horse Road. Just as for a magazine, we’ll be illustrating with our cameras this section of the ancient trade route, bringing it to life by focusing on a few Limited Availability spectacular locations: Old Lijiang, Yulong Mountain and Register Now Online Baoshan Stone City. With Michael guiding the shoot and as picture editor, this group assignment will be published www.bivou.com/photoreg both on-line and as a 50-page book. The Three Essential Skills For rewarding, satisfying photography, indeed to be a complete photographer, you need to have, and balance, three different kinds of skill. They are: technical, visual and conceptual. Technical skills are to do with camera handling, knowing about exposure, depth of field, processing pictures on the computer, and so on. Almost all books and websites about photography focus on these, and they’re essential - but only the beginning of the story, Visual skills are more about seeing, and appreciating, framing images in the viewfinder, and of course composition. This, frankly, is when photography stops being nerdy and starts to become fascinating. -
The Spatial Differentiation of the Suitability of Ice-Snow Tourist Destinations Based on a Comprehensive Evaluation Model in China
sustainability Article The Spatial Differentiation of the Suitability of Ice-Snow Tourist Destinations Based on a Comprehensive Evaluation Model in China Jun Yang 1,*, Ruimeng Yang 1, Jing Sun 1, Tai Huang 2,3,* and Quansheng Ge 3 1 Liaoning Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Geomatics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China; [email protected] (R.Y.); [email protected] (J.S.) 2 Department of Tourism Management, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China 3 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Patterns and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (T.H.) Academic Editors: Jun Liu, Gang Liu and This Rutishauser Received: 1 February 2017; Accepted: 4 May 2017; Published: 8 May 2017 Abstract: Ice, snow, and rime are wonders of the cold season in an alpine climate zone and climate landscape. With its pure, spectacular, and magical features, these regions attract numerous tourists. Ice and snow landscapes can provide not only visually-stimulating experiences for people, but also opportunities for outdoor play and movement. In China, ice and snow tourism is a new type of recreation; however, the establishment of snow and ice in relation to the suitability of the surrounding has not been clearly expressed. Based on multi-source data, such as tourism, weather, and traffic data, this paper employs the Delphi-analytic hierarchy process (AHP) evaluation method and a spatial analysis method to study the spatial differences of snow and ice tourism suitability in China. China’s ice and snow tourism is located in the latitude from 35◦N to 53.33◦N and latitude 41.5◦N to 45◦N and longitude 82◦E to 90◦E, with the main focus on latitude and terrain factors. -
Mapping the Tea Horse Road 2016-03-07 Xiaohong Wang 王小红
Mapping the Tea Horse Road 2016-03-07 Xiaohong Wang 王小红 Associate Professor, Institute of Collection and Research of Ancient Books, Sichuan University http://www.iq.harvard.edu/people/wang-xiaohong The ancient Tea Horse Road (chamagudao 茶马古道) was one of the world’s highest and most precipitous ancient roads, and was a trade route mainly through Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet, stretched across Bhutan and Sikkim, Nepal and India, and then reached Western Asia and even the Red Sea coast in Western Africa. In ancient times, people in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces exchanged tea for horses or medicines with people in Tibet. The tea, the medicine and the other materials were transported by caravans (mabang 马帮), and thus the pathway was called the Tea Horse Road, which was first named by Mu Jihong in 1990 when he and other five people first explored it. The ancient Tea Horse Road was an enormous network of trails which grew up between Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet in the long historical period. Generally speaking, it was divided into two major roads: Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road and Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road. The Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road appeared in the Tang Dynasty, starting from Ya'an (雅安) to Lhasa (拉薩) via Luding (瀘定), Kangding (康定), Litang (理塘), Markam (芒康) and Chamdo (昌都), extending to the outside countries of Nepal, Burma and India. The Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road was formed roughly in the late part of the 6th century, it began from Pu'er (普洱) to Lhasa, crossing Dali (大 理), Lijiang (麗江), and Shangri-La (香格里拉), continuing to Nepal, Burma and India. -
The Sacrality of the Mountain the Sacrality of the Mountain
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2014 The aS crality of The ounM tain Manuel Rivera Espinoza University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, Comparative Philosophy Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Rivera Espinoza, Manuel, "The aS crality of The ounM tain" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 2072. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2072 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Sacrality of the Mountain The Sacrality of the Mountain A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in History by Manuel Rivera Espinoza Universidad de Chile Bachelor in History, 2008 December 2014 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation of the Graduate Council. _______________________________ Dr. Rembrandt Wolpert Thesis Director _______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Liang Cai Dr. Elizabeth Markham Committee Member Committee Member Abstract In this thesis I explore the conception of the mountain as a “sacred space” based on the definition provided by Mircea Eliade -
The Tea Horse Road Guide Part 2
THE TEA HORSE ROAD GUIDE PART 2 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN WRITTEN BY MICHAEL FREEMAN COURTESY OF LUX* 2 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN INTRODUCTION 3 INTRODUCTION Between the 7th century and the middle of the 20th, one of the longest trade route, because in return for tea, which Tibetans came quickly to trade routes in the Ancient World, more than 3,000 kilometres, carried crave, the Tang dynasty wanted horses for the Imperial Army. The route tea from its homeland in the deep south of Yunnan to Tibet. It was added came under strict control, as the trading of tea for war horses became to by a route from a second source, the tea mountains of Sichuan, and the an arm of Tang foreign policy in its dealing with a neighbour that had combined network of stone roads and mountain trails became known as risen from a loose collection of tribal societies to a military power on the the Tea Horse Road, Cha Ma Dao. This was much more than a simple empire’s northwestern border. The Tea Horse Road, marked in red, began in the tea mountains of Caravan on Xishuangbanna and worked its way north through Yunnan to the Tibetan a cliff-cut trail Plateau, later joined by a second route from Sichuan Lead horse in a tea caravan 4 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN THE TEA HORSE ROAD the tea west to join the Yunnan route As the trade developed, it became a and continue to Lhasa. saga of epic proportions, combining These are the broad strokes, but a true odyssey of a journey, long and the Tea Horse Road was a network, difficult, with exchanges between in some stretches coalescing into one, very different cultures. -
Sudanworkingpaper
SUDANWORKINGPAPER Comparing borderland dynamics Processes of territorialisation in the Nuba Mountains in Sudan, southern Yunnan in China, and the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan Leif Ole Manger Department of Social Anthropology, (UiB) Universtity of Bergen SWP 2015: 3 The programme Assisting Regional Universities in Sudan and South Sudan (ARUSS) aims to build academic bridges between Sudan and South Sudan. The overall objective is to enhance the quality and relevance of teaching and research in regional universities. As part of the program, research is carried out on a number of topics which are deemed important for lasting peace and development within and between the two countries. Efforts are also made to influence policy debates and improve the basis for decision making in both countries as well as among international actors. ARUSS is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. About the author Leif Ole Manger is Professor in the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Bergen. His research has emphasis on the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and the Indian Ocean, with long-term field research in the Sudan, and shorter fieldworks in Yemen, Hyderabad, India, Singapore and China. His research focuses on economic and ecological anthropology, development studies, planning, land tenure, trade, communal labour, Arabization and Islamization. Mixing a broad cultural historical understanding of a region with current events is also important in Manger’s latest work on borders and borderland populations. Regionally this work focuses the borderland situations between Sudan and the new nation state of South Sudan, between post-Soviet Tajikistan, China and Afghanistan, and between contemporary China, Myanmar and India. -
Notes on Asian Lagriini, with Description of Cerogria Gozmanyi Sp
Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 53 (Suppl. 1), pp. 255–272, 2007 NOTES ON ASIAN LAGRIINI, WITH DESCRIPTION OF CEROGRIA GOZMANYI SP. N. (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)* MERKL, O. Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum H-1088 Budapest, Baross utca 13, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] Cerogria gozmanyi sp. n. is described from Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. The lectotype is designated for Cerogria birmana BORCHMANN, 1942. The following new synonyms are es- tablished (junior synonyms in parentheses): Cerogria BORCHMANN, 1911 (= Aeschrocera CHEN et CHOU, 1966 syn. n. and Cerogriodes BORCHMANN, 1941 syn. n.), Cerogria albohirta (WIEDEMANN, 1821) (= Cerogria deserta BORCHMANN, 1916, syn. n.), Cerogria diffusa (FAIRMAIRE, 1882) (= Cerogria luchti BORCHMANN, 1929, syn. n.), Cerogria diversicornis PIC, 1933 (= Cerogria brunneocollis CHEN et CHOU, 1996 and Cerogria harpacorna CHEN et CHOU, 1996), Cerogria flavicornis BORCHMANN, 1911 (= Schevodera glabricollis CHEN et XIA, 2001, syn. n.), Cerogria gigas (LAPORTE, 1821) (= Cerogria brunneipennis BORCH- MANN, 1916, syn. n.), Cerogria heros (FAIRMAIRE, 1903) (= Lagria denticornis FAIRMAIRE, 1903, syn. n.), Cerogria kikuchii (KÔNO, 1929) (= Cerogria praecox BORCHMANN, 1941, syn. n.), Cerogria rufina (FAIRMAIRE, 1894) (= Cerogria pilosa BORCHMANN, 1916, syn. n.), Lagria picta BORCHMANN,1911(=Lagria rubella var. coadunata BORCHMANN, 1932, syn. n.), Neogria sulcipennis BORCHMANN, 1911 (= Neogria sobrina BORCHMANN, 1911, syn. n.). Odontocerostira MERKL, 2007 is proposed as a replacement name for Odontocera CHEN et YUAN, 1996, not AUDINET-SERVILLE, 1833. Xenocerogria MERKL, 2007 is proposed as a re- placement name for Xenocera BORCHMANN, 1936, not BROUN, 1881. The following species are recorded for the first time from the Palaearctic region, from the following Chinese prov- inces: Cerogria pachycera (FAIRMAIRE, 1886) from Jiangxi and Sichuan, Cerogria birmana BORCHMANN, 1942 from Yunnan, Lagria picta BORCHMANN, 1911 from Hongkong and Yunnan, and Xenocerogria feai (BORCHMANN, 1911) from Yunnan. -
Lao Banzhang GLOBAL EA HUT Contentsissue 86 / March 2019 Tea & Tao Magazine Forest森林王子 Prince
GLOBAL EA HUT Tea & Tao Magazine 國際茶亭 March 2019 皇 太 子 的 森 林 Lao Banzhang GLOBAL EA HUT ContentsIssue 86 / March 2019 Tea & Tao Magazine Forest森林王子 Prince Lao Banzhang is the most famous, pricey and controversial region in Yunnan, and a must-see stop on the journey of any puerh lover. We are Love is very excited to dive deeper into this important re- gion, all the while sipping from strong cups of one changing the world of the best, most valuable puerh teas that we have ever shared! bowl by bowl Features特稿文章 17 Lao Banzhang: The Prince of Yunnan By Luo Ying Yin (羅英銀) 25 25 Xin “New” Banzhang By Luo Ying Yin (羅英銀) 33 The Changing Market of Lao Banzhang By Lin En Zhao (林恩照) 51 The “Origins” of Tea 17 By Sam Gibb 33 Traditions 古茶 03 Tea of the Month Forest Prince, 2018 Sheng Puerh, Lao Banzhang, Yunnan, China 27 Gongfu Teapot 51 The Shape of the Teapot * ancient tea roots found By Shen Su (聖素) at the Tian Luo Shan site 39 Cha Dao The Elixir of Life 無的 森 By Wu De ( ) © 2019 by Global Tea Hut 林 All rights reserved. 61 TeaWayfarer Frederik Wallin, Sweden 王 recycled & recyclable No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys- 子 tem or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- wise, without prior written permis- Soy ink sion from the copyright owner. n March, theFrom weather in Taiwan starts to warmthe up, of you feel like youeditor need to reach some level of expertise to and though it does rain a lot in the end of the month, share your experience, but nothing could be further from the temperature is wonderful. -
Chapter 2 the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: Searching for Viable Socioeconomic and Environmental Options
Chapter 2 The Hindu Kush-Himalayas: Searching for Viable Socioeconomic and Environmental Options MAHESH BANSKOTA Deputy Director General ICIMOD, Kathmandu 2.1 Introduction The Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region has experienced both continental as well as cultural collisions between mainland Asia and the Indian sub-continent. It is one of the most diverse physical and cultural landscapes in the world. Within very short distances, components of almost all the principal ecosystems and a wide range of cultural systems of the world are found. In response to different environmental factors, each has also developed its own unique features. Yet, for all its biological and cultural diversity, it is among the least known of the world’s mountain systems. For centuries the only information coming out of these mountains was the experiences or impressions of a few travellers who were migrants, invaders, traders, or missionaries (Fürer-Haimendorf 1975; Hammerton 1984; Biddulph 1986). Mountain people themselves knew very little about each other. Barricaded by high mountains, swift rivers, and an array of dialects and customs, with the added impact of fierce competition for limited resources, they were also strangers to each other. The long history of isolation and conflicts in the region has made its inhabitants highly suspicious of outsiders and their motives. This is also experienced at times by central governments when they try to implement their development activities (Clarke 1987; Shrestha 1993; Bahuguna 1994). 57 Untitled-4 57 7/19/2007, 1:07 PM The traditional isolation of mountain areas is being increasingly broken by the wheels of technology, the increasing education of mountain people, and the expansion of modern commerce and communications. -
Studies on External Transportation Development and Spatial Structure Transformation of Modern Kunming from a Southeast Asian
The 18th International Planning History Society Conference - Yokohama, July 2018 Studies on External Transportation Development and Spatial Structure Transformation of Modern Kunming from a Southeast Asian Perspective, 1885- 1945 Tianjie ZHANG *, Yuqi ZHANG ** * Associate Professor, School of Architecture, Tianjin University, China, [email protected] ** Postgraduate, School of Architecture, Tianjin University, China From a regional perspective of Southeast Asia, the paper focuses on Kunming, a gateway between China and Southeast Asian countries. The research elucidates the planning ideas and construction process of external routes, via both land and air, such as Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, Yunnan-Burma Railway, Burma Road, Stilwell Road and Hump Airline in early 20th century. These external routes became the arteries of cargo transportation, and Kunming became a regional economic center and military command center during wartime. The paper further reveals the transformation of Kunming’s spatial structures influenced by these external routes, which accelerated Kunming’s urban growth along the traffic lines. The city center shifted to the Station area, where industrial and commercial developments also congregated. New industrial zones were planned to the east and north of the old city, where new passages brought more convenient transportations. The internal road network plan also emphasized the connection with new railway station and bus stations. The research construes the planning ideas and implementation, traces their theoretical origins, and uncovers their indigenous considerations. Keywords: Urban Planning History of Modern China, Regional Perspective of Southeast Asia, Kunming, External Routes, Spatial Structures Fund Items: Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 51778403, 51478299; Innovation Project of University Students (No. -
Beijing Essence Tour 【Tour Code:OBD4(Wed./Fri./Sun.) 、OBD5(Tues./Thur./Sun.)】
Beijing Essence Tour 【Tour Code:OBD4(Wed./Fri./Sun.) 、OBD5(Tues./Thur./Sun.)】 【OBD】Beijing Essence Tour Price List US $ per person Itinerary 1: Beijing 3N4D Tour Itinerary 2: Beijing 4N5D Tour Tour Fare Itinerary 1 3N4D Itinerary 2 4N5D O Level A Level B Level A Level B B OBD4A OBD4B OBD5A OBD5B D Valid Date WED/FRI WED/FRI/SUN TUE/THU TUE/THU/SUN 2011.3.1-2011.8.31 208 178 238 198 Beijing 2011.9.1-2011. 11.30 218 188 258 208 2011.12.1-2012. 2.29 188 168 218 188 Single Room Supp. 160 130 200 150 Tips 32 32 40 40 1) Price excludes tips. The tips are for tour guide, driver and bell boys in hotel. Children should pay as much as adults. 2) Specified items(self-financed): Remarks Beijing/Kung Fu Show (US $28/P); [Half price (no seat) for child below 1.0m; full price for child over 1.0m. Only one child without seat is allowed for two adults.] 3) Total Fare: tour fare + specified self-financed fee(US $28/P) The price is based on adults; the price for children can be found on Page 87 Detailed Start Dates (The Local Date in China) Date Every Tues. Every Wed. Every Thur. Every Fri. Every Sun. Month OBD5A/5B OBD4A/4B OBD5A/5B OBD4A/4B OBD4B/OBD5B 2011. 3. 01, 08, 15, 22, 29 02, 09, 16, 23, 30 03, 10, 17, 24, 31 04, 11, 18, 25 06, 13, 20, 27 2011. 4. 05, 12, 19, 26 06, 13, 20, 27 07, 14, 21, 28 01, 08, 15, 22, 29 03, 10, 17, 24 Tour Highlights Tour Code:OBD4A/B Wall】 of China.