Las Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) De Guatemala Michael G

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Las Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) De Guatemala Michael G LAS HORMIGAS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) DE GUATEMALA MICHAEL G. BRANSTETTER1 Y LAURA SÁENZ2 1Department of Entomology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA, E-mail: [email protected] 2Escuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala, Correo electrónico: [email protected] RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN Las hormigas son consideradas los insectos sociales más exito- Las hormigas están agrupadas en la familia Formicidae y el or- sos, debido a su alta diversidad e importancia ecológica. A una den Hymenoptera, que incluye a las abejas, avispas y avispas escala global pareciera que se conoce muy bien su diversidad sierra. Las características morfológicas más notorias para dis- y distribución, pero cuando se piensa a una escala más fina re- tinguirlas de otros insectos, son que el primer segmento de la sulta difícil determinar límites entre especies, ámbitos de dis- antena (escapo) está alargado, la disposición de la cabeza es tribución, patrones de diversidad o conocimiento de las espe- prognata, tienen castas de obreras sin alas, presentan una glán- cies locales de un país en particular, puesto que la información dula en el tórax que secreta sustancias con actividad antibacte- está pobremente documentada, sobre todo en Guatemala y rial y antimicótica (llamada glándula metapleural) y tienen un los países colindantes de la región mesoamericana. Se presen- pecíolo. Este último es un nodo prominente, como resultado de ta una lista actualizada de las hormigas, a partir de publicacio- la constricción entre el segundo y tercer segmento abdominal nes taxonómicas recientes e inventarios intensivos del proyec- (Figura 1); a veces también puede haber un postpecíolo que es to LLAMA (Artrópodos de la Hojarasca de Mesoamérica). Se una constricción adicional entre los siguientes dos segmentos reportan 13 subfamilias, 79 géneros y 420 especies. Aunque (Figura 1). Dentro de la familia Formicidae, hay una gran diversi- sin duda alguna es una subestimación de la diversidad actual dad de formas y características propias de cada especie, como de Guatemala, representa el avance más significativo desde puede observarse en las figuras 2, 3 y 4, en donde se muestra la Biologia Centrali-Americana en 1899. Se incluye también un a un representante de cada subfamilia presente en Guatemala. listado de subespecies y de especies que podrían estar en el país, así como datos sobre historia natural, notas taxonómicas de cada género presente en Guatemala, una bibliografía taxo- nómica completa, revisión de recursos para identificación de hormigas en Centroamérica e información general, enfocado principalmente a especies presentes en Guatemala. ABSTRACT Being both highly diverse and ecologically important, ants are regarded as the most successful group of social insects. Although much is known about ant diversity and distribution on a global scale, patterns of species diversity at finer levels, such as the limits of species’ ranges or local diversity within a particular country, are poorly documented. This is particu- Figura 1. Obrera de Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius), donde se muestran los principales caracteres morfológicos de las hormigas. I, II, III y IV son los seg- larly true for Guatemala and nearby countries in Mesoamerica. mentos del abdomen. Using data from recent taxonomic publications and from the intensive inventory project LLAMA (Leaf Litter Arthropods of Las hormigas se originaron hace alrededor de 120 millones Mesoamerica), an updated list of ant species for Guatemala is de años (Brady et al. 2006) y se han convertido en el grupo presented. The list records 13 subfamilies, 79 genera, and 420 de insectos sociales más diverso y exitoso, con alrededor de extant, described species. Although this is certainly an under- 12500 especies descritas (Bolton et al. 2007), divididas en 290 estimate of the actual diversity in Guatemala, it represents the géneros y 21 subfamilias vivientes (Ward 2007). Se distribuyen most significant advance since the Biologia Centrali-Americana en todos los continentes a excepción de la Antártica y son or- in 1899. Additionally, the chapter includes a list of subspecies, ganismos conspicuos de la mayoría de ecosistemas terrestres. a list of species that likely occur in Guatemala, natural history Sólo están ausentes en hábitats extremos como las regiones and taxonomic notes about Guatemalan genera, a complete polares, montañas muy altas y cuevas profundas. taxonomic bibliography, a review of identification resources Como en otros grupos taxonómicos, las hormigas alcanzan for Central American ants, and general information about ants, su mayor diversidad y abundancia en los trópicos. Dentro de relating mostly to Guatemalan species. 220 BIODIVERSIDAD VOLUMEN 2 NYCTERIBIIDAE BAT FLIES HORMINYCTERIGAS DEBIIDAE GUATEMALA BAT FLIES BIODIVERSIDAD VOLUMEN 2 221 esta área, los trópicos del Nuevo Mundo contienen más espe- especies. Por lo tanto, es imposible establecer características de cies, géneros y endemismos de hormigas que cualquier otra la fauna de hormigas de Mesoamérica, como niveles de ende- región (Bolton 1995a, Fisher 2010). Como consecuencia, do- mismo, similitud o recambio de especies. La principal razón de cumentar y describir la diversidad en el Neotrópico representa la falta de información, es que son pocos los trabajos enfocados un trabajo significativo y está lejos de llegar a ser completo. en diversidad de hormigas en esta región. El estudio más gran- de y único se centró en una pequeña área en la Estación Bioló- A excepción de Costa Rica (Longino et al. 2002, 2010), en la ma- gica La Selva, Costa Rica (Longino et al. 2002, Longino & Collwel yoría de países de Centroamérica han sido pocas las colectas de 2011). Sin embargo, recientemente fue iniciado el proyecto hormigas que se han realizado y no se cuenta con listados de LLAMA (“Leaf Litter Arthropods of Mesoamerica”), cuyo principal Figura 2. Vista de perfil de un representante de 12 de las 13 subfamilias de hormigas presentes en Guatemala. a) Agroecomyrmecinae, Tatuidris tatusia Brown & Kempf. b) Amblyoponinae, Amblyopone orizabana Brown. c) Cerapachyinae, *Cerapachys augustae Wheeler W.M. d) Dolichoderinae, Dolichoderus bispinosus (Olivier). e) Ecitoninae, Eciton mexicanum Roger. f) Ectatomminae, Ectatomma ruidum (Roger). g) Formicinae, Formica cf. retecta Francoeur. h) Heteroponerinae, Acanthoponera minor (Forel). i) Myrmicinae, Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus). j) Ponerinae, Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille). k) Proceratiinae, Discothyrea humilis Weber. l) Pseudomyrmecinae, Pseudomyrmex gracilis (Fabricius). *especies no presentes en Guatemala. Fotografías de Michael Branstetter. 222 BIODIVERSIDAD VOLUMEN 2 HORMIGAS DE GUATEMALA objetivo es realizar colectas intensivas de hojarasca en bosques ANTECEDENTES húmedos y maduros de Chiapas, Guatemala, Honduras y Nica- Historia Natural ragua (ver: https://sites.google.com/site/longinollama/). Como resultado de este trabajo, se ha avanzado en el entendimiento La historia natural de las hormigas es un tema tan amplio como de la diversidad de hormigas dentro de Guatemala y parte de la diversidad de ellas mismas. En esta sección se presenta un Centroamérica. marco muy general sobre la biología de estos insectos. Para una revisión más completa consultar Hölldobler & Wilson (1990). En este capítulo, utilizando publicaciones taxonómicas recien- tes y resultados del proyecto LLAMA, se presenta una nueva Las hormigas son insectos eusociales. Por lo tanto, presentan síntesis de la diversidad de hormigas de Guatemala, después un cuidado cooperativo de la descendencia, traslape de gene- de 113 años de publicada la Biologia Centrali-Americana. raciones y división del trabajo, en donde sólo la reina es fértil y Figura 3. Vista de frente de un representante de 12 de las 13 subfamilias de hormigas presentes en Guatemala. a) Agroecomyrmecinae, Tatuidris tatusia Brown & Kempf. b) Amblyoponinae, Amblyopone orizabana Brown. c) Cerapachyinae, *Cerapachys augustae Wheeler W.M. d) Dolichoderinae, Dolichoderus bispinosus (Olivier). e) Ecitoninae, Eciton mexicanum Roger. f) Ectatomminae, Ectatomma ruidum (Roger). g) Formicinae, Formica cf. retecta Francoeur. h) Heteroponerinae, Acanthoponera minor (Forel). i) Myrmicinae, Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus). j) Ponerinae, Pachycondyla apicalis (Latreille). k) Proceratiinae, Discothyrea humilis Weber. l) Pseudomyrmecinae, Pseudomyrmex gracilis (Fabricius). *especies no presentes en Guatemala. Fotografías de Michael Branstetter. HORMIGAS DE GUATEMALA BIODIVERSIDAD VOLUMEN 2 223 Figura 4. La subfamilia Leptanilloidinae (género Leptanilloides) es un nuevo registro para Guatemala. a) Vista de frente y b) vista de perfil de L. gracilis Borowiec & Longino. Fotografía de Michael Branstetter (AntWeb, www.antweb.org). la encargada de la reproducción. Las obreras no tienen alas y Su convivencia social requiere de formas de comunicación son infértiles, pueden dividirse en castas y repartir sus labores eficientes para mantener el funcionamiento de la colonia; por de acuerdo a la edad y tamaño de los individuos. Las obreras lo tanto, las hormigas se han vuelto expertas en la comuni- pueden presentar diferencias en tamaños. Cuando son dimór- cación química. En conjunto con todas las especies se han ficas (e.g. género Pheidole) se clasifican en obreras mayores y determinado más de cuarenta tipos de glándulas exocrinas menores; pero también pueden ser polimórficas (e.g. los zom- que secretan feromonas; el mensaje químico puede variar de- popos del género Atta). Los machos tienen alas
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