9194 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS of explosives; to the Committee on the By Mr. WHALLEY: Judiciary. H.R. 16640. A bill to provide for the is­ Under clause 4 of rule XXII, public H .R. 16631. A bill to amend the Internal suance of a special postage stamp in memory bills and resolutions were introduced and Revenue Code of 1954 by imposing a tax on of Ernie Pyle; to the Committee on Post severally referred as follows: the transfer of explosives to persons who Office and Civil Service. By Mr. BEVILL (for himself, Mr. may lawfully possess them and to prohibit By Mr. WIDNALL: ANDREWS of Alabama, Mr. BUCHANAN, possession of explosives by certain persons; H.R. 16641. A bill to provide for a U.S. Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama, Mr. to the Committee on Ways and Means. contribution to the Special Funds of the NICHOLS, and Mr. FLOWERS) : By Mr. RHODES (for himself, Mr. Mc­ Asian Development Bank, and for other H .R. 16620. A bill to amend section 32 (e) CULLOCH, Mr. GooDLING, Mr. Lu­ purposes; to the Committee on Banking and of title III of the Bankhead-Janes Farm KENS, Mr. MIZE, Mr. RoBISON, and Currency. Tenant Act, as amended, to authorize the Mr. STEIGER of· Arizona): H.R. 16642. A bill to create a Federal Home Secretary of Agriculture to furnish financial H.R. 16632. A bill to provide for the estab­ Loan Mortgage Corporation, and for other assistance in carrying out pla.ns for works lishment of a U.S. Court of Labor-Man­ purposes; to the Committee on Banking and of improvement for land conservation and agement Relations which shall have juris­ Currency. ut1lization, and for other purposes; to the dict ion over certain labor disputes in indus­ H.R. 16643. A bill to increase the supply of Committee on Agriculture. tries substantially affecting commerce; to decent housing and to consolidate, extend By Mr. QUIE (for himself, Mr. AYRES, the Committee on the Judiciary. and improve laws relating to housing and Mr. GERALD R. FORD, Mr. ERLENBORN, By Mr. ROSENTHAL (for himself, Mr. urban renewal and development; to the Com­ Mr. ESHLEMAN, Mr. COLLINS, Mr. KARTH, Mrs. CHISHOLM, Mr. ECK­ mittee on Banking and Currency. HANSEN of Idaho, and Mr. ESCH): HARDT , Mr. FEIGHAN, Mr. HANLEY, By Mr. WIDNALL (for himself and Mr. H.R. 16621. A bill to extend and amend Mr. HOWARD, Mr. MACDONALD of CONTE): the Higher Education Act of 1965, and for Massachusetts, Mr. MIKVA, Mr. MIN­ H.R. 16644. A bill to clarify and extend other purposes; to the Committee on Educa­ ISH, Mrs. MINK, Mr. OTTINGER, Mr. the authority of the Small Business Admin­ tion and Labor. ST GERMAIN, Mr. SMITH of Iowa, istration, and for other purposes; to the Com­ By Mr. QUIE: Mr. TIERNAN, Mr. WoLFF, and Mr. mittee on Banking and Currency. H.R. 16622. A bill to promote higher edu­ GILBERT): By Mr. GERALD R. FORD: cation throughout the Nation by providing H.R. 16633. A bill to provide for the de­ H.R. 16645. A bill to amend the Tariff general assistance to colleges and universi­ velopment of a uniform system of quality Schedules of the United States with respect ties; to the Committee on Education and grades for consumer food products; to the to the rate of duty on certain leather work Labor. Committee on Agriculture. . gloves, and for other purposes; to the Com­ By Mr. COWGER: By Mr. ROSENTHAL (for himself, Mr. mittee on Ways and Means. H.R. 16623. A bill to amend the Federal KARTH, Mrs. CHISHOLM, Mr. "ECK­ By Mr. BEVILL: Water Pollution Oontrol Act and the Clean HARDT, Mr. FEIGHAN, Mr. HANLEY, H .J . Res. 1145. Joint resolution proposing Air Act in order to provide assistance in en­ Mr. HOWARD, Mr. MACDONALD of an amendment to the Constitution of the forcing such acts through Federal procure­ Massachusetts, Mr. MIKVA, Mr. MIN­ United States relative to equal rights for ment contract procedures; to the Committee ISH, Mrs. MINK, Mr. Moss, Mr. OT­ men and women; to the Committee on the on Public Works. TINGER, Mr. ST GERMAIN, Mr. SMITH Judiciary. By Mr. FOREMAN: of Iowa, Mr. TIERNAN, Mr. WOLFF, By Mr. GALLAGHER: H.R. 16624. A bill to convey oertain land in and Mr. GILBERT) : H.J. Res. 1146. Joint resolution authorizing Dona Ann County, N. Mex., and for other H.R. 16634. A bill to require that durable a grant to defray a portion of the cost of ex­ purposes; to the Committee on Interior and consumer products be labeled as to durabil­ panding the United Nations headquarters in Insular Affairs. ity and performance-lif·e; to the Committee the United States; to the Committee on For­ By Mr. GILBERT: on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. eign Affairs. H.R. 16625. A bill relating to the effective H.R. 16635. A bill to require that certain By Mr. FULTON of Tennessee: date for section 1902(a) (23) of the Social short shelf-life durable products be promi­ H. Con. Res. 557. Concurrent resolution ex­ Security Act in the case of Puerto Rico, the nently labeled as to the date beyond which pressing the sense of the Congress in opposi­ Virgin Islands, and Guam; to the Committee performance life becomes diminished; to the tion to the high interest rate policy; to the on Ways and Means. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ Committee on Banking and Currency. By Mr. HORTON: merce. By Mr. YATES (for himself, Mr. HECH­ H.R. 16626. A bill to amend the Railroad H.R. 16636. A bill to require that certain LER of West Virginia, and ST GER­ Unemployment Insurance Act to eliminate drugs and pharmaceuticals be prominently MAIN) : the prohibition against payment of unem­ labeled as to the date beyond which potency H. Con. Res. 558. Concurrent resolution ployment or sickness benefits following re­ or efficiency becomes diminished; to the Com­ urging the President to determine and under­ ceipt of severance pay; to the Committee on mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. take appropriate actions with respect to stop­ Interstate and Foreign Commerce. H.R. 16637. A bill to require that certain ping armed attacks on aircraft and passen­ By Mr. HUNGATE: durable products be prominently labeled as gers engaged in international travel; to the H .R. 16627. A bill to improve law enforce­ to date of manufacture, and for other pur­ Committee on Foreign Affairs. ment in urban areas by making available poses; to the Committee on Interstate and funds to improve the effectiveness of police Foreign Commerce. services; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 16638. A bill to require that certain MEMORIALS By Mr. JONES of Tennessee: processed or packaged consumer products be H.R. 16628. A bill to amend the Truth in labeled with certain information, and for Under clause 4 of rule XXII, memorials Lending Act to eliminate the inclusion of other purposes; to the Committee on Inter­ were presented and referred as follows: agricultural credit; to the Committee on state and Foreign Commerce. 340. By the SPEAKER: A memorial of the Banking and Currency. By Mr. WATSON: General Court of the Commonwealth of H.R. 16639. A bill to amend the Interstate By Mr. MURPHY of New York: Massachusetts, relative to providing for the H.R. 16629. A bill to amend the Gun Con­ Commerce Act, as amended, in order to make unlawful, as unreasonable and unjust dis­ mass transit costs by using the Federal high­ trol Act of 1968 to require certain records to crimination against and an undue burden way fund; to the Committee on Ways and be kept relating to the sale or delivery of ex­ upon interstate commerce, certain property Means. plosives; to the Committee on the Judiciary. tax assessments of common and contra.ct 341. Also, a memorial of the Legislature of H.R. 16630. A bill to amend title 18 of the carrier property, and for other purposes; to the State of Hawaii, relative to repealing United States Code to provide fur increased the Committee on Interstate and Foreign title II of the Internal Security Act of 1950; penalties for certain illegal use or possession Commerce. to the Committee on Internal Security. EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS PROGRESS IN APPALACHIA: A palachian Regional Development Act employment. In this connection, a total MODEL FOR FEDERAL-STATE upon the recommendation of President of 267 miles of highway have now been COOPERATION Johnson in 1965. The U.S. News & World completed in the 13-State area. Report in its current issue points out HON. JOE L. EVINS that this program may become a model In addition, under this program 238 for Federal-State cooperation and as­ vocational and technical schools have OF TENNESSEE been built or are under construction. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sistance for development of rural areas in Appalachia. Other public facilities under construc­ Monday, March 23, 1970 One of the major thrusts of this pro­ tion or completed under the Appalachian Mr. EVINS of Tennessee. Mr. Speaker, gram is highway construction to provide program include 193 health centers and a Democratic Congress enacted the Ap- access to areas in need of industry and hospitals, 43 airports, 72 libraries, and March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9195 120 facilities for colleges and universities, still an important industry, accounts for 0nly gional centers, which are larger communities about 3 per cent of the jobs in the region. that serve several districts; 78 primary cen­ among others. ters, where significant expansion is expected is In its first five years, the ARC has spent The program moving rapidly ahead slightly more than a blllion dollars of fed­ and major investments are intended, and 88 now and in this connection, I want to eral money. The first big program was a net­ secondary centers, where only enough educa­ commend the present Federal cochair­ work of roads designed to open up isolated tional and health facilities will be provi~ed man, Mr. John L. Waters of Tennessee, areas. Originally, 2,700 miles were planned. to take care of nearby rural areas. who is doing an outstanding work in Rising costs cut this back by about one third Community planning.-Each district works carrying out the objectives and goals of to 1,752. So far: out its own plan for econ01nic development. Appalachian redevelopment as en­ 248 miles of roads have been completed. Usually, local officials seek to accelerate 422 miles are still under construction. trends already under way. For example, when visioned by Congress. 1,082 Iniles are being engineered or have several sections of the interstate highway The Subcommittee on Independent right-of-way work under way. system passed close by the Scranton-Wilkes­ Offices Appropriations, which I am One early result of the roadbuilding has Barre area of Pennsylvania, a new function honored to serve as chairman, has this been to make it possible to commute from developed for these communities as a dis­ year conducted hearings on the Appa­ Hazard, Ky., a mountain community with an tribution center for the region around New lachian Commission's request for excess labor supply, to Lexington, where jobs York City, 100 miles away. ARC then was $295,000,000 in appropriations for next are available. Before 1968, the trip took 3Y:z called on to help build industrial parks and other facilities needed to expand this new fiscal year to fund its programs-in­ hours. Now, it takes 1V2 hours. In trying to provide a broader base for role. cluding $175 million for the highway future growth, these projects either have In eastern Kentucky, an urban service area. program. been finished or are being built: is evolving around three small towns-Pike­ Because of the interest of the Ameri­ 238 vocational schools. ville, Prestonsburg and Paintsville-to serve can people and my colleagues in this 120 higher-education facilities, mostly a surrounding population of 300,000 persons. most important subject, I place the community colleges. Most of the growth centers in Appalachia are article from U.S. News & World Report 193 health units, mostly hospitals. planned in this fashion around existing in the RECORD herewith: 72 libraries. towns or clusters of towns. 43 airports. However, in some districts there is no The article follows: 160 water-pollution programs. community large enough for a growth nu­ PROGRESS IN APPALACHIA: A MODEL FOR 55 mine-rehabilitation projects. cleus, though there still is a relatively thick FEDERAL AID? The Cominission has a regional housing rural population. Here new towns are being (Five years ago, Congress began a big ex­ program that in a year and a half has gen­ created. periment to lift up depressed Appalachia. erated construction of 4,848 units. This is Examples of these new communities are After a slow sta.rt, the plan shows signs of roughly 12 times as many federally subsidized Midland, Ky., on Interstate 64 near More­ success. Many officials believe it has answers housing units as had been built in the period head; Lucasville, Ohio, a new town near to some problems of other, more prosperous, 1965-68, officials say. Portsmouth; and Fairdale, a new town site areas. This report gives the results of the first In Appalachia, the emphasis is on urban near Beckley, W.Va. regional attack on poverty.) but not metropolitan growth-and also on . Allocat~on of funds.-Not only is the plan­ The Nixon Administration, in its search making it easier for people to live in the mng a b1t different in Appalachia, but the for a new policy to guide the growth of country and work in the city. way the money is spent is different, too. America, is looking at an area that a decade Ninety per cent of the population ~ncrease Congress appropriates money to the ARC ago was regarded as a symbol of backward­ for the nation as a whole from 1960 to 1966 for broad uses-highways, education, health ness-Appalachia. came in metropolitan counties-around the and so on. Officials believe the regional development largest cities. In Appalachia, about 40 per The Commission can shift some of this program that began there in 1965 is working. cent of the expansion in this periOd came money from one purpose to another, if re­ In addition, the special problems of Appa­ in much smaller urban counties-where the quirements should change. The States, too, lachia are being tackled in a way that seems population was 10,000 to 50,000. have some leeway to switch funds to fit the to fit the President's notion of how the Fed­ ARC planners long ago ruled out a..1.y "back needs of their over-all plans. eral Government and the States should work to the land" movement or effort merely to Local and State planners work closely to­ togther. bring in new factories. For one thing, Ap­ gether in deciding on community projects. Threefold problem.-A decade ago, an palachia already has a greater proportion of They determine what portion the community average of 220,000 persons per year were leav­ its employment in manufacturing than the can pay, how much is needed from the ARC ing Appalachia. Average income was far below U.S. as a whole. and where to go for other funds. the national level. Unemployment was nearly For another, experts say, the big problem Small towns often have fared badly in double that for the nation as a whole. is a lack of urban centers large enough to seeking federal aid because a good deal of The number of people leaving the area has provide a service base for indu&try already know-how is necessary to keep track of the dropped to about one third the level of the there. Most new jobs opening up today are many prograiUS and their complex require­ 1950's. Is another 10 years, the movement in service industries-stores, laundries, ments. Through use of multicounty districts out of Appalachia is expected to be no restaurants. working with State experts, a poor com­ problem. Role of the cities.-Urbanization, says ARC munity in Appalachia can gain some of the The character of the Inigration has Executive Director Rlalph Widner, is the proc­ resources of a larger, more prosperous city changed, too. Once it was primarily poor ess through which services of all sorts are in bidding for additional federal funds. people shifting to the cities of the Midwest delivered to people. These industries help re­ Five other regional commissions have been and Northeast. Now, much of the movement circulate payrolls and multiply the econoinic established under the Economic Development is into nearby areas of the South, such as benefits, he explains. Act and operate under the Department of the Carolina Piedmont or Atlanta, or into "If we refuse to recognize the essential role Commerce. urban sections of Appalachia itself. which urbanization must play in ruml de­ The ARC is the oldest regional cominission On the basis of two important measures of velopment,'' Mr. Widner says, "we will have and the only one not operating under the prosperity-average income and the rate of local eoonoinies that 'leak' local industrial Department. unemployment--this region has actually and agricultural-payroll dollars (that leave "Partnership."-How do the Governors like shown more rapid improvement during the the community)-leaks that over the long the program? Says Governor Arch A. Moore last few years than the rest of the nation. pull can sink any economies." of West Virginia: Appalachia still lags behind in both respects, Also, he adds: "The Cominission recog­ but it is catching up, officials insist. nized that the nation has become essentially "Never before has there been a federal­ The Appalachian Regional Commission a network of labor sheds or service areas with State partnership quite like the one in this was created in 1965 with a pipeline straight urban complexes at their core, and that these Act, and it works. into the White House through a federal co­ areas are presently the basic functional eco­ "Every single one of the Governors of the chairman named by the President. Its area noinic units in the national economy and in Appalachian States--and we cover the whole of concer~ is all of West Virginia and parts of Appalachia. and should be the basic planning range of the political spectrum-likes this New York, Pennsylvania. Ohio, Maryland, units for any regional development efforts." program." Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, North and Thus, the goal in Appalachia is to make Administration planners see this as a pos­ South Darollna, Alabama, Georgia, and these labor sheds as efficient as possible, with sible working model of Mr. Nixon's "new Mississippi. jobs, health services, educrution and the like federalism." State and local officials plan and Governors of all these States are Com­ readily accessible to all who live in the area. make decisions together, with emphasis on mission members. Their goal is to speed up Appalachia is divided into 60 local plan­ building up moderate-size cities around econOinlc development and reduce poverty. ning and development districts. They are existing small towns, plus some new towns Most of Appalachia is mountainous. There made up of several counties each, with one to take pressures off metropolitan areas, and is little goOd farmland. Even homesites are or more existing or planned areas of poten­ private econoinic growth is heavily stressed scarce in some rugged areas. Coal mining, tial growth in each district. There are 22 re- instead of continued federal aid. 9196 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 CRIME'S HUNGRY FLAMES NEED is also blamed for the rising crime rate. One poverty, environmental pollution, educa­ attorney general said people, generally, are tional excellence across-the-board, the trans­ FIRM DAMPING not committing crimes because they're hun­ portation crisis, to name just a few-repre­ gry. "The motivation," he said, "seems to be sent needs crying out for imaginative and HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI that society has such a pennissive attitude costly solutions. Then there is, of course, that even if the criminal gets caught, some the disenchantment in some areas with the OF ll.LINOIS lawyer will get him off or the judge wlll tap military and the industry which sells to it IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES his wrists with probation." and the widespread frustration over the con­ Monday, March 23, 1970 One instance was a Washington case where flict in Southeast Asia. It is about these lat­ two young men robbed a bank and were ter subjects that I want to talk today. Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, an caught by police a short distance from the On the subject of the military and the editorial in the Friday, March 20, New bank. Both youths were armed, there was Military / Industrial Complex, let me simply World, the official publication of the no question of their guilt, and they received say that I believe that this country requires Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, empha­ suspended. sentences. the maintenance of a strong military capa­ There is no easy answer to crime in the bility. I make this statement in full recogni­ sized the need for effective legislation so streets. But it is a growing problem that tion of the competing demands on the fed­ thrut we might combat the crimewave demands a solution. eral budget for a large number of high prior­ sweeping the country. The editorial, I be­ ity civilian requirements. Contrary to some lieve, contains a very effective and timely impressions that have been created, the mili­ commentary on the growing crime which tary budget is not growing at a.ny unprece­ has afflicted our Nation. A MEMBER OF THE MILITARY-IN­ dented and alarming rate and is not swallow­ The article follows: DUSTRIAL COMPLEX VIEWS HIS ing up ever larger proportions of the federal ESTABLISHMENT treasury. On the contrary, the military CRIME'S HUNGRY FLAMES NEED FIRM DAMPING budget, as a percent of the Gross National Over the last nine years, the population of Product, has decreased from over 13 % in the United States has increased 13 %. But 1953 to an estimated 8.1 % this current fiscal crimes of violence in this country increased HON. CLARENCE J. BROWN OF OHIO year. almost 10 times as fast as the population: This year, the budget for the Department murders, up 66 %; forcible rapes, up 115%; IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of Defense has received very severe scrutiny robberies, up 180 %; aggravated assaults, up Monday, March 23, 1970 in the Congress, and all kinds of probing 103 %. So reports U.S. News & World Report questions have been asked. This is as it in a special report on crime in its Mar. 16 Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, at should be, and our elected representatives issue, "Why Streets Are Not Safe." a time when the Defense Establishment in the Congress should do and, I believe, in And why aren't the streets safe in many is becoming the scapegoat for all the many cases are doing, a thorough and con­ U.S. cities, particularly in the larger Ameri­ problems afflicting this society, I think it scientious job of balancing priorities among can cities-and especially in the nation's is useful, and even refreshing, to hear all of the competing pleas for the taxpayer's capital? Senator Mike Mansfield of Montana dollar. has said of Washington: from a bona fide member of that "estab­ There is a large segment of industry which " It is a capital blanketed in fear. Fear lishment." furnishes the equipment required by the stalks the streets. It seeps into office and Philip N. Whittaker, Assistant Secre­ military. In every large-scale undertaking home. It affiicts rich and poor . . . It spreads tary of the Air Force for Installations of this type, a few instances come to the and will continue to spread into what were and Logistics, is a former emllloyee of surface of profiteering on the part of busi­ supposed to be the 'safe' suburbs . .. People International Business Machines--mM, nessmen or inefficiency on the part of gov­ flee the streets at dark and, more and more, ernment employees. In general, however, con­ even in daylight." and only recently-1968-a recruit onto the rolls of public servants. sidering the two million contracts let just The situation in Washington is such that by the Department of the Air Force jn a the daily papers have a special column for Men of his caliber are desperately given year, even if 99-and-44/ 100 % of them "crime reports," with robberies, rapes and needed in such a capacity. were handled entirely properly, that would assaults on the previous day listed in small Mr. Whittaker spoke at Dickinson Col­ still leave 10,000 or more incorrect or faulty type. Washington buses were probably the lege in Carlisle, Pa., last year on the op­ actions and those are the ones which the first to insist on "exact fare"; and already eration of the defense industries and the newspapers delight in playing up. Independ­ this has been carried a step further. Wash­ progress of President Nixon's Vietnami­ ent studies have shown that companies ington gas stations now ask that you have generally make considerably lower rates of the exact change for the gas pumped into zation program. His remarks are worth noting, both on profit on defense business than on com­ your car. The reason? To avoid havting mercial business. There is alSo a govern­ money on hand which may be tempting to their merits and because they offer an ment agency called the Renegotiation Board thieves. · opportunity to catch a personalized which reviews the total profits on all major What are the reasons for this ever increas­ glimpse of that vast operation char­ government contractors at the end of each ing crime wave? acterized by the late President Dwight year and which takes back any profits that Experts cite several causes, narcotics for D. Eisenhower in his farewell address as it considers excessive. So the image of prof­ one. It is recognized that the addict needs the "military-industrial complex." iteering on the part of defense industry is a steady flow of money to satisfy his craving His speech follows: largely misleading. for drugs. Police Chief Jerry Wilson of Wash­ It has been suggested that those com­ ington told a congressional committee that REMARKS BY HON. PHILIP N. WHITTAKER, panies doing a large share of their business the narcotics problem is adding greatly to ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE, with the Department of Defense should be the crime problem. "If we could cure our INSTALLATIONS AND LOGISTICS, DICKINSON taken over by the government, but I can narcotics problems we could do a great deal COLLEGE, CARLISLE, PA., OcTOBER 15, 1969 assure you that if all defense supplies were toward curing our over-all crime problem," Last week, my daughter Letsy called home to be manufactured in government-owned he said. --collect as usual-and invited me to come laboratories and factories, it would be far Poverty, ghettoes, inner city despair are on up here as a representative, I guess, of more difficult to attain the efficiency which also blamed, along with what many call a both the older generation and of the Mili­ exists under the present system of acquiring failure of the criminal-justice system. A tary / Industrial Complex-two phenomena, I defense materiel from private industry--en· report to Congress on armed violence said realize, separated from many in this audi­ tirely aside from the fact that such a move that "the way the criminal justice system ence by a distance equal to several light would be in direct violation of the American operates at present is an abomination of years. system of free enterprise. justice and, undoubtedly, a significant con­ Facing you this morning, I feel a little bit Now just a few comments on the toughest tributor to armed crimes. The juvenile court like the fellow who was tarred and feathered problem of an--southeast Asia. Every one proceeds so slowly in adjudicating its cases and ridden out of town on a rail. He was of us is united in devoutly wishing that that juveniles often feel that it is 'safe' to heard to remark, "If it weren't for the honor U.S. involvement there was termtnated. I commit a crime . . . " of the thing, I would just as soon w.a.lk." wish it were as simple as just packing up Other possible causes are listed as under­ Nevertheless, I am grateful for this opportu­ and walking out. But it isn't. I don't know staffed police forces, and there seems much nity. I will try not to l~ture you but I do whether it was right or wrong, wise or merit in this. In Washington, for instance, want to simply express my feelings on some foolish to have initially become involved when police forces were increased through issues which I believe are important to all militarily in Southeast Asia,-but this I do overtime, crime on the streets dropped sig­ of us. know-there are thousands of people in nificantly. When the overtime was cut back, To set the framework for my remarks, let South Vietnam who have come to count on and in effect the number of police on the me agree with Hamlet that "the time is out the U.S. shield, and I am not just talking street reduced, the crime rate shot upward. of joint" indeed. Many aspects of modern about the top government leaders. There Permissiveness in the family and in society life-the problems of urban blight, rural are also milllons of people around the world March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9197 who are waiting to see whether this coun­ working for the government for only the this field and hope that my colleagues try, as we did after World War I, will retreat past year. Without bloWing my own horn, will give his proposals enthusiastic sup­ into a posture of isolationism and not be I wish to simply say I came into the govern­ port. concerned over the rest of the world. ment at a considerable sacrifice in salary The problem is both simple and enor­ because I was asked to help run the Air Force mously complex. As the President has re­ as efficiently and as economically as possi­ OBSERVATIONS ON CHICAGO 7 peatedly said-the U.S. is negotiating in good ble. I want to say as emphatically as possi­ TRIAL faith and as hard as it can with the North ble that I have been constantly impressed Vietnamese and the Viet Cong ln Paris. At by the dedication and competence of the the same time, it is attempting to contain great majority of people that it has been HON. ABNER J. MIKVA the military situation in South Vietnam and, my pleasure to meet who are working in the OF ILLINOIS finally, as the third leg of a three-part pro­ government. I am speaking of both civilian gram, is engaged in a very active program and military personnel. I think it would be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of training and equipping the South Viet­ a tragedy if a polarization between the mili­ Monday, March 23, 1970 namese as well as increasing the stability tary/ government and private elements of our of the countryside of South Vietnam. society develops. Mr. MIKVA. Mr. Speaker, it has long This Vietnamization is something new. Not Let me close by quoting a statement made been my feeling that as a member of the only wm it enable the South Vietnamese some years ago by General TWining, the Dlinois bar and a member of the Ju­ Armed Forces to assume greater military re­ former Chief of Staff of the Air Force. His diciary Committee of this House, it would sponsibility and, in fact, eventually take words reflect the f-eeling of the vast majority be inappropriate for me to comment on over both the Viet Cong insurgency and the of defense personnel. He said, "The Air Force the events which have recently occurred defense against the regular North Viet­ Will have served its finest purpos-e if it is namese Armed Forces, but it also means never used in combat." in Chicago, centering around the so­ building a stronger economy and a stronger I congratulate you on this kind of a meet­ called Chicago 7 conspiracy trial. Never­ government in South Vietnam. ing. I invite you to think deeply and con­ theless, none of us can ignore that that Here is a progress report on the achieve­ structively about the problems this nation trial on Federal conspiracy and crossing­ ments and promise of the Vietnamization faces. I hope you will do your own thinking State-lines-to-incite-a-riot charge has program in four areas: stronger economy, and not be used by others, that you Will raised a tremendous public furor, both in stronger police for internal security, stronger develop positive rather than simply negative Chicago and throughout the Nation. I government, and stronger military forces. Let proposals and programs, and that you wm me touch on these areas and quote a recent have the Wisdom and maturity to recognize believe that the citizens of our country report from the Secretary of Defense. that the issues are complex and not all of will probably benefit from full and free In the economic field, a significant factor the answers easy. discussion of this controversial issue, is the opening up of waterways and roads even if it is inappropriate for me to com­ for farmers to bring their produce to market ment on it while the matter is still be­ and the growing confidence of farmers in using them. In addition, South Vietnamese fore the courts. have replaced Americans in the operation of REFORM OF THE FEDERAL ROLE Mr. George Anastaplo, professor at the civlllan port facilities at Saigon and at IN HIGHER EDUCATION Rosary College and lecturer at the Uni­ supply and warehousing facilities in various versity of Chicago, has written an article parts of the country. They are moving toward which expresses his views on the signif­ restoration of self-sufficiency in rice produc­ HON. CLARENCE J. BROWN icance of the recent events in Chicago. tion. Of course, progress in an economy dis­ OF OHIO The article was published, in a slightly torted by war is bound to be uneven. Viet­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nam suffers from the chronic wartime mal­ modified form, in the Chicago Sun-Times ady of steep inflation, but the government of Monday, March 23, 1970 on February 22, 1970, and has been widely Vietnam is attempting to face up to this read in Chicago. I believe that it might be problem With American help. Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, as useful to have Mr. Anastaplo's observa­ In the field of local security, the police most of you realize, much of the basic tions available to my colleagues. I insert force has been expanded and its training legislation pertaining to higher educa­ them at this point in the RECORD. strengthened. Partly for this reason, the Viet tion expires during the next 15 months. The article referred to follows: Cong infrastructure is being weakened and Now, however, President Nixon has pro­ rooted out in many areas. posed a reform of the Federal role in THE TRIAL; DISGRACEFUL MASQUERADE In the political field, progress is measured higher education through his recent (NOTE.-Prof. George Anastaplo, for the by the extent of the peoples' trust in their message to the Congress. In this docu­ five months the so-called Chicago 7 con­ government. It is at the grass--or "rice"­ spiracy trial was being heard, attended two roots level where we find encouraging signs. ment, you will find that the President to three dally sessions a week. Now Prof. An­ Locally elected governments are spreading has proposed positive action to answer astaplo, the chairman of the department of throughout the country. Self-government most of the major criticisms aimed at political science at Rosary College, has writ­ has been brought this year to more than higher education today. ten an article about that trial for the Sun­ 700 vlllages and hamlets in recently pacified Many of us daily receive letters from Times. In addition to his position at Rosary areas, bringing the total With self-govern­ anxious parents who wonder why the College, he is a lecturer in the liberal arts ment to about 8 out of every 10. There has Federal Government cannot do some­ at the University of Chicago. He has a law been a notable increase in the number of degree and a PhD degree from the University citizens Willing to seek local office and hence thing about increasing support for col­ of Chicago and has written several articles to face the threat of Viet Cong terrorism lege students. Under the President's pro­ on legal and constitutional subjects as well which has taken such a toll of local officials posal, no student would be denied at­ as a book, "The Constitutionallst: Notes on in past years. tendance at a college or university the First Amendment," due to be published Time is the critical factor and Hanoi is simply because he did not have the by the Southern Methodist University Press. looking at all of us here in the United States money. Basic reforms are offered which [Editor]) to see whether the American public has the would increase grants and subsidized (By George Anastaplo) will and the patience to stick it out. My loans to children from low-income fami­ Five defendants have been found guilty belief is that the program of Vietnamization lies; and which would insure a greater by a Chicago jury of crossing state lines With and the transfer of responsibility, coupled the intention of inciting a riot during Con­ with stability, to the people of South Viet­ number of guaranteed loans to those vention week of August 1968. Eight defend­ nam offers by far the best chance for the whose families are more capable of bear­ ants and their two lawyers in this federal successful conclusion of· this tragic conflict. ing this expense. trial have been pronounced guilty by a judge I mentioned the problem of time as a criti­ For those who do not want or need a of courtroom behavior intended to disrupt cal factor. Making this problem harder to 4-year education, the President has pro­ the orderly administration of justice. bear is the fact that we are living in an era posed a career education program to as­ The verdict of the Conspiracy jury was of impatience. Everyone-and I think young sist the States :i:n teaching critically surprisingly discriminating. It not only com­ people in particular-is more and more de­ needed skills at community colleges and pletely exonerated two of the defendants, it manding today, or at least they are being also repudiated, with respect to all the de­ conditioned to expect immediacy. Tomorrow technical institutes. fendants, the conspiracy charges of which is not soon enough. We have instant com­ And :finally, the President has pro­ so much had been made by the government. munications, instant gratification of our de­ posed to establish a National Founda­ A conviction or acquittal on all counts of sires, hence the dissatisfaction with the ab­ tion for Higher Education to support the indictment could have been explained sence of instant solutions to the problems excellence, innovation, and reform in away as merely the result of passion. But we face. private and public institutions. this particular verdict happens to ratify the Several closing thoughts. I have been I applaud the President's initiative in impression of many courtroom observers of CXVI--579-Part 7 9198 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 the trial, that there was no deliberate con­ (including the government account, the guished, by the way, from the impartial spiracy among these defendants, that the Walker Report), that whatever mistakes strictness for which the late Judge Barnes most that could be charged to some of them were made by people such as the defend­ was justly celebrated. was the making of irresponsible speeches on ants, they were relatively insignificant com­ Chicago lawyers have endured Judge Hoff­ certain occasions during Convention week. pared to those made by the City of Chicago man because they ordinarily have to bear up Thus, the offenses for which this jury con­ (against the advice, it should be noted, of with him only a few days or, at worst, a few victed five defendants-crossing state lines the Department of Justice) in handling the weeks rut a time. In the conspiracy trial, how­ with the intent of inciting a riot-were not demonstrations that any mature city invit­ ever, defense counsel and their clients had the offenses for which these defendants were ing a national political convention should be to endure this judge for what must have really brought to trial as a group by the prepared to expect. seemed to them, as it did to courtroom ob­ U.S. attorney. The offenses for which the de­ As for the conduct in court of the de­ servers, an eternity. fendants were convicted were of the kind fendants and their lawyers for which the It is the duty of an informed bar to that are most efficiently disposed of in police judge has decreed prison sentences ranging courageously interpose itself between a dic­ court, after a trial of a few hours or (at from two months to four years, it is clear tatorial judge and vulnerable counsel. In­ most) a few days. that some behavior in contempt of court deed, it was the duty of the local bar to The jury verdict, properly understood, was indulged in by both defendants and have "blown the whistle" on Judge Hoffman shows up the federal government's case to lawyers. But it is also clear that a number many years ago, to have taken the steps have been an irresponsible attempt to vin­ of actions cited by this intelligent judge necessary to restrain his unprofessional con­ dicate in the federal courts the "police riot" simply cannot survive examination, espe­ duct. with which our city government (exploiting cially those which developed either with the The unbecoming failure of the bar as well our much-abused police) made such a mess acquiescence of the judge or from overzeal­ as of the press to make its opinion known of the crisis confronting it during convention ous legal advocacy. about this kind of judge--an opinion which week. This willingness by the federal gov­ It is up to the appellate courts to review is, in Judge Hoffman's case, almost unani­ ernment to allow its courts to be used for the contempt citations, to consider whether mously bitter among those who practice in such a political purpose has cost us dearly: they were entered in good time, whether the the federal courts here--lends support to It has undermined the trust of a significant punishment was excessive, whether many critics who would have us believe that this part of our community, especially among the of the instances cited were indeed contemp­ particular judge is essentially representa.tive young, in the integrity of our judicial in­ tuous and whether they did disrupt the of whrut may be found in American court­ stitutions; it bas sustained unhealthy pas­ orderly administration of justice. houses today. sions in other parts Of our community The fundamental problem, however, is not It is the duty of all citizens, lawyers and against serious dissent. that of reassessing the judge's inventory of laymen alike, to protect our country from It is now clear, not only from the verdict contemptuous actions-many should be the devastating effects of such judges. Too of the jury but even more from the evidence ciropped from his list and a few others should much depends on popular trust in our politi­ presented in this case by the government, never have been added to it---.but rather that cal institutions, especially among the under­ that defendants John Froines, Bobby Seale of assessing the context in which all thiS privileged and the unfortunate, to permit and Lee Weiner should never have been in­ unfortunate conduct took place. that trust to be sacrified to the behavior of cluded in the indictment on any count. It There is considerable concern in this coun­ obviously unfit public servants. is also clear that a conscientious prosecutor try about the threat to our judicial system TWO DANGERS CONFRONT US should have moved to discharge at least of disruptive conduct in the courtroom. But these three defendants once his evidence we must consider what kind of defendants One is that 10 men might be required to and his conspiracy theory had been dis­ occasionally threaten such conduct, and in serve prison sentences in circumstances closed to be as flimsy as they were. what circumstances. Such conduct (which where the government is at least as much Without a conspiracy theory, there would is rare) is most likely to occur wherever de­ to blame as they are for what happened both have been no justification for bringing the fendants (because of their poverty or their during convention week and in the course eight def·endants into the court together. status or their color) believe themselves un­ of their trial. Without a conspiracy theory, there would likely to get "a fair shake" in court. Both The other danger is that further improper have been a much shorter and far less ex­ the fears of widespread disruptive behavior exercise of government power will provoke pensive trial. Without a conspiracy theory, and the measures which have been proposed more resistance by offended citizens, which there would have been no circus atmosphere, for dealing with it are grossly exaggerated in turn can lead to even more repression in no serious or sustained disruptive events, and are unbecoming for an Amerioan which the name of "law and order." (Such im­ no spectacle of' a defendant being bound and should have learned by now how to use its proper exercise of government power was gagged for stubbornly (even if improperly) great power responsibly and compassionately. evident even in the way U.S. marshals were insisting on counsel of his choice. In considering the conspiracy trial, citizens perm.iJtted to conduct themselves in the fed­ eral building throughout the Conspiracy must do what the bar has refused to do in In short, there would not have been these trial: they often seemed unable to distin­ disgraceful proceedings masquerading as a public, and that is to face up to the effect in this case of the judge himself. guish between the way prison guards do trial in a federal court. treat convicts and the way public servants The insistence of the government upon No fair-minded and informed community shollild discipline these lawyers and defend­ should treat citizens.) adhering to its disastrous conspiracy theory, It does not seem likely, despite what the without any substantial evidence to back it ants without disciplining its judge as well. Judge Hoff:man's behavior in this case was defendants claim, that a paralyzing era of up, was not in the best tradition of responsi­ repression is about to begin in this country. ble prosecution. It was simply asking for consistently outrageous, almost always against the legitimate interests of the de­ But we should take care not to permit an trouble--and it got it, something for which imprudent government to go out of its way we the American people may have to pay fendants. Much of the contemptuous conduct he alleges was provoked by him. to prove the defendants right about this. for a long time to come. We should make sure that public servants It is now up to the appellate courts to The defendants and their Eastern lawyers were confronted by a remarkably vindictive realize it is a disservice to law and order to review a rather questionable (and certainly challenge high-spirited dissent (however ir­ mischievous) statute f'or its constitutionality judge. The single greatest mistake the de­ responsible and disturbing it may be on oc­ and to assess whatever relevant evidence fendants made was not to realize in time that casion) with a self-righteous show of force there is for its adequacy, especially since so what this judge was doing to them had been done consistently over the years by him to rather than with intelligence and generosity many of the judge's rulings and attitudes· left and imagination. doubts about whether the defendants were other defendants as well, without regard to permitted to make the case which they were l'lace, color or creed. entitled to make. It is common knowledge among the legal COMPLAINT OF MEMBERS OF CON­ One must wonder, furthermore, whether profession in Chicago, and can be confirmed by any survey of practicing lawyers, that this GRESS AND Affi TRANSPORTA­ the discredited conspiracy approach, having TION USERS WITH REQUEST FOR opened the door as it did to considerable judge callously and systematically degrades dubious evidence from the government, so and provokes the lawyers who h:appen to ap­ TARIFF SUSPENSION AND INVES­ confused matters as to make it virtually im­ pear before him, unless they come from the TIGATION possible f'or the jury to see what each de­ office of the U.S. Attorney. fendant bad done, which is (the way things Indeed, this is so well known that the gov­ turned out) what the jury should have con­ ernment can be said to have had a duty to HON. AUGUSTUS F. HAWKINS reconsider the explosive case it was bringing OF CALIFORNIA sidered. when it learned which judge was fated to It is now up to the informed public to try it: after all, our government has the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES decide what should be done hereafter about recognized obligation to see that defendants Tuesday, March 24, 1970 such prosecutions and indeed about such receive a fair trial and to see that our lega.l laws as that under which this misconceived institutions are not recklessly undermined. Mr. HAWKINS. Mr. Speaker, 31 of my prosecution was brought. Chicago lawyers who appear regularly in colleagues and I filed a petition with the One side effect of the prosecution is to the federal courts have had to learn to bear Civil Aeronautics Board on March 9 ask­ confirm what has already been shown by up with Judge Hoffman's behavior. ing for the suspension and investigation several careful studies of convention week Such judicial behavior should be distin- of any tariff extensions embodying the March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9199 Board's September 12, 1969, ratemaking transportation requirements of the public. In other words, neither the air carriers nur formula or any adjustment thereto. Our (Order 7o-1-159, page 1 and 2) the Board has yet established on the record complaint, which sets forth the reasons One issue, therefore is simply whether the that the airlines are entitled to a higher facts as now reported by the airlines and the level of rates or a different fare structure as why we believe such extensions would be Civil Aeronautics Board substantiate the a matter of fact or law. Indeed, what evi­ illegal, follows: Board's belief. The answer is No! dence there is-showing declining unit COMPLAINT OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS AND AIR The Board has said that there is no ques­ costs and falling load factors-suggests the TRANSPORTATION USERS WITH REQUEST FOR tion that the carriers have sustained sub­ opposite. TARIFF SUSPENSION AND INVESTIGATION stantial increases in costs for labor, materials Finally, as the Board is aware, the legality Petitioners, thirty-two Members of Con- and other services. We have noted the fol­ of the Board's September 12 order and of gress and users of air transportation, hereby lowing in our complaint of August 20, 1969: any tariffs filed in conjunction with the request a suspension and investigation of (T) he air carriers have jointly and severally order is presently under review in the United any tariffs on file or hereafter filed embody­ produced on the record a substantal amount States Court of Appeals for the District of ing the Board's September 12, 1969, ratemak­ of sufficiently reliable evidentiary material Columbia. The case has now been submitted ing formula, or any "adjustment" thereto, as to the impact of recent inflationary in­ to that Court for decision. The Board should that would extend the presently effective creases on their cash costs to permit a change not compound further the illegality of its local and joint domestic passenger fares, or in the level of ~res, all other things being September 12 and 30 orders by approving those fares with minor adjustments thereto, equal. Had the Board previously established the extensions now proposed. beyond April 30, 1970, the present expiry date. cash cost standards, it is clear that the Board Wherefore, the Members respectfully re­ Petitioners believe such extension of the would now be able to deal with the problem quest that the Board suspend and investi­ September 12 tariffs by any air carrier, of determining an appropriate fare level more gate the tariffs filed by Continental Air whether trunkline or local service, would be effectively. (CoNGRESSIONAL REcoRD, Septem­ Lines, Inc., and Eastern Air Lines, Inc., and illegal for the following reasons: ber 29, 1969, p. 27443.) any tariffs hereafter filed by other air car­ (1) Complainants believe that the Board's The key phrase here is "all other things riers for extension of present fares, which September 12 decision is illegal and any tar­ being equal," for apparently, according to the such suspension and investigation would iffs or tariff extensions based upon that records of the C.A.B., things have changed, have the affect of permitting the tariffs decision are illegal. We have stated at length and the air carriers have been able to more previously on file to go into effect on May 1, why we think this is so in our filings of than offset the effects of inflation by means 1970. April 21, August 20, September 22, 1969, and of declining unit costs. On February 26, 1970, Further, the Members respectfully request January 9 and 30, 1970, and (in the United the C.A.B. released its regular quarterly Air­ that if this complaint is denied, the Board States Court of Appeals) December 11, 1969, line Industry Economic Report for the quar­ grant a stay of its order denying this and January 23, and February 20, 1970; in the ter ended December 1969. In this report, the complaint pending judicial review. interest of brevity and expedition we incor­ C.A.B. states that the reported cost per avail­ Respectfully submitted, porate those filings here by reference. able ton-mile for both the domestic trunk Glenn M. Anderson; Thomas L. Ashley; (2) The joint fares and division-of-fares and local service airlines declined for the Walter S. Baring; George E. Brown, Jr.; agreement, Agreement C.A.B. 21586, and year 1969, as well as for the fourth quarter Phillip Burton; Daniel E. Button; Jef­ (during which the fare increase was in ef­ fery Cohelan; James C. Corman; John tariffs filed pursuant thereto, suffer from 1 the same infirmities that we believe affect fect) . There was, it is true, an increase in D. Dingell; Don Edwards; Richard T. the Board's orders of September 12 and 30; the reported cost per revenue ton-mile-but Hanna; Augustus F. Hawkins; Chet i.e., the Board's action appears to have been this is attributable to the fact passenger load Holifield; Harold T. Johnson; Robert L. reached on the basis of no evidence whatso­ factors (the ratio of sales to production) Leggett; Joseph M. McDade; John Mc­ ever taken in a proper proceeding, without declined at a more rapid rate than costs, par­ Fall; Spark M. Matsunaga; George P. ticularly during the last quarter when the Miller; Joseph G. Minish; Patsy T. considering factors set out in the statute, 2 and thus in a manner contrary to the man­ higher fares were in effect. In this regard, Mink; John E. Moss; Jerry L. Pettis; date of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 we must again respectfully point out to the Thomas M. Rees; Peter W. Rodino, Jr.; (here sections 1002 (h) and (i)). Board that the Members of Congress clearly Edward R. Roybal; Bernie Sisk; Charles asserted in their petition of August 20, 1969, M. Teague; John Tunney; I.Jonal Van (3) The joint fare agreement which the that the proposed tariffs would depress load Board has approved appears to be unjust, Deerlin; Jerome R. Waldie; and factors. Charles H. Wilson. unreasonable, unjustly discriminatory, un­ The C.A.B. report does indicate that earn­ duly preferential, and unduly prejudicial for By their representative, March 9, 1970: ings did increase in the short-run, but only RICHARD W. Kl.ABZUBA. the same reasons that the present arrange­ because the Board-made rates increased fares ment suffers these illegalities. Under the by a greater amount than the sale of pro­ present agreement, inter-carrier passengers duction fell off. However, one must question CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE pay the terminal charge more than once, and the wisdom of this policy. Perm! tting air I hereby certify that I have this day served fall more than once in the first, highest price carriers to increase earnings by a reported the foregoing document upon: mileage block; the only change is there now $30 million a quarter (up 136% ) when they Air West, Inc. is a $4.00 reduction in price which is plainly sell 7.4% less of their production can hardly Allegheny Airlines, Inc. insufficient. At a minimum, such a passenger be considered as promoting the encourage­ American Airlines, Inc. is required to pay $4.00 more than a one­ ment and development of an air transporta­ Braniff Airways, :inc. carrier passenger for the same distance. tion system properly adapted to the present Continental Air Lines, Inc. (4) These tariffs are unjust and unreason­ and future needs of the domestic commerce, Delta Air I.Jnes, Inc. able on their face. The Board's decision ini­ nor as fostering sound economic conditior.s Eastern Air Lines, Inc. tially to grant and then to continue in effect in such transportation, nor as promoting Frontier Airlines, Inc. the tariffs filed in accord with its prescribed adequate, economical and efficient service by Mohawk Airlines, Inc. maximum rate formula was not predicated air carriers at reasonable charges, let alone National Airlines, Inc. upon sections 102, 404, and 1002 of the Act, at the lowest cost consistent with the N0rth Central Airlines, Inc. but principally upon its assumption that furnishing of such service. Northeast Airlines Inc. "the carriers have adequately demonstrated The need of the air carriers for increased Northwest Airlines, Inc. a significant increase in costs, which the revenue in light of "higher costs" of doing Ozark Air I.Jnes, Inc. complainants recognize." (Order 69-9-68) business so as to enable them, under eco­ Piedmont Aviation, Inc. Our decision is based . . . also on the nomical and efficient management, to pro­ Southern Airways, Inc. fact that the carriers' revenue need remains vide adequate and efficient air carrier service Texas International Airlines, Inc. severe. Nothing has occurred subsequent to has simply not been established as a fact. Trans World Airlines, Inc. the granting of the October 1 increase to per­ United Air Lines, Inc. suade the Board that the increases were not 1 See line 27, on page 7 and 11 of Appendix Western Air Lines, Inc. warranted at that time, or do not continue to A. Operating Exp. per Avail. Ton-mile is a Thomas D. Finney, Jr., Esq.; Clifford, be necessary to preserve the economic health recognized measure of unit operating cost Warnke, Glass, Mcilwain & Finney. of the industry. In Order 69-9-68, dated Sep­ Within the industry. It is considered by some Lee M. Hydeman, Esq.; Hydeman & Mason. tember 12, 1969, we discussed at considerable as a better measure of costs than operating Warren L. Sharfman, Esq.; Associate Gen­ length the cost pressures faced by the car­ expense per available seat-mile because it eral Counsel Civil Aeronautics Board. riers at that time in almost every category avoids variations caused by differences in Honorable Richard W. McLaren and of costs. There is no question that the car­ seating density. Operating expenses per avail­ Howard E. Shapiro, Esq.; United States De­ riers have sustained substantial increases in able seat-mile and passenger-mile are not partment of Justice. labor expenses, landing fees, fuel costs, com­ published in the report. Alfred V . J. l:'Tather. Esq. and J. W11llam. mission rates, and costs in other areas. Air­ 2 It should be noted that since the Operat­ Doolittle, Esq. port congestion continues to be an expensive ing Exp. per Avail. Ton-mile declined only Philip A. Fleming, Esq.; Reavis, Pogue, Neal problem, and the carriers are committed to slightly, operating costs are at present di­ & Rose major capital expansion programs in an ef­ rectly related or responsive to capacity Ulrich V. Hoffmann, Esq. fort to continue to satisfy the ever-expanding produced. Raymond J. Rasenberger, Esq. and Russell 9200 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970

Garman, Jr., Esq.; Zuckert, Scoutt & Rasen­ slightly from 19.16 cents in the fourth ranged from a 3.6 percentage point drop for berger. quarter of 1968, although for domestic trunk the domestic trunks to a 1.2 percentage point B. Howell Hill, Esq.; Arnold & Porter. operations alone the reported cost per avail­ drop for the local service carriers. Except for James M. Verner, Esq.; Verner, Liipfert & able ton-mile declined by 1.5 percent. On the local service carriers, breakeven load McPherson, by causing a copy of it to be the other hand, expense per revenue ton-mile factor fell less sharply or increased during mailed to such carrier or its agent properly for system operations rose by 6.5 percent in this period, causing a further narrowing of addressed with postage prepaid. the latest calendar year. the gap between actual and breakeven. Most RICHARD W. KLABZUBA. For the supplemental carrier group, rev­ significant among the carrier groups were March 9, 1970. enues per ton-mile dropped 2.2 percent while the international passenger and cargo car­ expenses increased 10.6 percent with the re­ riers which reported a breakeven load factor sult that for the calendar year 1969, operat­ 5.2 percentage points higher than the actual ECONOMIC SUMMARY-FOURTH ing profit per ton-mile decline 86.7 percent. load factor for the fourth quarter of 1969 QUARTER 1969 Traffic growth remained below industry compared with a favorable 1.9 percentage (Published by the Civil Aeronautics Board) expectations.-In contrast to the 12-13 per­ point spread for the same period a year Despite significant increases in yields and cent traffic growth predicted for 1969 by the earlier. Of real interest was the fact that the revenue, profits continued to slide.-During trunk air carriers, the percentage gains of local service carriers saw their deficit posi­ the fourth quarter of 1969 passenger mile traffic for the year were 9.7 percent for system tion with respect to breakeven load factor yields increased for the major air carrier operations of the domestic trunk airlines and improve considerably during the fourth groups, reflecting the fare changes of Feb­ Pan American, 9.3 percent for the domestic quarter. ruary and October 1969. These increases were trunk airlines (including some Hawa11 traf­ Increases in operati ng expense were gen­ 7.0 percent (above fourth quarter 1968) for fic in 1969 for newly certificated carriers) , erally more than gains in revenue.-Except system operations of the domestic trunk and 11.3 percent for the international pas­ for the local service carriers, expenses grew airlines and Pan American, 9.0 percent for senger cargo carriers. Gains were 14.5 percent faster than revenues during the fourth quar­ the domestic trunk airlines in domestic op­ for the local service carriers. Fourth quarter ter. Domestic trunks showed a better per­ erations, and 14.5 percent for the local serv­ rates of growth were below the year to date formance, but this is clouded by inclusion ice carriers. Operating revenues also showed increases, especially for the domestic trunk of some Hawaii traffic in the 1969 figures. Ex­ significant gains during the fourth quarter carriers. penses increased 15.5 percent for system with increases of 14.4 percent for system Seat-mile capacity continued to increase operations of the domestic trunks and Pan operations, 17.2 percent for the domestic op­ at high, disproportionate rates.-The growth American, 15.0 percent for domestic opera­ erations of the trunk airlines, and 29.8 per­ of capacity for the fourth quarter of 1969 tions of the trunklines, and 21.1 percent for cent for the local service carriers. was 16.2 percent for system operations of the local service. However, expenses increased more than trunks and Pan American, 16.6 percent for Growth of adjusted i nvestment was some­ revenues while profits and rate of return domestic operations of the domestic trunks, what less than in recent periods.-Increases continued downward. A principal reason was and 17.6 percent for local service. The per­ in adjusted investment at the end of cal­ the disproportionate rise of capacity and centage gains for the quarter were slightly endar 1969 were 9.8 percent for system oper­ consequent fall of the load factor. Passenger higher than the year to date increases. For ations of the trunks and Pan American, 6.6 load factor for domestic trunkline operations fourth quarter 1969, system operations of percent for the domestic trunklines, and 13.3 dropped to 49.9 percent, compared to 53.0 the trunks and Pan American reveal the fol­ percent for local service. Investment growth lowing changes from 1968: revenue passen­ was actually lower than the growth of rev­ percent in the fourth quarter of 1968. Sys­ ger-miles up 8.6 percent; available seat-miles enues (except for the international and ter­ tem load factor fell to 45.5 percent from up 16.2 percent; average available seats per ritorial group) resulting in increases in the 48.7. There are also signs that the industry's aircraft up 2.0 percent; and resulting pas­ investment turnover ratio. improving productivity is currently unable senger load factor down 3.2 points to 45.5 Rate of return at year end 1969 continued to keep up with the steep rise of costs percent. down.-For the year ended December 1969 attributable to inflationary pressures. Oper­ The spread between actual and breakeven all carrier groups registered declines com­ ating expenses per available ton-mile were passenger load factors continued to narrow. pared with 1968 in the rate of return on ad­ 19.42 cents for the system operations of the Actual passenger load factor fell sharply justed investment, either excluding or in­ domestic trunkllnes and Pan American, up during the fourth quarter of 1969. Declines cluding investment tax credits.

DOMESTIC OPERATIONS OF THE TRUNK AIRLINES ECONOMIC INDICATORS

12 months ended Change Quarter ended Change (percent) (percent) Dec. 31, 1969 1 Dec. 31, 1968 Dec. 31, 1969 1 Dec. 31, 1968

1. Passenger revenue (scheduled) ______------______. ______------•------$5, 088 $4, 451 14.3 $1,306 $1,109 17.8 2. Freight revenue (scheduled)______335 285 17. 5 95 82 15.9 3. Mail revenue. ______------_____ ------______------______------______133 124 7. 3 38 35 8.6 11.5 20 4. Charter revenue _____ .------__ ------______------__ ___ ------97 87 23 15.0 5. Operating revenue·------5, 754 5, 039 14.2 1,488 1, 270 17.2 6. Operating expense_ ._. ______.. __ . ______------____ ... _.. ______5, 450 4, 719 15. 5 1,435 1, 248 15.0 7. Operating profit______._---- __ ------______-----_------___ ------304 320 -5.0 52 22 136.4 8. Interest on long-term debt______.. ----____---- __------. ______. ____ . _____ ====1=5=1====1=22=== =2=3.=8=====3=6= = ===33= ====9=. 1 9. Income tax accrual (net>------75 88 -14. 8 9 -5 (2) 10. Net income including investment tax crediL ------97 127 -23.6 12 -7 (2) 11. long-term debt a______---- ______-----. _____ . ____ ----______------______3, 218 2, 905 10. 8 _------____ ------______12. Stockholder equity 3------2, 090 2, 025 3. 2 ------13. Total investmenta ______------______. __ . ------5, 308 4, 930 7. 7 ___ __------______------____ ------14. Equipment deposits a______------. ______------______------______635 548 15. 9 ______------______15. Ad justed investmenta ______------4-,-6-73------4-,-3-83------6-. 6-_-__-_-_- __- _-__-_-_- __-_- __-_- _-__-_- __- _-_-__-_- __-_- _-__-_- __-_-_- __ Rate of return on adjusted investment: 16. Excluding investment tax credit (percent) ------4. 9 5. 3 ------17. Including investment tax credit.______------_------______------______5. 3 5. 7 ___ ------______------______----- 18. Net income as percent of operating revenue (percent) ______---- ______-- __ ---- __ ------_ __ 1. 7 2. 5 ------. 8 -. 6 ______19. long-term debt as percent of total investment__ ------______------______60. 6 58. 9 ______------______------======~~~ 20. Operating revenue per dollar of investment______------______------______1. 08 1. 02 5. 9 ___ ------__ _------__ ------21. Operating expense per dollar of investment__ .------____ ------______. ___------__ _------1. 03 . 96 7. 3 _------______------______----- __ 22. Operating profit per dollar of investment_ __ _ ------__ ------__ - . 06 . 06 ------__ -- __ ---- - .---- ______. ----- ______------__ 23. Passenger revenue per revenue passenger mile·------$5.70 $5.45 4. 6 $6.07 $5.57 9. 0 24. Operating revenue per revenue ton-mile______50.79 48.82 4. 0 53.54 48.73 9. 9 25. Operating expense per revenue ton-mile______48.11 45.72 5, 2 51.64 47.89 7. 8 26. Operating profit per revenue ton-mile ______------_-----2-.6-8------3-.1-0------1-3-.5------1-. -90------. -84______1_2_6 .-2 27. Operating expense per available ton-mile. ------20. 25 20.43 -. 9 20.04 20.35 -1.5 28. Revenue passenger-miles (scheduled) (billions)------89. 2 81.6 9. 3 21.5 19.9 8. 0 29.Availableseat-miles(scheduled)(bil!ions) ______===1=7=8.=6====1=53=. =9====1;::;,6.=0====47::::::.~7====4=0~.9~===,;16;;·,;6

See footnotes at end of table. March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9201

DOMESTIC OPERATIO NS OF THE TRUNK AIRLINES ECO NOMIC INDICATORS-Continued

12 months ended Change Quarter ended Change (percent) (percent) Dec. 31 , 1969 1 Dec. 31 , 1968 Dec. 31 , 1969 1 Dec. 31 , 1968

30. Actual passenger load factor (percent) ______49.9 53. 0 ------45.1 48.7 ------31. Break-even passenger load factor. ______. ______47.2 49. 4 ------43. 4 48.1 ------32. Actual less break-even passenger load factor______2. 7 3. 6 ------1. 7 . 6 ------Revenue ton-miles (millions) : 33. Passenger______. ______8, 527 7, 803 9.3 2, 057 1, 908 7. 8 34. Freight______. ______. ______1, 606 1, 439 11. 6 426 406 4.9 35. Ma iL ______--- ______---- ____ ---- __ .. ______. ____ --- ______582 538 8.2 169 159 6. 3 35a Other •---- ______: ______121 115 5. 2 30 32 -6.3 36. Scheduled ______.. ______10, 836 9, 895 9. 5 2, 682 2, 504 7.1 37. Nonscheduled ______. ______. __ . ______492 426 15. 5 97 102 -4.9 38. TotaL ______-- ______------11 , 328 10, 321 9. 8 2, 779 2, 606 6.6 Available ton-miles (millions): . 39. Scheduled ______-- ______---- 26, 238 22,516 16. 5 7, 032 5, 996 17.3 40. Nonscheduled ______. ______. ______680 582 16. 8 131 137 -4. 4 41. TotaL ______------______.---______---- __ -- __--_ 26, 919 23, 098 16.5 7, 162 6, 133 16.8 42. Weight load factor (scheduled) (percent) ______------____ . ______41. 3 38. 1 43. Break-even weight load factor ______. ______43. 9 ------41. 8 ------39. 2 41. 2 ------37. 0 41.3 ------44. Actual less break-even weight load factor.· ------2. 1 2. 7 ------1.1 . 5 ------56. 0 57.2 -2.1 50.8 53. 8 -5.6 :~: ~~~fr~~fls~sast~nN;~~fr~~aW_c~~~--~ ~ ~ ======: ==: :: == :: ======112. 2 107. 8 4. 1 112. 8 110.5 2.1

Note: All total dollar figures are in millions. Note : This carrier group includes: American Delta Northeast United Braniff Eastern Northwest Western Continenta l National Trans World

LOCAL SERVICE CARRIERS ECONOMIC INDICATORS

12 months ended Change Quarter ended Change (percent) (percent) Dec. 31 , 1969 1 Dec. 31 , 1968 Dec. 31 , 1969 1 Dec. 31 , 1968

1. Passenger revenue (scheduled) __ .______520. 9 414. 7 25.6 141.5 108.1 30.0 2. Freight revenue(scheduled>------22.6 17.5 29. 1 6. 3 5. 2 21.2 3. Mail revenue.------9. 4 8. 9 5.6 2. 5 2.4 4. 2 4. Charter revenue. ______------_____ 9. 3 6. 8 36. 8 3. 0 1.5 100.0 4s. Subsidy ______.______36. 0 40. 9 ------12.0 8. 8 ------7. 9 ----11.4 5. Operating revenue.______612. 2 501. 3 22. 1 165. 7 127.7 29.8 6. Operating expense. ______.______626. 8 51 0. 5 170.2 ------22. 8 ------140.--6 ------21.1 7. Operatingprofit. ______=== -=1=4=.6====-=9=.2====~~==( 2) =-======4.5 -12. 9 ,;;,( 2) 8. Interest on long-term debt. ______37.3 27.1 37. 6 9. 7 7. 7 26. 0 9. Income tax accrual (net>------5. 8 -9.1 ( 2) -2. 0 -4. 3 ( 2) 10. Net income including investment tax credit. ______------55. 6 -28. 9 (2) -13. 2 -18. 2 ( ~) 11. long-term debt 3 ______------______535. 2 458. 5 16. 7 ______. ______. ______12. Stockholder equity 3 ______• ______88. 4 102. 9 -14. 1 ______

13. Total investment 3______------623. 5 561. 4 11. 1 ______. ______------_ 14. Equipment deposits a______26. 8 34. 8 -23. 0 ------15. Adjusted investment a____ .______------596----. 8 ------526. --6 ------13. 3 ______------_ Rate of return on adjusted investment: 16. Excluding investment tax credit. ______------____ .------3. 0 - . 4 ______------17. Including investment tax credit.. ______------______------3. 1 - . 4 ______------__ _ 18. Net income as percent of operating revenue______-9. 1 -5. 8 ------8.0 - 14. 3 ------19. long-term debt as percent of total investmenL ------====8=5=.8 ====8=1=.7 =·=-·=·=--=·=·=--=·=--=·=·=--=·=·=--=·=--=·=·=--=·=--=·=·=--=·=--=·=·=--=·=--=·=·=-·=·=-·=·=-~- - 20. Operating revenue per dollar of investment______. 98 . 89 10. 1 ______. ______. ______. ______21. Operating expense per dollar of investment..------______------1. 01 ------. 89 ------11. 0 ------__------22. Operating profit per dollar of investment._ ------______-. 02 -. 02 ------23. Passenger revenue per revenue passenger mile (cents>------8. 27 7. 54 9. 7 8. 84 7. 72 14. 5 24. Operating revenue per revenue ton-mile ______~g: Jg 84.44 4.4 90.60 81.13 11.7 25. Operating expense per revenue ton-mile. ______---- ___ -- ___ ----.------85. 99------5. 0 93. 06 ------89. 33 ------4. 2 26. Operating profit per revenue ton-mile______-2.10 -1.55 (2) -2.46 -8.20 (2) 27. Operating expense per available ton-mile______33.71 34. 73 -2.9 33.37 34. 13 -2. 2 28. Revenue passenger-miles (scheduled) (billions)______6. 3 5. 5 14. 5 1.6 1.4 14.3 29. Ava ilable seat-miles(scheduled)(billions) ______==== l4=.=7======12.2 20. 5 ======~=====4. 0 3.4 17.6:::; 30. Actual passenger load factor (percent) ______------______42. 9 45. 1 ------40. 0 41.2 ------31. Break-even passenger load factor 5______47.8 ------51--. 5------44.5 ------49. 8 ------32. Actual less break-even passenger load factor. ·------4.9 -6.4 ------4. 5 -8.6 ------Revenue ton-miles (millions) : 33. Passenger ______------__ ------______607. 6 522.7 16.2 158.4 137. 8 14.9 34. Freight.______40. 1 31.4 27.7 11.2 9. 2 21.7 35. Mail ______------______22. 4 20. 2 10. 9 6.3 5. 7 10.5 35a. Other• ______------______. ______. ______9. 0 8.4 7. 1 ------2. 3------2.4 -----4.2 36. Scheduled ______------______679. 1 582. 6 16.6 178. 1 155. 1 14.8 Nonscheduled. ______------______------______15. 3 37. ------11.1 37.8 4. 8 -- 2. ------3 108.7 38. TotaL ______------______------______694. 4 593. 7 17. 0 182.9 157.4 16. 2 ======See footnotes at end of table. 9202 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970

LGCAL SERVICE CARRIERS ECONOM IC INDICATORS-Continued

12 months ended Change Quarter ended Change (percent) (percent) Dec. 31 , 1969 1 Dec. 31, 1968 Dec. 31, 1969 1 Dec. 31, 1968

1, 823. 2 1, 441.9 26.4 499.0 36.2 27. 9 29.7 11.0

41. 1, 859. 4 1, 469. 8 26.5 510.0 42. Weight load factor (scheduled) (percent) ______- -_------37.2 40.4 ------35.7 38. 2 ______-- 43. Break-even weight load factor ~ ______-- __------__ ------41.2 45. 5 ______------45.7 ------39.4 44. Actual less break-even weight load factor______-4. 0 -5.3 ------3. 7 -7. 3 ------45. Revenue passengers per aircrafL ------27.1 26. 1 6. 1 27. 2 25.4 7.1 46. Available seats per aircrafL------64. 6 58.0 11.4 67. 9 61.7 10.0

NOTES: All total dollar figures are in millions. This carrier group includes the following airlines: Allegheny ••Lake Central Ozark Southern *Bonanza Mohawk * Pacific Texas International Frontier North Central Piedmont •west Coast • A part of Air West System, effective Apr. 17, 1968. ••Merged with Allegheny, effective July 1, 1968.

Notes: ~ Break-even =Capacity Operating Expense (Passenger), Scheduled Service: Passenger The figures in this report are based on reports of the carriers, without adjustments for accounting Load factor, {Scheduled Traffic operating } Actual passenger differences among carriers and without adJustments that would normally be made for ratemaking Scheduled Passenger- Expense (passenger), +Load factor, purposes. The amounts shown for operating expenses, net income and investment are, therefore, Service Revenue Scheduled service Scheduled service not necessarily those which either the carriers or the Board would find appropriate in a rate Traffic Operating Expense (Passenger) (i.e. that expense that varies with load factor) is computed proceeding. at 10 percent of sch~duled passenger revenue for the domestic trunks & International/territorial Individual items may not add to total because all parts of the whole are not shown on the tables passenger/cargo earners and 5 percent of Scheduled Passenger Revenue for the Local Service or because of rounding. Carriers. Weight Capacity Operating Expense, Scheduled Service: 1 Included new mainland-Hawaii operations. Break-even Load factor {Revenues Traffic operating } Actual weight 2 Percentage change not computed because of negative amount. Scheduled Scheduled- Expense, +Load factor, a Long-term debt, stockholder equity, total investment, equipment deposits and capitalized Service Service Scheduled service Schedu I ed service interest (as reported in account 1550 of the Form 41 's or as a note to the balance sheet) and ad justed Traffic Operating Expense (i.e. that expense that varies with load factor) is computed at 10 investment for 12 months ended are 5 quarter averages. Quarterly numbers are the average of perc~nt of Scheduled Revenues for Domestic Trunk & I nternationai/Territorial Passenger/Cargo balances at the beginning and end of the quarter. earners, 5 percent of Scheduled Revenue for Local Service Carriers, and 2 percent of Scheduled 4 Composed of express and excess baggage. Revenue for All-Cargo Carriers.

TUNISIA'S INDEPENDENCE DAY GI BILL INCREASE ing. This provision would have reduced the number of hours of institutional ag­ ricultural courses a veteran is required HON. ADAM C. POWELL HON. JOHN M. ZWACH to take while concurrently engaged in OF NEW YORK OF MINNESOTA agricultural employment. I am con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES vinced, Mr. Speaker, that the present Monday, March 23, 1970 Thursday, March 19, 1970 law requirement of 12 hours a week of Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, today Mr. ZWACH. Mr. Speaker, I am proud institutional training plus full-time marks the 14th anniversary of Tunisia's to support the adoption of the confer­ farming is more than the average vet­ independence day, and it is a glorous day ence report on H.R. 11959. It is my un­ eran can handle. for the people of the Republic of Tunisia. derstanding that the other body will act It is my understanding, however, that This country in North Africa, border­ upon it this week, thus clearing the the distinguished chairman of the Com­ ing the Mediterranean, with an area measure for the President's approval. I mittee on Veterans' Affairs has agreed about 50,000 square miles and population hope that President Nixon will quickly to introduce a bill similar to the Sen­ about 5 million, has had a long and tur­ approve the bill so that veterans attend­ ate provisions on farm training that were bulent history. In 1880 it was brought ing school or participating in other types deleted from H.R. 11959. I hope this under the French colonial rule, and in of training will receive their well­ measure will receive early and favorable the midst of political turmoil, it enjoyed deserved and needed increase in monthly consideration by the committee. some prosperity. But the people wanted allowances. Mr. Speaker, the conferees are to be freedom to shape their own destiny, and As a member of the Education and commended for their outstanding work at last they attained their goal in 1956. Training Subcommittee of the Commit­ in resolving the major differences in the Then Tunisian leaders, headed by their tee on Veterans' Affairs, it was my privi­ two versions of this bill. I hope it will very able and astute statesman Habib lege to participate from the beginning in soon become law. Bourguiba, formed a government. The the hearings and the executive sessions constituent assembly was transformed which produced H.R. 11959. It was a good into a legislative assembly, and Bour­ bill when it was reported from the com­ MAN'S INHUMANITY TO MAN-­ guiba was elected chief of state. mittee and it is still a good bill, providing HOW LONG? For more than a dozen years this as it does a 34.6-percent increase in patriotic and resourceful statesman has monthly allowances for veterans, widows, guided the destiny of the Republic of war orphans, wives, and children of to­ HON. WILLIAM J. SCHERLE Tunisia, combating internal disaffections tally disabled service-connected veterans OF IOWA and defying external foes. He has man­ enrolled in programs of education or IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES training. aged to keep Tunisia's foes in check and Tuesday, March 24, 1970 has also succeeded in maintaining his The unmarried veteran enrolled in a country's good standing among its farm cooperative training program, for Mr. SCHERLE. Mr. Speaker, a child neighbors and also with the West. The example, and pursuing such training on asks: "Where is daddy?" A mother asks: statesmen of the West have valued a full-time basis will have his monthly "How is my son?" A wife asks: "Is my President Bourguiba's services to the allowance increased from $105 to $141 husband alive or dead?" cause of peace and have aided him finan­ monthly. I am disappointed, Mr. Speak- Communist North Vietnam is sadisti­ cially and morally. On its independence er, that the conference report did not cally practicing spiritual and men tal day let us hope that peace and stability retain a Senate-passed provision that genocide on over 1,400 American prison­ continue to prevail in the Republic of would have encouraged more young men ers of war and their families. Tunisia. to participate in farm cooperative train- How long? March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9203 THE NU:MBER OF FAMILY PHYSI­ first place, it is simple logic to expect more helping to improve our image publicly. But CIANS AND DENTISTS ARE DIMIN­ quality with longer lasting results. it is at the daily private clinical level that One of the major Practice Management the real job can and must be done. Public ISHING companies showed me how to cut down on relations is part of the daily working land­ my top-heavy schedule-reduce working scape of every (practicing) member of our HON. HENRY HELSTOSKI hours-and do more and better dentistry profession. Let's rip off the facade of the tban I imagined I could. Absolutely no change businessman and proudly display the real OF NEW JERSEY in equipment was suggested or required. The fellow behind all that modern complicated IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES only change was in my a.ttitude concerning equipment. The family dentist; a profes­ Monday, March 23, 1970 my practice and in making longer appoint­ sional man who can truly be relied upon ments for my patients. There was no men­ to do his utmost to preserve and maintain the Mr. HELSTOSKI. Mr. Speaker, tion of competition or money markets. These oral structures of all those who seek his through these past few years many of entities are not and really never could be services. us have deplored the diminishing num­ in the dental universe. When the day arrives bers of family physicians and family that a human being is as happy about sub­ dentists in our society. mitting to dental treatment as he is about the These family physicians and dentists purchase of a hot stock or a new car I'll be­ STATEMENTS OF PRESIDENTS OP­ lieve in the need for dentists to compete POSE INVOLVEMENT IN LAOS were bulwarks of our society. They added with other so-called markets! to the luster, understanding, and accom­ There is nothing attractive about dentistry plishments of it. They were friends in from the patient's point of view except its HON. JOE L. EVINS need in the most trying family situations good and long-lasting results. Burn this OF TENNESSEE of sickness and fear. statement into your minds. It is the truth We miss our family physicians and about our profession. There are no "Ben IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Casey" stories about dentists on television Monday, March 23, 1970 dentists, but there is hope that growing for a good reason. Certainly we can stop pain, numbers of them will return to our midst improve mastication, build a beautiful new Mr. EVINS of Tennessee. Mr. Speaker, with their ministrations and help. They smile, correct speech problems, etc. . . . but Mr. Clayton Fritchey in a recent article will if those in the medical and dental we do not qualify as movie or television in the Washington Star cites the record professions heed the advice of Dr. Roy heroes. This may seem amusing but it of President Nixon and former Presi­ Fuhrman, a dentist residing m my con­ should tell us something about the way the dents Eisenhower, Kennedy, and John­ gressional district. public sees dentistry. Some of us apparently son with respect to involvement in the These following words of advice by never get the message. So I'll repea.t it here. The necessary manipulations of the dentist Indochina area and Laos. Dr. Fuhrman are contained in the fol­ are such that to the layman they are unap­ In this column Mr. Fritchey points lowing article taken from the Bulletin pealing, una.ttractive, frightening, annoying, out- of the Bergen CoUillty Dental Society, is­ painful, time consuming, exhausting, mal­ That President Nixon has vowed that sue of February 1970: odorous, bad tasting, evil-sounding, expen­ Laos will not be another Vietnam; "TOMORROW'S IMAGE TODAY" sive, and generally very undesirable. I doubt That President Eisenhower said inter­ if we could find another field of endeavor, (By Roy Fuhrman, D.D.S.) vention in the Indochina area which in­ be it profession or business, so loaded with cludes Laos would be a "great tragedy"; A serious result of the growing crisis in the nega.tive properties. We dentists should be doctor-patient relationship is reported in proud of our abilities to successfully per­ That President Kennedy said, "I just Science News (December 13, 1969-page 552). form in an environment so subjectively an­ don't think we should get involved in "Medical malpractice awards are approach­ tagonistic to the human organism. Let's also Laos," and ing 1.2 million and expected to average $65,- give our patients some credi-t too for being That President Johnson was strongly 000 each in 1970. Malpractice insurance pre­ heroic enough to go through with any ex­ opposed to intervention in Laos. miums can run up to $10,000 a year!" The tensive dental treatment program and pay for Because of the interest of my col­ report goes on to say, "the root of the prob­ it as agreed upon. lem seems to be the change of the physician leagues and the American people in this We are therefore competing not with other matter, I place the article in the RECORD from healer to businessman." This obviously markets, but with the negative aspect of our includes the dental and other healing pro­ own profession which to the public, repre­ herewith. fessionals. Concentration by our profession sents the bulk of the work we train so hard The article follows: toward the objective of the business or cor­ to become expert in doing. Compassion with [From the Washington Star, Mar. 16, 1970] porate image will most assuredly generate a a reasonable measure of altruism can offset medico-legal no-mans land which can mag­ PAST RECORD FOSTERS UNEASINESS OVER a large part of this apprehension concerning LAOS nify itself into a modern Frankenstein. It is dentistry. also obvious that this monster casts a dark A businessman's approach to reducing this (By Clayton Frltchey) costly shadow that eats money which could negative image will only serve to enforce Sen. Stephen M. Young, D-Ohio, says "Laos be utilized in far more constructive avenues. the growing fears and mistrust that the pub­ is not worth the life of one American soldier." Crawford Morris, a leading malpractice lic feels for the healing professions in general. Almost 10 years ago, before the war in Viet­ lawyer defends professionls, says that one so­ Recent exposures of municipal leaders in­ nam, then Secretary of State Dean Rusk liked lution to the problem is to bring all medi­ volved with high crime, exposes proving cor­ to say that "Laos is not worth the life of a cine under a clinic or hospital system where porate giants not serving the public interest, single Kansas farm boy." Rusk and Young all doctors are salaried employees and the unparalleled increases in the cost of living­ are in distinguished company, for much the institution would be responsible for their with the cost of health care at the top of! same thing was said by three presidents in a acts. To my way of thinking this is a far the list; all these problems make the con­ row. worse monster than the Frankenstein crea­ sumer wary and suspicious of the motives In 1954, Eisenhower said it would be a tion. It would bring on a system where un­ of everyone he deals with. Rest assured, "great tragedy" to intervene in Indochina, licensed administration would control our gentlemen, dentists are included as are all which embraced both Laos and Vietnam. professions. Does this ring a bell? Enter so­ those who deal in personal services. Profes­ Lyndon Johnson, then Democratic Senate cialized medicine. sional ethics therefore becomes more impor­ leader, was even more opposed; and when The solution? A closer, more personal re­ tant today than it ever has been in the past. John F. Kennedy entered the White House lationship with our patients is the only way We must constantly strive to prove our he felt Laos was not "worthy of engaging the to reverse the damages if it is not already integrity. We must maintain a level of ethical atten';ion of great powers." too late. This means slowing the pace a bit. vigilance that is higher than it has ever been Historian Arthur Schlesinger reports that This means more time per patient. And here before in the history of our profession. If Kennedy wondered why the United States is where a good practice management con­ not . . . and the warning signs are all too should "fight for a country whose people cept comes into the picture. Not for compet­ visible ... we shall be forced to relinquish could not care less about fighting for them­ ing with other industries which open the that which by definition makes us a profes­ selves." He also found it "hard to understand public's purses. Not for the primary objec­ sion. Self regulation will fall by the way­ why the United States had to take the re­ tive called profit. But for the simple means side. The matter will simply be taken out of sponsibility." Kennedy said, "India's more of doing more dentistry of very high quality our hands by an angry and frustrated society. directly threatened than we are; and, if they for the fewer patients on our rolls. Thus pre­ Our coveted license to practice our art will are not wildly excited, why should we be?" ventive dentistry can be labelled as a reality become a bureaucratic rubber stamp. We will Why, indeed? and not a dream. Much of the dentistry we practice dentistry as administrative em­ Yet, after all these years, the United States do is the redoing of past work of too recent ployees of frequently incompetent and today finds itself at war not only in Vietnam application to fend off as normal attrition. grossly untrained lay supervisors. but in Laos, because Eisenhower, Kennedy If the work redone had been more carefully It is true that highly publicized programs and Johnson

Junior Achievement's New Jersey sponsors WHY HOLLAND? and productivity and responsible leadership, participating in the project are: Airco Weld­ Because Holland, for centuries occupying fail to develop the full potential of the in­ ing Products Division, Arthur Andersen & a central place of commercial activities, has dividual. Co., The Austin Co., Bell Telephone Labora­ become an industrial country of major im­ (4) To maintain the high standards of tories, Holmdel and Murray Hill installations. portance. Only 15,450 square miles, much of performance, productivity, and prestige of Also, Bristol-Myers Products, Burry Biscuit, it below sea level on land reclaimed from the the Junior Achievement program. Chevron Oil Co., CIBA Corp., The Daily Jour­ sea, Holland is at the estuary of the most Special emphasis will be placed on stimu­ nal, Enjay Chemical Co., FMC Corp., GAF important navigable rivers of Western Eu­ lating superior performance at all levels of Corp., General Motors Assembly and New De­ rope. Emphasis is shifting from the tradi­ Junior Achievement activity, development of parture-Hyatt Bearings, General Electric, tional textile, ship building, and f'OO

UNEMPLOYMENT be no doubt that the cost of this war, now Establishment of national welfare stand­ The economic situation on Long Island is over $100,000,000,000.00, has drained our re­ ards to cut costs in public assistance. approaching a critical stage, with unemploy­ sources without a resolution or end in sight. Now to aid those unemployed and to min­ ment already above the national average and In fact, under present policies we face years imize the cost of public assistance we should: substantial layoffs and plant closings ex­ of added support for a Vietnamese govern­ Increase job training and retraining pro­ pected. Unemployment could well affect six ment riddled with corruption that no "Viet­ grams and see that individuals are paid while percent of the Long Island working force in namization" can correct. learning new skills. I am pleased that the the near future. REORDER FEDERAL BUDGET President has acted in this direction. This is symptomatic of the economic slow­ As I indicated above, a major overhaul of Provide additional day care centers so down being felt throughout the country. the federal budget is the best solution for mothers willing and able to work can do so. This slowdown, considered by some econo­ inflation and unemployment. Much can be Aid in relocating those who lose jobs. mists to be a full-scale recession, is the eliminated from the federal budget while we Most importantly, the government can consequence of the government's poor fis­ step up some programs and realize a net save money, get the manpower for domestic cal and monetary policies in 1969. reduction in spending. Reductions are pos­ projects, cut the welfare burden, and aid the This February the national unemploy­ sible in these areas: economy by being the employer of last resort. ment rate rose to 4.2 percent with continu­ ( 1) A $4.5 billion a year farm subsidy People should not be unemployed, nor should ing increases likely through 1970. On Long (welfare) programs that pays large farmers those able to work be receiving welfare and Island the rate is even higher. to plow food under while there is hunger not working when we need hospitals, schools, The Administration has deliberately cre­ here and abroad. Some corporate farms re­ ma.ss transportation, etc. ated unemployment. This was indicated ceive annual payments of more than one To sum this up briefly, by cutting the when the President's Council of Economic million dollars for not producing. "fat" out of federal spending problems, by Advisors appeared before a Congressional (2) "Pork barrel" public works that are reordering our national priorities, by discard­ Committee and maintained that "a moder­ among the most fiagrantly wasteful and un­ ing outdated economic theories and by end­ ate rise in unemployment is necessary to necessary spending programs. If the Admin­ ing the crass acceptance of unemployment­ start winding down inflation." (Business istration is serious about cutting spending we CAN stop inflation and attain full em­ Week, Feb. 21, 1970) it can start here and save more than two ployment. I pledge to do all that I can to Rising unemployment is more than a sta­ billion dollars. achieve these goals. (3) Defense spending not related to our tistic; it means millions of Americans anx­ THE NATION'S ECONOMY national security should be cut from the ious to work cannot find jobs. These peo­ Unemployment is up by more than 25 ple see their savings wiped out and their budget--this program that now takes 40% of your tax dollar was never intended a.s a percent in the last year. dreams shattered. Unemployment also WPA or relief program. Its purpose is our The cost of living rose by 7.6 percent in means increased costs to government the same period. through public assistance paid through your national security. Let me emphasize that taxes. programs necessary to our security deserve The wholesale price index rose during Jan­ our full and unfailing support. But there is uary at an annual rate of 8.4 percent indi­ I reject the notion that unemployment is much excess "fat" that can be cut without cating inflation through 1970 if policies are necessary to stop inflation. I believe we can compromising our national interests. This is not changed. return to "full employment" and still stop the largest part of our budget--more than Congress effected a net reduction of $5.5 Inflation by preparing the federal budget $70 billion-and thus the area where the billion in the Administration budget for the with new perspectives meaning substantial greatest cuts can be made. current fiscal year. cuts in non-essential spending. For example, proposals have been made for The prime lending rate has risen to 8.5 HIGH INTEREST RATES expansion of the Safeguard ABM system percent. But to date tight money has been the which could cost $100 billion. Yet no one Housing starts were down by 36 percent main weapon of the present Administration knows if this system will work. last year. In fighting inflation and it has not worked. There are also the problems of unnecessary The experience of usurious high interest "extras" (cost overruns-C5A) and unsound rates has been to fuel, rather than slow, in­ programs in the Defense Department (pro­ THE NATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR flation since the higher cost of borrowing grams often abandoned after billions are HIGHER EDUCATION has been passed to the consumer in the form spent-Cheyenne Helicopter). of higher prices. As far back as 1967 I joined These are just some of the many ways the with Chairman Wright Patman, of the House federal budget can be cut. So that we would HON. J. GLENN BEALL, JR. Banking and Currency Committee, in form­ devote attention to domestic needs we could OF MARYLAND direct a portion of the money saved toward: ing a committee of Congressmen to fight high IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES interest rates. We maintained our efforts to Environmental protection and pollution lower interest rates and in this session of control; Monday, March 23, 1970 Congress I introduced legislation calling on Improved education and help to offset un­ the Administration and Federal Reserve reasonably high school taxes; Mr. BEALL of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, Board to abandon the unsuccessful and self­ Rapid mass transit to finally end the LffiR a major source of concern to some of us destructive high interest rate policy. nightmare; in this body has been the manner in More and better housing; and HOME BUILDING which the resources of our colleges and An end to hunger and the elimination of universities were employed. For three In the one area in which high interest urban and rural poverty. rates have slowed the economy, the effect By ending waste in the federal budget we decades the Federal Government has has been much greater than desirable. The will have the money for programs of dire been employing the universities to do home building industry has been severely hit necessity and still accomplish a net reduction work which it wanted done. While most by the lack of mortgage money and housing in spending. This is why the "flap" over the of these projects were undeniably in the starts declined last year by 36 percent. health and education budget was shameful. national interest, the fact still remains This hits Long Island which is mostly Cutting this budget while wasting billions that this tendency has worked to divert populated by individual home owners. The elsewhere was a cynical and unnecessary af­ the academic community from pursuing situation is so desperate that veterans re­ front to the American people who need im­ turning from Vietnam cannot find mortgage proved educational fac111ties and help in pay­ excellence and reform in fields of its own money to purchase homes. ing the soaring cost of education. choosing. To control inflation and return to full em­ To correct this imbalance, President TAX SURCHARGE ployment we need: Nixon has proposed the creation of a But the beginnings of the problem go back An end to Administration wavering on the National Foundation for Higher Educa­ to the inflation of the latter years of the wage-price spiral. Instead of ignoring, as the Johnson Administration. President Johnson tion. Similar to the National Science Administration has thus far, this fundamen­ Foundation; this new Foundation would thought he could control inflation with a tax tal means of attacking inflation we must surcharge, but as we have found out the immediately study how to check the spiral. provide a Federal source for institutions hard way this is not the answer. I have introduCed legislation for a review of which wish to experiment. Besides acting I voted against the original surcharge pro­ the desirability of adion in this area. as a source of funds, the Foundation posal and have voted against it each time Reductions in federal spending as out­ would act as an organization at the high­ it was brought before the Congress. The sur­ lined above. est level concerned with the development charge has not controlled infiation and leaves Reductions in food and medical costs-the of national policy in higher education. you-the taxpayer-in the continuing unfair areas most hit by inflation. position of paying inflated prices out of a The President has announced that he A further reduction in the "discrimina­ expects to request $200 million for this deflated paycheck. tory" oil depletion allowance which protects VIETNAM WAR the special interests of the oil lobby. organization in fiscal year 1972. I am It must be noted that the main source of An end to the federal income tax sur­ sure that the higher education commu­ the original inflationary pressures in this charge. nity will welcome this long-needed cycle came from the costs of the Vietnam Six percent prime lending and home mort­ source of support from the Federal war. No matter how it is disguised there can gage rates ceiling. Government. March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9209 EXCERPTS FROM "THE ENVIRON­ With a halo of smoke and flame behind, "toltecs and aztecs had a mighty civiliza­ MENTAL HANDBOOK" the forest fires of the kali-yuga, fires caused tion on this continent but they robbed the by the stupidity of those who think things soil and wasted nature and now you have can be gained and lost whereas in tru1ih all deserts scorpions ants and centipedes and the HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. is contained vast and free in the Blue Sky deserts of the near east followed egypt and and Green Earth of One Mind; babylon and assyria and persia and rome and OF CALIFORNIA Round-bellied to show his kind nature the turk the ant is the inheritor of tamer­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and that the great earth has food enough for lane and the scorpion succeeds the caesars Monday, March 23, 1970 everyone who loves and trusts her; "america was once a paradise of timber­ Trampling underfoot wasteful freeways land and stream but it is dying because of Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. Speak­ and needless suburbs; smashing the worms the greed and money lust of a thousand lit­ er, 1 month from yesterday will be Earth of capitalism and totalitarianism; tle kings who slashed the timber all to hell Day, the first of the environmental teach­ Indicating the Task: his followers, be­ and would not be controlled and changed ins to be observed across America. coming free of cars, houses, canned food, the climate and stole the rainfall from pos­ Many of us in the Congress will be universities, and shoes, master the Three terity and it wont be long now it wont be Mysteries of their own Body, Speech, and long till everything is a desert from the al­ participating in the various activities Mind; and fearlessly chop down the rotten leghenies to the rockies the deserts are com­ planned for April 22. Recently, Ballan­ trees and prune out the sick limbs of this ing the deserts are spreading the springs tine Books published a valuable guide­ country America and then burn the leftover and streams are drying up one day the mis­ book of research material dealing with trash. sissippi itself will be a bed of sand ants environmental quality issues and per­ Wrathful but Calm, Austere but Comic, and scorpions and centipedes shall inherit spectives. The book was edited by Gar­ Smokey the Bear Will Illuminate those who the earth rett De Bell, and I commend him on his would help him; but for those who would "men talk of money and industry of hard fine choice of articles. hinder or slander him, he Will put them out. times and recoveries of finance and eco­ Thus his great Mantra: Namah samanta nomics but the ants wait and the scorpions After reading "The Environmental vajranam chanda maharoshana Sphataya wait for while men talk they are making Handbook" I have picked out a number hum traka ham mam. deserts all the time getting the world ready of the articles which I feel are extremely "I dedicate myself to the universal dia­ for the conquering ant drought and erosion helpful and I plan to insert them into the mond be this raging fury destroyed." and desert because men cannot learn RECORD over the next few days. Today, as And he Will proteot those who love woods "rainfall passing off in flood and freshet an introduction, I am inserting three and rivers, Gods and animals, hobos and and carrying good soU with it because there madmen, prisoners and sick people, musi­ are no longer forests to withhold the water pieces on the meaning of ecology. The cians, playful women, and hopeful children; articles follow: in the billion meticulations of the roots And if anyone is threatened by advertis­ "it wont be long now it wont be long till THE MEANING OF ECOLOGY ing, air pollution, or the police, they should earth is barren as the moon and sapless as I . SMOKEY THE BEAR SUTRA chant "Smokey the Bear's Spell: Drown a mumbled bone Their Butts, Crush Their Butts, Drown "dear boss I relay this information Without Once in the Jurassic, about 150 million Their Butts, Crush Their Butts." years ago, the Great Sun Buddha in this cor­ any fear that humanity will take warning And Smokey the Bear will surely appear and reform signed archy ." ner of the Infinite Void gave a great Dis­ to put the enemy out with his vajra-shovel. course to all the assembled elements and Now those who recite this Sutra and then lli. THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEACH-IN: RENE DUBOS energies: to the standing beings, the walk­ try to put it in practice will accumulate The world is too much with us. We know ing beings, the flying beings, and the sitting merit as countless as the sands of Arizona this intuit-ively. But our social and economic beings-even grasses, to the number of thir­ and Nevada. institutions seem unable to come to grips teen billion, each one born from a seed, were Will help save the planet Earth from total assembled there: a Discourse concerning En­ With this awareness. The most they do is to oil slick, appoint blue-ribbon committees and orga­ lightenment on the planet Earth. Will enter the age of harmony of man and nize symposia which endlessly restate what "In some future time, there Will be a con­ nature, everybody knows in a turgid prose that no­ tinent called America. It Will have great cen­ Will Win the tender love and caresses ot body reads and that leads to no action. ters of power called such as Pyramid Lake, men, women, and beasts Walden Pond, Mt. Rainier, Big Sur, Ever­ I do not believe that the environmental Wlll always have ripe blackberries to eat teach-in Will provide new insight or factual glades and so forth; and powerful rivers and and a sunny spot under a pine tree to sit at, channels such as Columbia River, Mississippl knowledge, but I do hope that it Will help And in the end wm Win highest perfect alert public opinion to the immediacy of the River, the Grand Canyon. The human race enlightenment. Thus have we heard. in that era will get into troubles all over its ecologic crisis. The teach-in should point to head, and practically wreck everything in II. FROM THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ARCHY AND action programs that can be developed now spite of its own intelligent Buddha nature." MEHITABEL: DON MARQUIS in each particular community. It should try "The twisting strata of the great moun­ "dear boss i was talking with an ant the also to define the areas of concern where tains and the pulsings of great volcanoes are other day and he handed me a lot of gossip knowledge is inadequate for effective action, my love burning deep in the earth. My ob­ which ants the world around are chewing but could be obtained by pointed research. I stinate compassion is schist and basalt and among themselves know that many scientists and technologists granite, to be mountains, to bring down the "i pass it on to you in the hope that you would welcome a form of public pressure rain. In that future American Era I shall may relay it to other human beings and that would provide them With the oppor­ enter a new form: to cure the world of love­ hurt their feelings with it tunity to work on problems of social im­ less knowledge that seeks With blind hunger; "no insect likes human beings and if you portance. and mindless rage eating food that wtll not think you can see why the only reason i The colossal inertia and rigidity-if not in­ flllit." tolerate you is because you seem less human dtlference---o! social and academic institu­ And he showed himself in his true form of to me than most of them tions makes it unlikely that they wm develop Smokey the Bear. "here is what they are saying effective programs of action or research fo­ A handsome smokey-colored brown bear "it wont be long now it wont be long cused on environmental problems. Two kinds standing on his hind legs, shoWing that he man is making deserts on the earth it wont of events, however, may catalyze and accele­ is aroused and watchful. be long now before man will have used it rate the process. One is some ecological catas­ Bearing in his right paw the Shovel that up so that nothing but ants and centipedes trophe that Will alarm the public and thus digs to the truth beneath appearances; cuts and scorpions can find a living on it bring pressure on the social, economic, and the roots of useless attachments, and flings "man has oppressed us for a million years academic establishments. Another more at­ damp sand on t-he fires of greed and war; but he goes on steadily cutting the ground tractive possibility is the emergence of a His left paw in the Mudra of Comradely from under his own feet making deserts grassroots movement, powered by romantic Display-indicating that all creatures have deserts deserts emotion as much as by factual knowledge, the full right to live to their limits and "we ants remember and have it all recorded that Will give form and strength to the latent that deer, rabbits, chipmunks, snakes, in our tribal lore when gobi was a paradise public concern With environmental quality. dandelions, and lizards all grow in the realm swarming with men and rich in human pros­ Because students are vigorous, informed, and of the Dharma; perity it is a desert now and the home of stm uncommitted to vested interests, they Wearing the blue work overalls symbolic scorpions ants and centipedes constitute one of the few groups in our so­ of slaves and laborers, the countless men "what man calls civilization always results ciety that can act as spearheads of this grass­ oppressed by civiliZation that claims to save in deserts man is never on the square he roots movement. I wish I were young enough but only destroys; uses up the fat and greenery of the earth to be a really effective participant in the En­ each generation wastes a little more of the vironmental Teach-In and to proclaim in Wearing the broad-brimmed hat of the action rather than in words my faith that West, symbolic of the forces that guard the future With greed and lust for riches. Wilderness, which is the Natural State of "north africa was once a garden spot and GNP and technological efficiency are far less the Dharma and the True Path of man on then came carthage and rome and despoiled important than the quality of the organic earth; all true paths lead through moun­ the storehouse and now you have sahara world and the suitability of the environment tains- sahara ants and centipedes for a truly human life. 9210 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 VIETNAM for hand grenades from children and women For forty thousand soldiers had come here and also rifle fire from women. and died, They also furnish information to the And now they were home in the ground side HON. JOHN H. DENT enemy at night. Now they want to try our by side, OF PENNSYLVANIA boys for murder and I plead with you Con­ Three hundred sixty-five days, that was my gressmen and Senators to never let these tour, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES trials take place. I just read in the paper To live or to die in this terrible war. Monday, March 23, 1970 yesterday where they are holding 6 marines And as I sit and write with my pen in hand, for the murder of 18 civilians. To me it seems I pray for world peace throughout the whole Mr. DENT. Mr. Speaker, Mr. and Mrs. we are fighting one of the most ruthless land. Luther Palmer, of Greensburg, Pa., two enemies in the world with spies all around old and dear friends, have given me per­ our American soldiers who will kill you with mission to share with you and our col­ the blink of an eye and we are supposed to fight and die against them with kid gloves. CATFISH FARMING, A NEW leagues their memories of SP4 Larry Dale LIVESTOCK Palmer a beloved grandson. Young Larry If dropping a couple of Hydrogen bombs or missiles on them would stop wind, rules of good management and custodial counter was Sept 19 when the Americans lost And it seemed God was angered at this world 4 men killed and 13 wounded, and the Viet­ that had sinned. treatment. nams lost 4 killed. Then came the fateful day For war was the thing that had spread For example, the agriculture experts at of Feb. 20th when one unit was being cut through the land, Texas A. & M. Extension Service are down by enemy fire and a call came in for From the steaming hot jungles to far distant ready to take the wraps off the plans help and that is when my Grandson's group sands. to went to the rescue and that is when he was increase the income from Texas farm shot through the head and was killed. And at night in my tent I would sit and products $1 billion within just a few would pray, All told 14 men were killed and 29 wound­ years: their goal in billions of dollars is ed. There was only two of his squad of 12 That God would grant life for just one more "3.76 in 1976." that was left and the other 10 was new re­ day. To do this, they are counting heavily placements. I wrote a letter to the lone one For we were the heros who would set these on the growth of catfish farming. If the and if I don't receive a reply from him, then people free, But the whole idea seemed kind of funny A. & M. predictions ring true, catfish I know that he was killed also. It will take in at least 12 days to receive a reply from him to me. farming Texas will reach the present providing he gets a chance to write if he is To stop communist aggression, that was our income levels of our long-established still alive. Then they are faced with the chil­ goal, and profitable poultry business by 1976, dren and women situation. Those villages are But the price we were paying was a terrible or much sooner. This represents well over supposed to be peaceful people but watch toll. 100 million new dollars. EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9211 Let me immediately dispel any theo­ year. We also know of several ponds that because it has high volume springs of cold rists who might tag me as an authority. have been converted to catfish from minnows. water. It will grow more than 4 million These new and converted waters have not pounds this year. The South, which is not I am no expert on catfish farming. How­ been included in our summary. We know usually considered a trout-producting area, ever, I can appreciate those who would that fish farming in the South is growing will produce close to 3 million pounds. Cold break new ground. To do this, let me more rapidly than one can keep up with it. water springs with constant temperatures introduce into the FtECORD the remarks Catfish farming is also growing in other suitable for trout production are in Ala­ of a distinguished and knowledgeable states such as Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, bama, Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, man in this field, Mr. Olan Dillon, the and California. Results of our survey of the and Tennessee. The balance of trout produc­ regional biologist for the Fort Worth of­ major catfish producing states are listed in tion comes from the northern and western fice of the Soil Conservation Service. I table 1. states. A new development is the production of Fish-out ponds are important markets for include his remarks summarizing the fish channel catfish in raceways. Tennessee has trout, especially in the South. Another paper farming outlook: close to 13,000 feet of raceways this year and on this program covers the way that many SUMMARY OF COMMERCIAL FISH FARMING IN Georgia has about 10,000 feet. Production privat e land owners and operators develop THE UNITED STATES to date has been about 2,000 pounds of fish their cold water resources. How the trout (By Olan W. Dillon, Jr., regional biologist, in each 100 feet of raceways. There are indi­ farming business expands, however, is based Soil Conservation Service, Fort Worth, cations that production may go as high as on the availability of cold water springs, im­ Tex.) 3,000 pounds per 100 feet as operators gain proved efficiency of operation, new tech­ Producing fish in agricultural water is more experience in this technique. This niques, and market promotions. America's newest livestock industry. While method of culture depends on high volumes Another agricultural product of particu­ many agricultural products are faced with of water to be practical. lar interest since we are meeting here in surpluses, crop allotment systems, and price A lot of research is being carried on at the New Orleans, is the crawfish industry. regulations, fish is a crop whose production present time to grow channel catfish in Louisiana produces 3 million pounds of this knows no surplus, no acreage controls, and baskets. Some Georgia farmers see enough gourmet food on 6,000 acres of farmland. no price regulations and commands a good future in this method of culture that they This is in addition to a sizeable industry market image and a sale price. Fish farm­ have close to 200,000 catfish on feed in that takes crawfish from the bayous, swamps ing, especially for warm water fish, serves baskets at this time. This method makes pos­ and other natural waters. conservation purposes by retaining water in sible the use of water areas such as gravel In the time allotted, we wB.l not try to farmiing areas, helps to control erosion, and pits, large lakes, floodwater-retarding struc­ cover all business generated by fish farmers, uses land often too wet for field crops. tures, farm ponds, or other bodies of water such as heavy equipment, nets, cheinicals, Fish farming in the United States is where harvesting fish is difficult or impossible. etc., but we will mention the feed business. carried on with more kinds of fish that Oatfish fingerling production has almost Channel catfish are the leading consumers most people realize. Some of these are bait doubled in one year. Meyer (ibid) estimated of feed. Using my estimate of 32,000 acres in minnows, buffalo-fish, carp, catfish, trout, 1,600 acres in 1968. Our estimate for 1969 channel catfish and a production of 1200 bass, bluegills, and crayfish. Studies are un­ is 3,000 acres. Three thousand acres of water pounds per 8/Cre, 38 Inillion pounds of fish derway to adapt to pond culture, estuarine, in fingerling production may well produce would be produced. Using a realistic feed and salt water species including shrimp, oy­ 100 million fingerling catfish. How many conversion ratio of 2.0 pounds of feed for sters, mussels, pompano, and others. The fingerlings will be produced will not be known each pound of flesh, catfish consume 72 Inil­ largest poundage of fish produced, however, until this fall. In fact more acreage may be lion pounds of feed or 36,000 tons. At the is in channel catfish, bait minnows and put in fingerling production because at the current price of $100 per ton, feed sales then trout. time this paper was written the spawning would amourrt to 3.6 Inillion. Again, no pub­ Interest in fish farming is so widespread season was just getting into full swing. The lic (state or federal) agency feed require­ and intense that obtaining reliable estimates fingerlings produced in 1969 will be the fish ments are included in this figure. of the acreage of ponds and the pounds of stocked in the spring of 1970 to produce food Trout are next in feed consumption. AgaJn, fish produced by fish farmers is difficult. We fish in the fall and winter of 1970. Data given a.ssuming 2.0 feed conversion, easily obtoain­ found such a wide variance in both acre­ in this paper do not include production by able by a good fish farmer, the thirteen mil­ age and pounds that we decided to make a state or federal hatcheries. lion pounds produced this year consume survey through the field offices of the Soil What about markets for the 40 million 13,000 tons of feed. At $200 per ton, trout Conservation Service. The Soil Conservation pounds of channel catfish now being pro­ farming uses more than 2.5 million dollars worth of feed. Service assists over 3,000 soil conservation duced? So far all the fish produced have districts and maintains a staff of professional moved into such markets as fish-out ponds, Minnows are fed on a much less intensive technicians in virtually every county in the scale than catfish or trout. Meyer (ibid) onfarm sales, local sales, processing plants, states that many f,armers use a fertilization Nation. Technical assistance in soils, en­ and franchise and other restaurants. Mr. gineering ,and biology is provided to fish progl'lam to encourage natural food and pro­ Walter Jones on this program will more vide manufacctured feed as a supplement. farmers the same as for other agricultural adequately cover the marketing aspects of enterprises. Because SCS is working in this Feed costs range from $25.00 to $250.00 per this subject. acre per year, with most farmers in the lower field we can find out about the fish farm­ Minnow culture began in the United States range. Dr. Meyer estimated that if 7 pounds ing activities in a county although we may in the early 1900's. It now ranks number not be working with every fish farmer. The of feed per acre per day were used for a 210- two in acreage of water devoted to fish day growing season, feed consumption for figures given in this paper are the result farming. It is losing ground; Meyer (ibid) of this survey. 24,000 acres would be 16,800 tons. At a price estimated the 1968 production as just under of $95.00 per ton, minnow feed sales totaled Channel catfish, the former stripling of 24,000 acres whereas our survey showed a the fish farming industry, has become the 1.6 million dollars in 1968. little more than 20,000 acres in minnow pro­ Al·though there has been a cutback in giant. Methods presently being used to grow . duction. channel catfish were virtually unknown in minnow farms in 1969, there is still a good Arkansas has the largest acreage in min­ demand for bait for recreation fis:h.ing. 1960. In April 1969, land owners and oper­ nows. They grow mostly golden shiners, al­ ators planned to have more than 32,000 acres Many problems remain to be solved espe­ though other kinds are grown. Production cially with catfish. Oxygen depletion con­ (30,000 in the Sout h} in food fish production usually averages 500 pounds or more per and will produce close to 40 million pounds tinues to plague producers as do parasites acre; thus more than 10 million pounds and diseases. Badly needed chemicals must this year. Another 3,000 acres or so are in of minnows will be produced this year. These channel catfish fingerling production. be cleared with the Food and Drug Admin­ fish farmers run a large and efficient busi­ istration either by the manufacturer or by To show how rapidly catfish farming is ness. They can compete favorably in price a public agency so that fish farmers can growing, Dr. Fred Meyer* estimated that ap­ and quality anywhere in the United States have the disease control tools t hey need. Re­ proximately 24,000 acres were producing food­ because they apply modern techniques of search in feed.s and feeding methods already size fish and another 1,600 acres were pro­ growing, handling, harvesting and hauling underway need to be expanded. There is a ducing fingerlings. Our April 1969 estimate fish. lot to be learned about basket culture, race­ showed that food fish production is up 33 per­ A new development in minnow farming way production of channel catfish, pr:acctical cent over 1968. Since the survey was made we is the stocking of 100 or so channel catfish methods of using air to prevent oxygen know of several hundred acres of new water in minnow ponds. The catfish grow well and shortages, and many other things. being used and some conversion from min­ have little effect on the pounds of minnows The fish farmer associations in both trout nows to catfish. One company, recently orga­ produced. and catfish have a tremendous job a.head in nized, has put in 300 acres of ponds this Trout farming began in the United States consumer education, market promotion and year and plans to have 1,000 acres by fall. "in" or "about" 1853 and has had a long keeping a steady 12-month supply of fish. A second company plans to have at least and colorful history. Fish farmers will grow Processors must develop a wide variety of 1,600 acres of water in production by next around 13 million pounds of trout this year. products t hat attract both wholesale and re­ Again I remind you that this figure indi­ tail outlets. *Meyer, Fred P. 1968. Commercial fish pro­ cates the number of fish being produced by The fish farming industry has made tre­ duction in the U.S. and its relation to the private enterprise and does not include fish mendous strides in the past few yea.rs. I am feed industry. Animal Nutrition Research produced by state or federal agencies. confident that it will solve the ·many prob­ Council, Washington, D.C., Ootober 17, 1968. Idaho leads in pounds of trout produced lems aJhead. 9212 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 Mr. Speaker, there is much more to be taught vary according to the needs of chamber" and the "bay of smokes", I feel said about the new potential offered by the particular area's economy. Thus, that more appropriate actions be taken catfish farming. To paraphrase an angry ORT students get the greatest oppor­ against offenders of the air we breathe and constituent who once wrote a poignant tunity for employment. the moral code of "live and let live." If air pollution is further allowed to con­ letter to Sam Houston, "You'll hear more ORT helps to build underdeveloped tinue in Los Angeles, this city will truly be from me when I am ready." economies and to man the industries of the "city of angels." free countries striving to keep pace with Our class has participated in investigating technological advances. Acknowledging the problem of air and water pollution. We this help, the U.N. and some two dozen have learned of the history of pollution. Many CRT-ORGANIZATION FOR RE­ countries

JOHN MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL, Congressman can work together to get rid Our coast was the scene of the Union 01.1 Los Angeles, Calif., February 4, 1970. of this awful menace. Company oil leak last January. on spills in Mr. BROWN, Yours truly, coastal waters add up to two hundred and Federal Office Building, WILLIAM QUAN. eighty-four million gallons of sp1lled oil Los Angeles, Cali/. every year. That is enough to coat a beach DEAR MR. BROWN: Statistics show that in JOHN MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL, twenty feet wide with a half inch layer of about ten years all life on the planet earth Los Angeles, Calif., February 4, 1970. all for eight thousand, six hundred and will perish from lack of clean air and water. Mr. BROWN, thirty-three miles. Also the pollution of How does it feel to know that your grand­ Federal Office Building, lakes, streams and rivers should be elimi­ children may never live to remember you? Los Angeles, Calif. nated unless we would like to see them as I do not take kindly to the idea of knoWing DEAR MisTER BROWN: The letter I now future quagmires and, marshlands. These my children may not live to be four years write to you concerns smog. I am quite tired quagmires and marshlands would be possible old. Is the manufacturing of automobiles so of seeing dirty air. Of the many letters writ­ prey for lodging harmful infections and such very necessary that it may completely destroy ten to you on smog, mine will be different. I that might be harmful to anima.ls and the population of our planet? What good will offer no solutions of the far-fetched nature, plants. a 450 cubic inch, V-8, super-charged engine, a huge fan to blow the smog away, or the In such cases as sewage, there are tertiary :filled with F-310 do for a corpse. I, along junking of all our cars. A fan would not work plants which could be built. with my classmates implore you to propose as the smog would eventually come back. As The air is being filled with more than stricter legislation against car emissions plus bad as cars are, it beats walking. The only eight hundred m1111on tons of pollutants per factory wastes and all other major forms of forseeable solution I can offer you, would year. You, yourself, must be aware of how poll,ution, including all the hot air rising be to put heavy pressure on the auto indus­ polluted the air is in California. If not, take out of the Congress building. try. Quite possibly this would have no effect, a drive some morning up to Bee Rock, Grif­ Chokingly (cough! cough!) yours, as the conglomerate auto industry has be­ fith Park above Los Feliz Blvd. in Los An­ GARY KARAPETIAN. come too powerful. As I have no voice ex­ geles. You should plan to arrive there at cept that of a worried student, I depend on about sun rise to see the ugly reddish-brown JOHN MARSHALL HIGH, you and the other government officials for cloud hanging above and in Los Angeles. Los Angeles, Calif., February 5, 1970. my future. Being that you are running for To get an even better view of our polluted air Mr. GEORGE BROWN, office, what you say on the behalf of the as you are driving up into Angeles National Federal Office Building, people may only be to enhance you with Forest look down upon the cities. You have Los Angeles, Calif. the public. I quite literally am placing my to be an extremely lucky person with good DEAR CoNGRESSMAN BRowN: It seems to future well-being in your hands and those vision to see the cities through the smog. me that you are a sensible man. You would of the elected government officials. My English class was given an assignment not 1n:ft1ct an injury upon yourself or let Yours very truly, to choose a problem of the past decade. As any other harm come to you, that is, if you MICHAEL CHEN. you can tell, I chose pollution and so did can help it. But one problem concerns me: practically half of the class because they the problem of pollution. Pollution is the Los ANGELES, CALIF. felt that it was important. My class' assign­ real killer. It creeps up slowly, and perhaps Mr. GEORGE E. BROWN, ment is to do or try to do something about invisibly at :first, and destroys living beings. House of Representatives, pollution. We would llke to know if there The reason I am writing you this letter iS Federal Office Building, is any way that thirty-six students can help to ask you for some help. The students of my Los Angeles, Calif. in trying to achieve our goal? English class and myself are concerned with DEAR MR. BRowN: Through a recent inun­ Sincerely, the ever increasing problem of pollution. Our dation of reports in my English Class I have JACQUOT HOYT. class as a whole is not very in:ftuential In become concerned about pollution in the politics and other matters and is not yet United States. I have done a little bit of JOHN MARSHALL HIGH, powerful enough to attempt to cope with research on the subject and have been ap­ Los Angeles, Calif., February 5, 1970. this problem. That is why I am writing to palled at what I have found. Something Mr. BROWN, you. If you have any suggestions, or would must be done! I'm sick and tired of hearing Federal Office Building, like to help us personally, then I would be a lot of double-talk on why solutions are Los Angeles, Calif. very grateful for your time and effort. Please not practical or too expensive. After all is DEAR MR. BROWN: Each day our llves are contact me if you are interested. anything too expensive for our lives? Solu­ being shortened to the extent that people Cordially yours, tions must be found. today will die years ahead of their otherwise YOURY KORINEC. Everyone is apathetic when it comes to lengthy life spans. Smog, oil, trash, and other P.S.-You may contact or write me through work but they sure do complain. . . . I pollutants contribute to the termination of John Marshall High School. would like to know what you and Congress all earth life. These relatively basic facts are a.re doing to solve this dilemma. Also, I but a few among the many uncovered by our JOHN MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL, would like to know what I can personally do, tenth grade English class. Through research Los Angeles, Calif., February 6, 1970. if even in a small way, to combat pollution. and reports recently done, we have become Congressman GEORGE BROWN, I'm sick and tired of breathing polluted air, alarmingly aware of the horrifying predica­ Federal Building, drinking polluted water, and eating food ment which we now face: Extermination Los Angeles, Calif. with DDT on it. by pollution! In order to prevent this DEAR MR. BROWN: Our tenth grade English Yours very truly, immediate problem stricter anti-pollution class here at John Marshall High School has GARY R. EDWARDS. laws must be established and enforced now. recently been discussing problems we now This we believe you can do. However we want face and we are deeply concerned over the JOHN MARSHALL HIGH ScHOOL, more: rise of air pollution. After much discussion Los Angeles, Calif., February 5, 1970. (1) We want to know what we can do both on the subject, your name was mentioned as Mr. BROWN, as a group and also as individuals. We are a prominent citizen and politician fighting Federal Office Building, willing to work for the preserva.tion of a.ll against the air pollution. There are many Los Angeles, Calif. habitation on the surface of the earth ... people who are against this problem but DEAR Sm: I'm a student from John Mar­ specifically, our own! not many people are willing to do anything shall High School and I have done some (2) We also want to know just exactly about it. I think it was very nice of you for research on air and water pollution for an what you are now doing about this as well sending around the survey post cards speak­ English assignment. As you probably know as whatever plans you have made for action ing out against the ail! pollution and many the world population is increasing year by in the near future. other problems. year. If the rising population rate continues Please inform us of the above. We shall be My views on this subject is that we need the world population will rise from an esti­ awaiting your reply, as any and all help you tighter laws on the smog producing cars and mated three point six blllion to at least can render will be much appreciated. jets. Even though the gasoline cars are going four point three billion, ten years from now. Moot Sincerely, to be banned by 1975, we may not be able The United States now has two hundred VICKI BOLLER. to live that long. Cars and jets, I feel, are and four million people which is a fourteen mostly responsible for the air pollution !n per cent growth rate during the past decade. Los Angeles, Calif. our skies. Another contributor to air pollu­ By 1980 the Census Bureau estima.tes that Mr. BROWN, tion are the factories. The factories should the United States will have at least two Federal Office Building, be forced to find a way to filter out the black hundred and twenty-:ftve m1llion people and Los Angeles, Calif. smoke and harmful chemicals before it en­ perhaps two hundred and fifty m1llion. How DEAR MR. BRowN: I am a student of John ters the air. From our discussion, I feel these will the earth feed its rising population Marshall High School. I have just completed are the most important points we have dis­ when it is being polluted? a report on pollution for my English class. I cussed. Many people think that the vast bodies was horrified! The three and a half mUllan I hope you can send to me your views on of water covering three fourths of the earth gallons of crude petroleum in the Santa Bar­ the subject and give me some suggestions will help feed the future population. This bara Channel, the smog we breath everyday, on how my classmates and I can help to rid will be very hard to do especially since the and the fear of another ice age has moved this problem. Maybe you and your fellow water is being polluted. me to action. I am writing to protest the 9214 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 wastes we pour into our environment. If we Los ANGELES, CALIF., JOHN MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL, do not try to clean our land we will die by February 5, 1970. Los Angeles, Calif., Febr uary 5, 1970. 1980! I know you can not wave your hand Mr. GEORGE BROWN, Mr. GEORGE BROWN, and all pollution will be gone, but you are Federal Office Bu'ilding, Federal Office Buildi ng, my representative in Congress, the one who Los Angeles, Cali f. Los Angeles, Calif. can introduce legislation on stopping pollu­ DEAR MR. BROWN: I am writing to you be­ DEAR MR. BROWN: Recently, in our English tion. I know of your interest from the ques­ cause I have heard that you are concerned class at John Marshall High School, we did tionaires you have sent out. I want you to with the current problem of pollution. a series of reports concerning the problems know of my concern for this world, this I am a high school student and recently that faced the sixties. (And in some cases, the country, and my children. my English class did reports on pollution problems that are still facing us.) An Yours truly, and other disconcerting issues. abundant amount of reports were centered BEVERLY QUON. The statistics I heard on the problem of on air pollution. I have become alarmed pollution were literally terrifying. Such after hearing what has happened and what JOHN MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL, statements as "pollution is killing hundreds is happening to our air. It seems as though Los Angeles, Calif., February 6, 1970. of people each year, and "pollution is mak­ it is impossible (or almost impossible) to help Congressman GEORGE BROWN, ing our waterways uninhabitable", and "pol­ curb this problem by cracking down on Federal Office Building, lution will eventually destroy mankind" General Motors. I am sure that they are Los Angeles, Calif. really impressed me. These warnings are but " quite" aware of what is happening; and DEAR MR. BROWN: Among the many letters a few among many and I am gravely con­ that they are already working on a solution. that you receive each day how many are con­ cerned about this disasterous problem. But yet, the automobile is the main source cerned with the problem of air pollution? Please send me data showing what is being of pollution in our air. What other means of With continuous warnings and predictions done to curt ail pollution and include, if you attack is there? Even though in some cases that pollution will be the death of us all, will, suggestions as to what I can do to help it seems impossible, I would like to say that pressure to stop air pollution must surely stop pollution. I may be but a "drop of water I am behind your "anti-pollution" movement be great. in a bucket," but I feel that "every little 100% . Because of my interest, I would like to I am a student at John Marshall High drop counts". request that you inform me if there is any­ School and this too is a letter concerning the I shall be most appreciative of a reply from thing I can do to help with this campaign present condition of our precious air. you concerning this important matter. against pollution. Thank you very much. A few years ago there were many popular Yours truly, Yours Very Truly, jokes about Los Angeles' smog. A comedian DEXTER \VILLIAMS. SUZANNE RAIMOND. could always get an assured laugh by telling one. Today no one would think of joking Los ANGELES, CALIF., about such a serious matter. For the future JOHN MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL, February 5, 1970. tomorrows, there may be nothing left to Los Angeles, Calif., February 7, 1970. GEORGE E. BROWN, think about or nothing left even to think. It Mr. GEORGE BROWN, House of Representatives, is hoped that you are not still laughing. Federal Office Building, Federal Office Building, This is not meant to be an insulting letter Los Angeles Calif. Los Angeles, Calif. condemning you but a plea, an inquiry, a DEAR MR. BROWN: I am one hundred per­ DEAR CONGRESSMAN BROWN: I have received complaint even a suggestion to act now in cent behind you in your fight against en­ one of your survey cards on pollution. this serious situation. The future looks very vironmental pollution. If more of the people Therefore, I am under the impression that depressing and discouraging when people do in office were as concerned as you are about you would like to do something about pollu­ not care enough to save their environment, pollution perhaps we could win the battle tion. This prompted some of my classmates their lives, children and future. You have against it. Many concerned citizens may be and me to write to you, requesting that you been given the authority to do what I as one reluctant in believing that you are sincere and your fellow congressmen, if at all pos­ individual cannot. I urge you to use this in your fight against pollution because this sible, do something about solving the pollu­ power and help. is an election year and many politicians tion problem. So far we have heard a lot of Mr. Brown, What I am asking is, what can have used similar campaign tactics. If you talk, but have seen very few results. May I and will you do anything about the present could send me information on what you are remind you that your lives are also in danger problem of air pollution? doing to combat pollution I believe that I of pollution. Sincerely, could honestly campaign for you in the up­ Our food crops are being destroyed by PAMELA WONG. coming election. smog, every year people die of smog, our I particularly am concerned about air pol­ waterways are unsafe for recreation, or con­ JOHN MARSHALL HIGH ScHOOL, lution and would like to know what I can sumption, animals are dying by the thou­ Los Angeles, Calif., February 5, 1070. do to help fight it. I feel that clean air is sands, and American women have twice as Mr. BROWN, man's most urgent demand on his environ­ much D.D.T. in their breast milk as is al­ ment. He can go without food for weeks lowed in the shipment of cow's milk for Federal Office Building, and without water for days, but he can only Los Angeles, Calif. human consumption. DEAR MR. BROWN: I am a high school stu­ hold his breath for a minute or two, then There is no need for thds sir! So in behalf dent at John Marshall High. Our tenth grade he must breathe even if it kills him, as it of the world, we urge you and your col­ class did individual reports on important sometimes does. leagues in Washington to take some feasible problems that are affecting us and have been I think that sending out questionnaires action against pollution. affecting us in the past decade. These reports was an excellent idea because it finally gives I would like to have some information were done orally. The majority of the stu­ people a chance to voice their opinions on concerning what the government is doing to dents did their reports on air and water pol­ pollution. Once again, I would like to thank fight pollution, and what I can do to help. lution. They gave interesting and accurate you for your efforts in combating pollution. Yours truly, statistics. Yours Very Truly, DONALD LA FONTAINE. I have come to believe that the people who RICHARD MANDL. can do something about this problem are Los ANGELES, CALIF., going to wait until it becomes so bad that it JOHN MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL, February 5, 1970. will be impossible to improve it. The reason Los Angeles, Calif., February 7, 1970. Hon. GEORGE BROWN, for this that they don't want to spend too Mr. GEORGE BROWN, House Office Building, much money. An example of this is the new Federal Office Building Washington, D.C. gasoline called F310, produced by the Chev­ Los Angeles, Calif. DEAR MR. BROWN: Pollution is gradually ron Company. It is said that it reduces the DEAR MR. BROWN: As a student of John killing every one of the people on this earth. black smoke in the air and therefore makes Marshall High School, my tenth grade English It has already been shown that smog aids in the air cleaner. It has been brought to the class has done several series of reports. Con­ the cause of respiratory diseases and de­ attention of our class that this "improved" cerning the gerat many problems of the creases the normal life expectancy. Pollu­ gasoline is not purified but merely has the sixties, and some which are still affecting tion of our waterways destroys the wildlife addition of detergents. It is said that this United States now. A great many people that is so vital to our existence. Many peo­ addition produces chemicals that are more wrote on Air Pollution. Soon our air, will be ple have talked of stopping pollution, but poisonous to us even though they can't be impossible to breath. I feel that by cracking little significant action has been taken. seen. down on General Motors, and the other car Laws should be more specific in governing It is obvious that something must be done manufacturers, we could clean, or at least the disposal methods of the large factories about the problem. It must be a drastic cut down on Pollution in our Air. The auto­ and plants that produce so much waste. The improvement despite the cost. mobile is the main reason for air pollution. laws should be pulled tight around the I am very interested and concerned With So if there were some campaign, I would be necks of car manufacturers, forcing them to the problem and w111 be happy to do what I for this a great deal. I am behind your cam­ replace the internal combustion engine that can to improve it, though, as only one person, paign one hundred percent. Would it be at pollutes our air with a more sensible and it would probably be very little. However, I all possible to let me have more information safer engine, such as the steam turbine or would rather do all I can than just sit on your Anti-Smog Campaign . . . Thank electric engine. The offshore drilling com­ around and talk about it. You. panies should be made to stop their drilling Yours truly, Yours Very Truly, completely. The new super-jets, in which PAULA HARVEY. DENISE ORTEGO. one engine produces pollutants equal to March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9215 those of 100 cars, should be rigidly re­ It was pointed out that all living matter of we are well into our last great frontier, stricted. the earth will soon die within 10 years of we will be able to look back upon, and My classmates and I have done rather ex­ pollution. In order to prevent this, we must appreciate the efforts of ALTON LENNON tensive research on pollution in general and act now! The headlines of today show that on specific problems of pollution. We be­ Congress is now bringing the problem up, and the members of his subcommittee lleve that something should be done now yet no acbion has taken place. with true understanding and apprecia­ because tomorrow may be too late. Many solutions were presented to the prob­ tion. The significance of his contribu­ Very truly yours. lem and the solution that I felt was very ef­ tions will become clearer as time ad­ MARTHA REDEKER. fective was to set new laws to regulate com­ vances. And yet, he has managed this bustion in the automobiles and in our grow­ great contribution without once over­ JOHN MARSHALL HIGH, ing industries. looking the needs of the citizens of his Los Angeles, Calif., February 5, 1970. With these measures taken, we will be able Mr. BROWN, to rapidly decrease the invisibility that we district, whom he has represented so Federal Office Building, now experience and smog alert will become scrupulously over these many years. The Los Angeles, Calif. extinct. residents of the Seventh District of DEAR CONGRESSMAN BROWN: In the 50,000 Please consider these solutions at your next North Carolina can take great pride that years that we homo sapiens have inhabited session at Congress. they are represented by one of the most this earth, we have manged to contribute Yours truly, able and conscientious men in the Con­ more to the ultimate end of life than all ROSANNE MAEHARA. gress today. other organisins in the previous 1.6 billion The plaque presented to AL LENNON combined. Our continuous interference with nature's balance has placed us in a position by the National Oceanography Associ­ where unless we take fast, radical steps, all A WELL-DESERVED TRffiUTE TO ation by the association president, Dr. life will have ceased to exist by the end of CONGRESSMAN LENNON Thomas Barrow of Houston, read as fol­ the decade. Recently, as the result of an lows: English assignment, I became aware and ex­ HON. EDWARD A. GARMATZ The National Oceanography Association, tremely concerned with my fate and that Board of Directors, Oceanography Man of the of future generations. Personally, I would OF MARYLAND Year Award, Congressman ALTON LENNON, like to see the arrival of the next century. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Chairman, Subcommittee on Oceanography, Wouldn't you? Monday, March 23, 1970 Cominittee on Merchant Marine and Fish­ As a government official, I'm sure that you eries, U.S. House of Representatives could provide me with the following infor­ Mr. GARMATZ. Mr. Speaker, I was For outstanding service to the oceanog­ mation: pleased recently to take part in recog­ raphy community and the citizens of the (1) What the nation is doing about this United States during the last decade, cul­ problem of survival. nizing the outstanding service rendered to the Congress and the Nation by our Ininating during 1969 in hearings on the (2) What you, as a representative of the report of the Commission on Marine Science, people, are doing or trying to do to prevent respected colleague, ALTON LENNON, of Engineering and Resources pursuant to leg­ us from extinction. North Carolina. islation he was instrumental in enacting in (3) What my classmates and I can do to On February 24, 1970, the gentleman 1966. help. from North Carolina (Mr. LENNON) was Oongressman Alton Lennon's legislative Be specific, please. (Names of organiza­ presented the first "Oceanography Man work to advance oceanography in the United tions and people that could use our help, as of the Year" award by the National States has been in the highest tradition of well as people to whom we could protest.) the U.S. Congress. Response would be much appreciated. I Oceanography Association, a citizens' believe that it is time for action; enough has group with members from industry, sci­ Officers and directors of the associa­ been said. After all, we DON'T have all the ence, education, and interested public. tion, in addition to Dr. Barrow, are as time in the world. On that occasion, it was a privilege for follows: Yours truly. me to say a few words about the mar­ Dr. William T. Burke, Seattle, Wash. GISELA DIAZ. velous work AL LENNON has done as Harmon L. Elder, Washington, D.C. chairman of the Subcommittee on Kenneth H. Drummond, Washington, JOHN MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL, Los Angeles, Calif., February 5, 1970. Oceanography of the Committee on Mer­ D.C. Mr. BROWN, chant Marine and Fisheries. As chair­ John H. Clotworthy, Miami, Fla. Federal Office Building, man of that committee, I have worked Vincent R. Bailey, West Palm Beach, Los Angeles, Calif. closely with him, and have had the op­ Fla. DEAR MR. BROWN: Recently our English portunity to see him at close range and Robert 0. Briggs, La Jolla, Calif. class decided to do current event reports know how he conducts himself. ALLEN­ Dr. Wayne V. Burt, Corvallis, Oreg. about probleins that affected our lives and NON has tackled that assignment, as he Dr. W. M. Chapman, San Diego, Calif. the lives of the coining generations. does all his assignments in the Congress, We were confronted with many probleins, Dr. Richard A. Geyer, College Station, among then was the increasingly alarming with deep dedication, industriousness, Tex. problem of the pollution of air, water, and and vision. He is as dedicated to the fu­ Dr. Theodor F. Rueter, Seattle, Wash. land. ture of marine affairs in the United Dr. Columbus Iselin, Woods Hole, Mass. I learned many startling facts about pollu­ States as he has been to the constituents Dr. John A. Knauss, Kingston, R.I. tion and became frightened at the aspect whom he has served without fault dur­ Gordon Lill, Encino, Calif. of a dense fog of smelly harinful chemicals ing his many years in Congress. Arthur L. Markel, Miami, Fla. in the air (eight million tons per year), of The hearings recently conducted by John D. Moody, New York, N.Y. not being able to swim in the rivers, streains, lakes and oceans that I have previously swum the Oceanography Subcommittee have Dr. William A. Nierenberg, La Jolla, in (since pollutants will obviously destroy developed a rich source of information Calif. any possibility of this) , of not being able to and provided a stimulus for national ac­ Dr. David s. Potter, Milwaukee, Wis. walk down the street (let alone going any­ tion. As you know, Mr. Speaker, the sub­ Taylor A. Pryor, Oahu, Hawaii. where by foot) because of the muck on the committee has labored hard over the past Admiral Arthur W. Radford, Washing- ground. 10 years to bring the oceanographic needs ton, D.C. I would like to make more people aware of this Nation to public attention, and to C. M. Shigley, Midland, Mich. of the problem facing them and also be able create a needed national focus in marine to make them want to do something also Dr. F. G. Walton Smith, Miami, Fla. and perhaps we will rid ourselves of the affairs. Richard C. Vetter, Washington, D.C. problem of pollution. I commend the association for recog­ Dr. James H. Wakelin, Jr., Washington, Yours truly, nizing the work of our colleague. I was D.C. JuDY McCEOSKY. happy to have had the opportunity to take part in the a ward ceremony along GHANAIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY JOHN MARSHALL HIGH ScHOOL, with the Honorable CHARLES A. MOSHER, Los Angeles, Calif., February 6, 1970. of Ohio, the distinguished minority leader Mr. BROWN, of the subcommittee; and the Honorable HON. ADAM C. POWELL Federal Office Building, CLAIBORNE PELL, Senator from Rhode Los Angeles, Calif. OF NEW YORK Island, whose interest in oceanography is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DEAR MR. BROWN: I am a member of the well known. loth grade English class of John Marshall Monday, March 23, 1970 High School. Recently we were assigned to I believe, Mr. Speaker, that years from write a report of a problem we now face. The now, when our knowledge and reliance Mr. POWELL. Mr. Speaker, the Repub­ majority of the class reported on pollution. upon the oceans will be far advanced, and lic of Ghana is one of the new sovereign 9216 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 states m Africa, attaining its independ­ dered, tortured, humiliated and terrorized prisons and permitting such basic amenities ence in 1957. Most of this southwest in public, used for the most blatant propa­ as the exchange with relatives at home of African country was known as the British ganda purposes, and miserably fed and letters and packages. housed by a captor who must surely be one "Spokesmen for North Vietnam and the Gold Coast Colony until that year. Then of the most heartless jailers of modern times. Viet Cong have sought to justify their des­ the people of the colony and their leaders His periodic crude attempts to show that this picable conduct by characterizing our troops convinced the British of their maturity. treatment is otherwise only make it all the as "criminals" while callously refusing to The British added a part of the adjacent more obvious that it is not and, if anything, even acknowledge pleas for information and Togoland territory and witnessed the even worse than is generally imagined. humane care by government officials, con­ birth of the Ghana state. Lately there has been an upsurge of con­ gressmen, the American public and the wives Ghana is a fairly large country, 91,000 cern over this disgraceful situation, mostly of missing men. Nor, apparently, has the on behalf of the fam111es of prisoners who fact that our side has treated fairly the square miles in area, but not a very rich have been forced to share in the effects of some 30,000 North Vietnamese and VietCong land. The principal occupation of its North Vietnam's cruelty through being prisoners of war influenced these cruel jailers nearly 8 million inhabitants is farming, denied the least that could be expected from to even partially reciprocate. cocoa being their main and by far the the most unconscionable of captors: infor­ "We condemn this barbaric treatment of most cash-producing crop. The people of mation about whether their husbands, American fighting men and their families Ghana have done well in their domestic fathers and sons are alive or dead. and strongly endorse the efforts of our gov­ economy, and their leaders have shown These experiences have created a new breed ernment and other organizations and indi­ of war heroines, the wives of missing men viduals to persuade the government of North remarkable ability in reconciling the who have helped keep hope alive by public Vietnam to live up to the solemn promises divergent interests of the numerous appeals and trips to any place where there it made when it became party to the Geneva tribal-ethnic groups within the country. might be a chance that their pleas wlll have Convention and to convince the Viet Cong The administrative machinery of the gov­ effect. Despite their efforts and those of the to do likewise. ernment with an elected President and a government, private individuals and organi­ "THE COUNCIL OF TRUSTEES, ASSOCIA· national' assembly, has worked satisfac­ zations, the North Vietnamese have refused TION OF THE U.S. ARMY, torily. We salute the independent and to release a. list of the prisoners it holds. "ELvis J. STAHR, Chairman." free people of the Republic of Ghana on It was one of these wives to whom ARMY Associate Editor Eric C. Ludvigsen spoke MISSING, DEAD, OR CAPTURED? the anniversary of their Independence when he was gathering material for his ar­ Day. ticle, "Missing, Dead or Captured?," which (By Eric C. Ludvigsen) begins on page 24. During his search for in­ (NOTE.-The welfare of untold hundreds of formation, he also interviewed Red Cross of­ American soldiers, sailors, airmen and ma­ MISSING, DEAD, OR CAPTURED ficials, spokesmen for the departments of De­ rines suffering in Hanoi prisons and Viet fense and State, and investigated other Cong base camps is of no concern to a regime sources that would shed some light on the which systematically flouts provisions of the HON. WILLIAM L. DICKINSON many mysteries connected with the POW Geneva Convention in search of even the OF ALABAMA problem. slightest propaganda advantage. It is cynical, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Among the people to whom he talked was deplorable, barbarous-and straight out of a. major who spent five years as a. prisoner of the textbooks of "revolutionary people's war". Monday, March 23, 1970 the VietCong. James N. Rowe's account of his With normal channels closed by the enemy's ordeal and escape, told to Mr. Ludvigsen intrasigence, there is a growing belief that· Mr. DICKINSON. Mr. Speaker, for during a trip to Lawton, Okla., where the forceful, united protest is needed to make some time now, I have been most con­ major is writing a book, should be of par­ North Vietnam's shameful treatment of U.S. cerned and very active in the MIA/POW ticular interest to ARMY readers because al· prisoners a political liability in the eyes of situation. The wives and families of our most all Army prisoners are believed to be world opinion.) American servicemen who are believed held by the VC. The end of American innocence concern­ to be prisoners of war are faced with The POW issue is considered so critical by ing international standards for treatment of problems that would seem to the average the Association of the U.S. Army national battlefield captives arrived sometime during leadership that the AUSA's Council of the Korean War. To be sure, American pris­ citizen to be insurmountable. Trustees this month took the unusual step oners had suffered horribly in earlier warf'., Mr. Speaker, recently I read several of adopting a council resolution condemning through local instances of wanton murder­ articles that accurately describe the North Vietnam for its treatment of prisoners Malmedy and, through gross mismanage­ plight of the serviceman who is a pris­ and calling upon it to conform to Geneva ment and casual brutality, Bataan. oner of war, as well as the families of Convention terms covering POWs. The But it was that first large-scale conflict these servicemen because they have no resolution follows: with a. communist power that witnessed the cynical, systematic use of men no longer able assurance that their loved ones are dead "RESOLUTION to defend themselves as instruments of or alive. In the few cases where the serv­ "The actions of the Hanoi government in propaganda value in political warfare. iceman is known to be alive and a pris­ its treatment of prisoners of war are bath It seemed to work out all right, however. oner, the families know nothing of his shocking and disgraceful. Up to 1,400 mem­ After 15 months of hassling at Panmunjom health and well-being, except for occa­ bers of our country's armed forces who are over the POW issue, there was an armistice sional statements of propaganda. missing in action may be held prisoner under and a prisoner exchange. Our men, so most The POW situation is disgraceful and circumstances and conditions that are in people think, came home. grave violation of not only the Geneva Con­ Not quite. At the close of hostilities, 944 repugnant to every civilized nation in vention, but of the principles of human de­ U.S. servicemen whom we had reason to the world. Several articles from the Feb­ cency itself. think had been alive in enemy hands re­ ruary 1970 issue of Army plus an inter­ "The government of North Vietnam and mained unaccounted for. Despite repeated view that I had with a former prisoner the Viet Cong have subjected these honor­ inquiries by the U.S. government and inter­ of the Vietcong, Maj. Nick Rowe, vividly able fighting men to barbaric and cruel treat­ national bOdies, not one word has ever been point out much of the situation. At this ment. There is evidence that captives have officially received about the fate of these men. time I would like to enter these articles been miserably fed, provided with inadequate Graves registration work in Korea has re­ or no medical care, ridiculed and reviled in duced the number, but well over a third of into 'the RECORD. I urge my colleagues public, subjected to such outrages as beat­ the 944 has never been heard from-17 years and all concerned Americans to read ings and solitary confinement, and exploited later! these eye-opening exposes of Communist for propaganda. purposes. So that is the kind of record we have to tyranny: "Hanoi has repeatedly ignored entreaties contemplate in trying to arrange the ulti­ [From Army, February 1970] by our government for the names of men mate return of U.S. fighting men held by the held prisoner. This calculated and cruel enemy in Southeast Asia, and to ensure even BETWEEN THE LINES omission has had the effect of extending the the minimally decent treatment to which In a war in which almost everything is fair suffering of the prisoners to their anguished they are entitled under international law game for debate, the prisoner-of-war issue relatives, many of whom do not even know while they are captives. At this writing, their has stayed relatively unscathed. Hanoi has if men now listed as missing in action are immediate prospects are bleak. found sympathizers in nearly every con­ alive. In the first place, we--above all the an­ ceivable aspect of this controversial struggle, "Despite the faot that the government of guished families of these men-have little but not even the most irrational of the critics North Vietnam is a party to the Geneva Con­ fully reliable information on how many pris­ have sought to excuse North Vietnam's bar­ vention on the Pratection of Prisoners, its oners there actually are, who they are, where baric conduct in its treatment of American leaders have made a mockery of its provi­ they are being held and by whom. This void prisoners and their families. sions. They have not only mistreated pris­ is the result of the steadfast refusal of the POWs who have had the misfortune to fall oners but flag:Pantly violated such primary government of North Vietnam to identify the into the enemy's cruel hands have been mur- tenets as allowing neutral inspection of men it holds, despite five years of a.ppeals by March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9217 the United States, its citizens and neutral buddies back in camp to whom I promised I this country. The effort has so far failed, authorities. would tell the truth.'' even with those who have signed "con­ As of the first of the year, a theoretical And that in a permanent camp in Hanoi fessions" before release, mostly because of number of 1,354 members of the four serv­ where the facilities for medical care, ade­ the enemy's inabil1ty to understand, as Maj. ices could be in enemy hands. With varying quate housing and sanitation and decent Rowe puts it, "that the U.S. POW is the degrees of certainty, 422 are known to be food at least exist, even if th-e inclination to most insincere person in the world when it captured or interned in other countries. The grant them does not. The testimony of Army comes to signing their ridiculous state­ rest--932--.are listed as missing in action. Maj. James N. Rowe and other escapers from ments." Some of the missing ·have probably survived Viet Cong camps in the South shows the lot In any case, the entire system depends on into captivity but no one knows how many. of a prisoner there to be semlstarvation, dis­ the isolation of the individual prisoner and Of the total in both categories, well over ease, beatings, mental coercion, utter loneli­ on attempts to make him and his family half are pilots and air crew downed in the ness and-frequently--death. believe that the government that put him in air war over North Vietnam during 1965-68. It isn't known precisely how many U.S. his predicament is now powerless to do any­ Air Force prisoners and missing number 750, fighting men have died as a result of this thing for him. Navy and Coast Guard 251. barbarous treatment. Officially, 11 soldiers, Naturally, it is quite logical (or at least Less understood is the plight of what one three marines and an airman are carried on correct dialectics) to believe that the com­ Department of State official ca.Ils "the for­ the rolls as having died in captivity. These munist prisoner policy is "lenient" once you gotten of the forgotten," soldiers and ma­ are only those deaths painstakingly con­ accept the premise that the captives are rines missing and taken prisoner in infantry firmed, largely by ex-prisoners whose knowl­ "political criminals" taken in an undeclared combat and forced by the circumstances af edge of the fate of their countrymen was war, and therefore have no rights beyond their Viet Cong captors to live a subhuman, limited by isolation. But the experience of those afforded them by Vietnamese law. itinerant existence in the jungle base camps one man-Maj. Rowe--was so grim that we This argument is, of course, sheer non­ of the South. Army prisoners and missing can only hope it is not typical. Of the seven sense and the U.S. and international Red total 245 as of 1 January, with 108 marines Americans who accompanied him into cap­ Cross authorities have not ceased saying so in those two categories. The low proportion tivity in the fall of 1963, three were released, at every opportunity since June 1965, when of known captured for these two services-- three starved to death and one was executed. ICRC President Jacques Freymond reminded 54 and 21, respectively-reflect the relative He himself escaped, after "five years, two all parties to the conflict that the Geneva obscurity of their condition. months, two days and about six hours." Convention clearly applied. The NLF has As of last November, 70 prisoners were The execution was one of two of American contended from time to time that it is not known to be held in the South, two in Laos prisoners announced by the NLF on 26 Sep­ a signatory, but the ICRC has consistently and 341 in North Vietnam. tember 1965 as reprisals for the execution of argued that the Front is bound by the ac­ Hanoi's refusal to render a true accounting Viet Oong terrorists by the South Vietnamese cession of both North and South Vietnam. of the prisoners it holds is only one aspect of authorities. Another soldier was executed in Raising the prisoner issue before the North Vietnam's total disregard of the letter June of that year, and in 1967 an Army United Nations General Assembly last No­ or the spirit of the 1949 Geneva Convention sergeant and a Marine lieutenant were found vember, Mrs. Rita E. Hauser, of the U.S. dele­ Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of to have been tortured and killed shortly gation, noted that "North Vietnam, even by War, which it signed on 28 June 1957. The after their capture when the enemy posi­ the terms of its own arguments, cannot North Vietnamese have not even revealed tions were overrun a few hours later. escape its obligations." the location of the prison camps, let alone There have been other such murders, permitted neutral inspection, and represent­ though the circumstances are not always as "The United States understands that every atives of the International Committee of the clear. Last July, for example, U.S. and South country believes that it is right and its Red Cross (ICRC) haven't been allowed to Vietnamese troops attempted a heliborne enemy wrong. North Vietnam has said that set foot in the country. prisoner recovery operation at a VC hospital it is inconceivable that the captured mili­ The convention's provision for regular mail in Quang Tin province. tary personnel of the 'wrong• side should communication between prisoners and their Sp. 4 Larry D. Aikens, captured two months be given equal status to its own soldiers. families has been perverted into a propa­ before, was found "lying just outside the But ... the Geneva Convention was designed ganda instrument, producing only a trickle door of a hut ... bleeding profusely from specifically to meet this problem. of heavily censored mail from select ed pris­ a fresh wound on the left, top forefront of "It imposes upon all combatant powers oners at times of Hanoi's own choosing. the skull," according to a Department of the obligation to treat military personnel • Barely more than a hundred prisoners have Defense summary of the incident. made helpless by their captivity in accord­ been allowed to write, and few families have Sp. 4 Aiken died two weeks later. In the ance with a single objective and verifiable ever received more than a couple of letters or opinion of the attending neurosurgeon, the standard." cards. wound was comparable to that "rendered by As if there could be any doubt at this Hanoi has made not even the smallest ges­ a blunt instrument ... [and] it is unlikely late stage, the 21st international conference ture toward regular repatriation of sick and ~>he wound resulted from a missile or shell of the Red Cross in Istanbul last September wounded prisoners, despite several unilateral fragment." adopted without dissent a resolution calling releases of North Vietnamese prisoners ')y These murders, whether committed in the upon the combatants once again to respect South Vietnam. All told, nine American heat of battle or as deliberate reprisals, speak the convention. The resolution did not name prisoners-in three groups of three--have volumes about the enemy's "lenient" policy. any specific country, but it was sponsored been released from captivity in North Viet­ One could not imagine a graver breach of by the United States and its allies and the nam. A few others have been released by the the convention's prisoner of war articles context was such that it was clearly aimed National Liberation Front (NLF) in the which represent nothing more, really, than at North Vietnam. There were a few absten­ South, usually through a neutral "airlock" minimum standards of decency toward un­ tions in the show-of-hands vote, but both such as Cambodia, but one time, last J anu­ armed men who are no longer a military the governments and the national Red Cross ary, in a battlefield m-eeting near Tay Ninh. threat. societies of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, The evidence they have brought back with But if U.S. prisoners no longer threaten Poland and Yugoslavia, among Hanoi's sym­ them gives the lie to Hanoi's principal claim the enemy, they represent to him a political pathizers, voted for it. that prisoners are treated "humanely" under asset of great value, and that is what lies The Istanbul resolution is only one of the a "lenient" policy, despite their status as at the heart of the uncompromising attitude latest of many unavailing appeals over the "major criminals" and "air pirates." of the Hanoi government and the NLF on the past five years from many quarters-govern­ One of the last men to be released from prisoner issue. ments, the Vatican, Red Cross authorities, the North, Navy Lt. Robert F . Frishman, pub­ For it is through the prisoners and the the secretary general of the United Nations. l.icly explod-ed these claims shortly after his anguish of their families that the enemy can Hanoi continues on its course, unwilling to return last August. hope to reinforce anti-war opinion in this separate the prisoner issue from its political "My intentions are not to scare the wives country. aims in the Paris talks; unwilling, in fact, and families," he told a press conference, William H. Sullivan, deputy assistant sec­ to concede that the U.S. government even "but Hanoi has given false impressions that retary of state for East Asian and Pacific has a role in discussions on captive Ameri­ all is wine and roses and it isn't so. Affairs, told a House Foreign Affairs sub­ can fighting men. "I don't think solitary confinement, forced committee last November that "one of the If Hanoi waits long enough, the reasoning statements, living in a cage for three years, motivations the North Vietnamese have is goes, the anxiety and frustration of the pris­ being put in straps, not being allowed to politicaJ, an effort to use the understandable oners' families will turn into bitterness and sleep or eat, removal of fingernails, being sympathy and concern and worry in this resentment against their own government. hung from a ceiling, having an infected arm country about these men in a way that will As time goes on and the issue heats up, the which was almost lost, not receiving medical bring pressure to bear on the administration enemy counts on gradual acceptance of the care, b-eing dragged along the ground with a with respect to actual conduct of miUtary notion that Washington's obstinacy-and broken leg, or not allowing the exchange of and diplomatic negotiations.... " not Hanoi's--over the settlement of a war in mail to prisoners of war are humane. From the enemy's point of view, there is which it had no business in the first place, "C-ertain prisoners of war have received also the chance that the carefully orches­ is responsible for the plight of the pris­ publicity. Others are kept silent. Why aren't trated program of coercion and indoctrina­ oners. their names officially released? I feel as if I tion in the camps will produce men who can This approach, we must now recognize, has am speaking not only for myself, but for my be released to do. his propaganda bidding in worked many times in the past, but there 9218 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 are a couple of good reasons why it prob­ tell." She has not heard a word from, or The Johnson administration was no less ably won't in this case. about, her husband in the two years since concerned with the welfare of U.S. prisoners, It is doubtful, for instance, whether Hanoi's then. but the issue was soft-pedaled somewhat, political strategists really comprehend the Between her efforts on behalf of the partly out of fear of reprisals against the courage and understanding displayed by prisoners, her regular work as a staff member men and partly because it was believed that these American military fam111es at a time of the psychiatric "crisis" center at Baltimore intergovernmental efforts might still prove when they could be forgiven for ceasing to City Hospital and her two daughters, Lisa, 10, successful. care about anything but the return of their and Donna Page, 4, Mrs. Rander has few But as Mr. Sullivan told the House Foreign husbands, fathers, sons and brothers. moments to be alone With her thoughts. Affairs subcommittee, U.S. diplomatic efforts Take, for example, Mrs. Donald J. Rander, "The girls are such good company," she have produCed "a bleak record." of Dundalk, Md., who has made two trips said, "I don't know what I'd do Without them. "Although we have pressed North Vietnam to Paris to meet with representatives of North Page really doesn't have that much memory by every available means and channel, dip­ Vietnam and the NLF in search of news of of her father, but now she seems to be more lomatic and private, their responses have her husband, an Army sergeant captured aware of it-she talks about him all the time. been uncompromising and negative." during the 1968 Tet offensive. "In the beginning, especially, I was just The Department of State now believes, he She was one of three wives who met with wanting to give up the house and everything added, that "vocal public concern about our North Vietnamese representatives on Christ­ else and move back with my parents. But prisoners may be the most effective way to mas Day, speaking for a group of 58 who they told me, 'Look, Donald would want you bring pressure on the communist authorities traveled to Paris on a whirlwind trip financed to go on as before. Keep things as normal to treat our men humanely." by Texas industrialist H. Ross Perot. as possible and just wait.' Privately, U.S. officials concede that there "We were told to go home and join the "Now the wait," she adds, "has turned into years." is a large element of risk in cranking the peace movement," she said with obvious dis­ issue up to fever pitch, but they know ot gust. "Where our government is concerned, She has been putting her husband's pay nothing else to try. they are completely noncommittal-they and allotments aside, "because I know there's don't want to deal With it at all. They stated so much he wants to do, like getting a home For stirring up public outrage in effect en­ that to us definitely." of our own." courages North Vietnam's hopes that it may When she and other wives discussed their With a wry smile, she recalls now "how be able to use the prisoners to influence U.S. husbands' plight with President Nixon in upset Donald was when he got his draft domestic politics. Outrage is easily mis­ notice. He had a good job then and he sure directed and could turn on the administra­ November, Mrs. Rander recalled, the point tion itself, creating a major demand for re­ didn't want to go. When ~e got in and got that stuck in her mind was "that the issue lease of the prisoners at all costs. Albeit on of the POWs and the political negotiations adjusted, he found he kind of liked military life-then he had to convince me." a much smaller scale, there was such a back­ would be separated in the Paris talks." lash among the families of the imprisoned But what she heard from Hanoi's delega­ In her work with such groups as the Na­ tional League of Families of American Prison­ crew of the USS Pueblo, serious enough to tion on Christmas was "exactly the opposite hamper negotiations with the North Koreans. of what the President had told us-it was ers in Southeast Asia and the POW-MIA weird." Action Committee, Mrs. Rander says she finds Nevertheless, the record of unanimity on The atmosphere of the meeting was "cor­ more interest now in efforts on behalf of this issues has been impressive. Congressional dial," she said in an interview, but not as prisoners held by the Viet Cong in South action, most critically, has received the sup­ encouraging as the friendly face the commu­ Vietnam. port of the most outspoken critics of the n1st diplomats had put on during her first "We've got to start opening doors to the war in both houses. trip to Paris last August. South," she said, "and I heard much more Anti-war groups have attacked the Ameri­ "There was a much colder feeling in there of this on the last trip to Paris." can Red Cross for promoting a "letter-to­ this time. We sensed no interest in our prob­ In the Christmas Day meeting, she said, Hanoi" campaign on the grounds that it sup­ lems or in why we were there-they just the Hanoi delegation members "were sort of ports gdvernment war policy. launched into their speeches about the his­ surprised that two of us had husbands who "But the point is," said an ARC official, tory of Vietnam, the 1llegality of our posi­ were prisoners in the South. I asked one "that these prisoners can't he held as whip­ tion, et cetera. member if prisoners taken in the South were ping boys-they're not guilty of a damned "For 25 minutes we sat there and listened detained there, or moved to North Vietnam. thing. If any crimes were committed, they to that, trying to break tn. When we did He said it was out of his competence, and that were committed by the governments who manage to get a question or two in, they I would have to see the NLF." are party to the war not the men they sent brushed them aside and started on the Mrs. Rander tried that--fruitlessly--on into battle." speeches again-like a broken record." both trips. The first attempt was particularly There is one aspect of the prisoner situa­ Nor did the women have any idea of who, disconcerting. tion that could be used to divide the nation specifically, they were talking to. "They She besieged the NLF mission in Paris with on this question as with nearly all others WO\lldn't identify themselves," Mrs. Rander telegrams and phone calls in an attempt to having to do with the Vietnam war. That said, "and I recognized only one familiar arrange a personal meeting with Mme. is the treatment of the 31,500 prisoners of face from the first trip--the waiter for the Nguyen Thi Binh, head of the delegation. war held by the government of South Viet­ tea-and-cigarette portion of the meeting. We Nothing seemed to work, Mrs. Rander said, nam, a total which includes 6,500 North found out who some Of the others were later, "but finally I got hold of a secretary who Vietnamese regulars. by reading the papers." spoke some English, only to be told that There have been documented cases of mal­ Yet Andrea Rander and the other Wives 'Madame Binh is not receiving visitors today.' treatment in the six POW camps run by the of prisoners and missing men who have or­ "But she did say we could leave packages South Vietnamese, but the principal point of ganized themselves are willing to endure this and mail for our husbands with them, and contrast with the North is that the com­ sort of frustration if their efforts help only I left a package of medical supplies there. plaints have been lodged by the ICRC which the least bit to focus publlc attention on When I returned to the hotel, there were is fully established in Saigon. Hanoi's intransigence. the packages, sitting in the room, opened "Let me be clear that we are not claiming "It's a small step," she says, "but every and rewrapped." a perfect record on this subject," Mrs. Haus­ step counts, and I think we are making some Mrs. Rander's personal efforts and those of er told the UN last fall. "War is ugly and progress. It may not be visible to the naked hundreds of others are part of a new, more brutal by nature, and violations by individ­ eye, but I feel that we are." militant stance on the prisoner question that uals have occurred. The point is, however, St. Sgt. Donald J. Rander was reported has been gathering momentum over the past that the Allied command has made every missing in action with other members of three months. The government must main­ effort to ensure that the convention is his military intelligence team, near Hue in tain a "hands off" attitude toward the private applied." February 1968. diplomatic efforts which North Vietnam al­ One reason why there appears to be no "That was the most tormenting time of ready believes are officially inspired anyway. diplomatic leverage of the sort that pro­ all, those awful days," Mrs. Rander recalls. But the administration, including the duced prisoner exchanges in other wars is "It was during the Tet offensive, and there secretaries of State and Defense and Presi­ that North Vietnam has shown little or no was so much of the fighting in Hue on tele­ dent Nixon himself, has been speaking out interest in the repatriation of its own pris­ vision. I just sat there and watched, hoping much more forcefully on the issue since the oners. that maybe I could catch a glimpse of his middle of last year. The Department of State On the several occasions when South Viet­ face." has given low-key encouragement to pub­ nam has un1laterally released Northerners, Thwt lasted for four weeks, until an es­ licity campaigns designed to heighten public Hanoi has gone to extraordinary lengths to caped prisoner brought word that Sgt. Rander concern and has testified in favor of con­ avoid any appearance of responsibility for had been wounded and captured. In that re­ gressional resolutions calling upon North m.en who it maintained until recently were spect alone, perhaps, Mrs. Rander is more Vietnam to meet its obligations under the never there in the first place. fortunate than other fam1Iies; some men Geneva Oonvention. "Consequently," said one U.S. official, have been missing in action for up to five One such resolution which, along with "there is no symmetry of interest that could years. other similar measures, had the sponsorship form the basis for prisoner exchange." "When I got the letter reporting his cap­ of well over 300 members of Congress, has When it comes to political advantage, Ha­ ture," she said, "it was a great relief, but passed the House and is now before the noi apparently regards its own fighting men then I began to wonder about what it didn't Senate Foreign Relations Committee. to be as expendable as ours. March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9219

MAJ. JAMES N. RowE--SURVIVAL oF AN AMERI­ shortly after the capture. The merthiolate don't believe us today, we'll tell you again CAN PRISONER: AN EXTRAORDINARY EXERCISE was adequate for the light small arms wounds tomorrow, and the day after that.'" OF WILL he suffered in the action, but he had to pick Maj. Rowe found the political cadre, most Maj. James N. Rowe, U.S. Army, Ls the mortar fragments out of his arm himself. of who were Hanoi-trained Southerners, to holder of a dubious record: he was a prisoner Though American captives of the VC in be "extremely sophisticated in everything of war for what is quite likely the longest other areas may move around more, Maj. they do." period of time in American mllitary history. Rowe spent the entire five years in only two "They keep you off balance, and there From 29 October 1963 until 31 December different areas of the Ca Mau peninsula. doesn't seem to be any pattern to their ac­ 1968, Maj. Rowe lived and moved with the From January 1965 on, he was held in camps tions at first. I can begin to see the patterns Viet Cong 309th Battalion over perhaps no deep in the U Minh forest, which "un to that now-every action has its reason or purpose." more than a 75-kilometer stretch of the fa­ time," he said, "was pretty safe for the VC­ The entire system, he said, depends on iso­ bled U Minh forest, deep in South Vietnam's the South Vietnamese were reluctant to go lating the prisoner and convincing him that Delta region. Five years, two months, two in there because of all the old legends about he is utterly alone and helpless, totally at days and-he knows as precisely as a man the place." the mercy of his captors and far beyond the can tell by the sun-"about six hours." "Once they get an American, they want to protection of his own government. He is also one of a handful of long-term move him around as little as possible," he "The prisoner is told that he is a political POWs who have managed to escape from this said, because of the difficulty of guaranteeing criminal taken in an undeclared war and limbo of captivity in the jungle base camps prisoner security. that he is totally subject to the enemy's of the South where most U.S. Army prison­ Typically, prisoners live in huts arranged laws. He is told that, therefore, they can ers are believed to be held. Through an ex­ in a semicircle around a central guard post do anything they want with him, including traordinary exercise of will and self-reliance, 30 or 40 meters apart-just enough distance killing him, and that anything that is done Maj. Rowe managed to survive on the edge to make the prisoner aware of the presence for him is the result of a "lenient policy." of starvation and to maintain his sense of of comrades, thus deepening an already pro­ Maj. Rowe and Capt. Versace "failed" an balance in the face of relentless mental pres­ found sense of isolation. Attempts to com­ indoctrination lesson in March 1965 and were sure. His story thus provides the best record municate usually earn beatings from the sent to a punishment camp where the diet we yet have of what most Army POWs must guards. was rice and salt--without water. endure in the half-light world of their guer­ Kept in leg irons at night, Maj. Rowe sat "He was chosen for execution," Maj. Rowe rilla captors. day after day, week after week and month said, "and later we heard on Radio Hanoi Then a first lieutenant and an advisor to after month in a cage about four feet wide, that he and Sergeant [Kenneth M.] Rora­ a company of Nung irregulars, Maj. Rowe six feet long and four feet high. back had been killed." was captured along with seven other Ameri­ "You don't go anywhere outside of that "I'm quite sure I was marked for execu­ cans when a three-company South Viet­ hooch," he said, "except the 15 meters to tion too, because I knew by then that they namese force was ambused and overrun by the latrine in the company of a guard." would never release me." the better part of a VC regiment. Air strikes were a constant threat. One Spurred on by that thought, Maj. Rowe Of those seven, three were released through of the camps was shot up by helicopter gun­ and another prisoner took advantage of a Cambodia in October 1967, three died of mal­ ships two days before Christmas, 1964, and rainy, mosquito-filled night and an especially nutrition in 1966-67 and one--Capt. Humbert it was the confused aftermath of a B-52 dense guard to make an escape attempt. R. Versace-was executed in September 1965. strike that gave Maj. Rowe his opportunity "We wanted to follow the canals to a Of the three who starved, Maj. Rowe said to escape. river and then float downstream," he recalls. that, in a sense, their deaths were "self­ On the move after the raid, the unit was "We got about six kilometers from camp and inflicted-they stopped eating rice. You keep attacked by helicopters, killing or scattering then left the canal system to go overland to pushing that stuff down until you puke. They the guards. Maj. Rowe managed to isolate another. That was our mistake-we com­ simply couldn't do it any more, and one of himself with a single, panicky guard and pletely lost direction, started going around these boys was a Filipino who had eaten rice surrepitiously slipped the magazine out of his in circles and wound up about 1Y:z kilometers all his life. captor's submachine gun. After overpowering from the camp." "After you stop eating, it doesn't take long the guard, he moved to a nearby clearing and This unsuccessful attempt earned Maj. for disease to take hold and you can't ever waved at a helicopter whose crew first took Rowe seven days of "correction," of which he get enough fluids back in your body. Then him to be a VC until the waist gunner noticed says only "I can't talk about it. They have a major organs stop functioning-the kidneys his beard. Twenty minutes later he was down job to do and they do it." are usually first to go because of the lack of on an Allied landing zone. In any case, he said, "it's very effective. It fluids." But physical survival was only one of the was a long time after that before I could Disease and semi-starvation were constant problems Maj. Rowe had to contend with, even think of the word 'escape.' " companions for Maj. Rowe and he suffered and in his own reflection perhaps not even In 1967 and 1968, Maj. Rowe said, the from dysentery through his captivity. He the most trying one. political cadre threw all their old lesson plans said: "I had had Special Forces training and I away and started to quote from U.S. sources. "Obviously, by American standards, the was used to living in the outdoors," he said, "You're in a news vacuum, of course, ex­ conditions are low-you are an animal. "and I at least had the trees, the sunlight, cept for the stuff they choose to give you. "But in all fairness, they do have adequate the birds. The pilot in North Vietnam might I knew the extent of the anti-war movement food by their standards. But prisoners get have a little better sanitation, a little better and I knew it was larger than in '63, but less of it, because they figure they have more food, but if you put me in four walls, I it never really entered my mind that the activity, in combat, and that you therefore think I'd crack right away." senators and congressmen they were quoting need less. In the last year, when he had a little more against the war effort were actually saying "What they don't realize is that an Ameri­ freedom of movement, he raised squirrels and these things. can needs a much higher inputr--a higher two eagles, "which I got when they were "The thing that really got to me was when protein diet-just to stay alive. It took me fluffy little balls." the cadre began to tell me, 'very soon, the abourt; two years to become a rice-burner." "But the only communication I had was people of the United States will decide this So the diet was rice-of which Maj. Rowe with the animals. That's what you miss was all a mistake and you and all of your estimates he consumed a ton-with nuoc most-sincere human communication. The friends will have suffered and died in vain.' " mam, the ubiquitous rotten fish sauce, the guards and the political cadre weren't com­ Last fall, Maj. Rowe created consternation only regular source of protein. municating with you, they were just using in political Washington and was condemned "They were concerned with keeping Ameri­ you and that really tore me up." on the Senate floor for publicly attacking cans alive, and they had a requirement from Political indoctrination was constant, in­ some of the politicians and publications he higher headquarters to do so," he added, tense and sophisticated, with lessons, litera­ had quoted to him in captivity. because you are valuable as a propaganda ture and lectures pitched at producing re­ About that he is entirely candid. "It's very commodity." pentent "peace soldiers" for the domestic difficult," he said simply, "not to be sub­ In the last year, when Maj. Rowe was the anti-war movement at home. jectively involved in something like this." last American prisoner the unit still held, Immediately after his capture, Maj. Rowe An artillery officer since graduating from he was furnished with gill nets and fish lines, was given a standard international Red Cross the U.S. Military Academy in 1960, Maj. and there might be vegetables "every three data card to fill out. Appended to it was a Rowe now hopes to be able to switch his or four months." Anything else was the gift lengthy questionnaire, asking full details of branch to intelligence where he feels his of ingenuity, such as the fried cakes he personal and military history, military train­ hard-earned knowledge of the enemy could learned to make from snake fat, snake eggs ing, local tactical intelligence. be particularly valuable. If successful, he and rice flour. "I told them that, under the Code of Con­ would like to return to Vietnam in the early "The one think you think about most," he duct, I couldn't give them any of this. But autumn "in time for the enemy's fall offen­ said, "is food. I often occupied myself men­ for the first six months, they aren't going sive.'' In the meantime, he is on extended tally by planning menus--breakfast, lunch, to push too hard. They have all the time in leave Writing a book about his experiences. dinner and even midnight snacks." the world and they convince you of this. A native of McAllen, Texas, Maj. Rowe "As J~or- medical treatment, Maj. Rowe re­ "I was told, 'Go back to your cage. Sit joined the Special Forces in 1961, serving ceived none, other than a shot of vitamin there for a week or two. Think about it, then first with Company D, 7th Group, at Fort B1 and a bottle of weak merthiolate out of a we'll talk to you again. We'll tell you the Bragg, N.C. He studied Chinese at the Army session staged for a propaganda photographer truth of the situation in Vietnam. If you Language School in 1961-62, returning to 9220 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 Fort Bragg and the 5th Special Forces Group sir, and when we finally got on it wasn't that convince us that our efforts in Vietnam were before going to Vietnam in July 1963. long at all. wrong, that the American Government was SPECIAL NEws RELEASE FROM CoNGRESSMAN DICKINSON. They never asked you one ques­ not representative of the people, that there WILLIAM L. DICKINSON, NOVEMBER 14, 1969 tion about the Moratorium, is that correct? was a great rift between American people (Major Rowe nodded in the affirmative.) and the Government. WASHINGTON, D.C.-The following is the Well, we'll get to that in just a moment. But DICKINSON. Was this effective with you and complete text of an interview between COn­ in 5 years and 2 months of captivity tell me the other POWs? gressman Bill Dickinson of Alabama's 2nd a little bit about your physical treatment, RoWE. No sir, it's a Vietnamese writing for District and Major James N. Rowe. Major how were you treated and what did they do American consumption and it's not really Rowe was a prisoner of the Viet Cong for to you? that effective; but in the latter part of 1967 over 5 years. Major Rowe was a prisoner of RoWE. Well sir, by American standards and early 1968, they stopped drawing from war longer than any other American in any you're at a very low level, this is one thing their own sources and began to draw from war in the history of the United States. you can't judge it by American standards, AP, UPI, Time, Newsweek, Life, Look, Wash­ DICKINSON. Hi, I'm Bill Dickinson, Con­ because by the Vietnamese standards, under ington Post, New York Times. They picked gressman from the 2nd District of Alabama. those conditions and that environment, they statements from people within our own gov­ I have with me here on Capitol Hill (in the don't feel that you're that far under them. ernment, people within the United States, studio with me) one of the most remarkable DICKINSON. What did you have to eat, for figures that are known and they quoted their fellows I have ever met in my life. Recently, instance? statements opposing our efforts in Vietnam. I have been very active in the Prisoner of RoWE. We had rice two meals a day, sir. DICKINSON. Is this, then, the thing thwt War problem of the American servicemen in DICKINSON. And what else? was most effective in shaking your faith in Vietnam and those who are missing in ac­ RowE. Nuoc Mam or salt. This is the stand­ yourself and in your Country and willingness tion. As a result of my activities, I came in ard diet, of course, they eat rice, this is the to live? contact with Major Rowe who is with me to­ basis of their whole diet and they feel that RoWE. It was the only time during the en­ day and he has a remarkable story to tell. an American can do the same thing, so it's tire period of time that I really doubted So remarkable, in fact, that I think that you rice 2 meals a day, seven days a week, month whether or not I was really right. and all American citizens should hear it. As in and month out. DICKINSON. Well, would you say they were a result of my contact with him, I invited DICKINSON. Were you ever given any meat? principally government figures, or did the him to come to Washington and, at the re­ RoWE. Yes, sir; when they could catch fish hippies and the yippies on the street, what quest of Chairman Rivers, he spoke to the and had enough for them as well as an excess did they quote that was most effective? House Armed Services Committee. Major we got it, generally we got the dead ones. RowE. Well sir, they would say them all in Rowe, as a result of your speaking to the DICKINSON. By dead, mean rotten? one breath and you would have a whole line Armed Services Committee, what's hap­ RowE. Generally speaking, out of 20 we of people within the government, and then pened since then? might get 2 or 3, that's for four Americans. they would come with Stokely Carmichael, RowE. Well, sir, I didn't really expect all DICKINSON. Now you told our Committee Rap Brown, Eldridge Cleaver, Tom Hayden, that did happen. I had a chance to visit that you might eat anything that swims, Benjamin Spock. with the President of the United States; I've crawls or files, is that right? DICKINSON. And who else within govern­ seen probably more COngressmen than I RowE. Yes sir, you eat for nutritional ment? knew ever existed, and I had a visit yester­ value and not for taste. If there was any­ RowE. Mr. Mansfield, Mr. Morse, Mr. Ful­ day evening with my boss, the Chief of thing that we could get our hands on that bright, Mr. McGovern, were the ones I heard Staff. we could put on a menu, we put it on. more than any others, sir. DICKINSON. Well, you went to the White DICKINSON. What was that state of your DICKINSON. The four Senators? House and visited with President Nixon first, health? RoWE. Yes sir. is that correct and that was directly after RowE. Well initially, sir, in the first 6 DICKINSON. Now getting back to the Mora­ your tremendous presentation to the House months I went down from about 165 to about torium, the people who think they are going Armed Services Committee? How long did 115 pounds, and after that I started to learn to effect a quicker peace by bringing about you talk with him, and were you able to get to eat rice and build back up. The diseases demonstrations. You were a captive for over any point over with him? Were you able to I had, I had dysentery for five years, berri 5 years, you learned to speak the language, really do any good, that you felt, to tell him berrt, hepatitis, and a fungus infection which you learned to know the mind of the Viet­ what is going on with the POWs in Vietnam? is prevalent among Americans in that area. namese, do you think the Moratorium dem­ RoWE. Yes sir, I think he is very interested DICKINSON. Are you all right physically onstration and the people walking up and in this and I had the opportunity to spend now? down the streets with the placards, is this about 20 or 25 minutes with him. RowE. Well sir, they got everything going to hasten the day when the hostillt!ies DICKINSON. Well, that's great because, you straightened out except dysentery and it will will cease or do you think it will strengthen see, what I failed to tell the people is that take a while with that. the determination of Hanoi to fight til the you have one thing that nobody else can DICKINSON. You say for 5 years you suffered bitter end? claim and that is you were held prisoner of with this 1llness? RowE. Two things, sir, the Viet Cong, this war longer than any soldier has ever been ROWE. Yes, sir. comes from one of their political cadre, a held prisoner of war in the United States. DICKINSON. Well now, how could you keep provincial level political cadre, a communist How long were you a prisoner of the Viet going for 5 years? I understand they kept and member of the Lao Dong party; he said Cong? you in leg irons at night and you were caged; that we do not expect a military victory nor RoWE. About 5 years and 2 months sir. how could you keep going for 5 years living do we expect an immediate political victory, DICKINSoN. Five years and 2 months as in these conditions? but through the demonstrations and disorder prisoner and you were kept in the Delta all RowE. Well sir, you make up your mind not in the United States, the anti-war move­ of this time? to die there. In other words, you have three ment, the United States Government can be RoWE. Yes, sir, I was in the Mekong Delta, things that get you through, and they're all robbed of its support of the people and forced it was in the U-Minh Forest which is along faiths; one is faith in God, one is faith in the to withdraw from Vietnam. At that time we the western border. Country, and one is faith in the other POWs. will have total victory. At the same time, And if you've got those three things, you can considering this even further, if you take DICKINSON. And you met with the Presi­ make it. their attitude towards negotiations where dent, then you met with General Westmore­ DICKINSON. Now you would really say that they regard conditions as a sign of weakness, land, the Ohief of Staff? you contribute your life, then, to your faith it's only going to bring further demands. ROWE. Yes sir. in God, your faith in Country, and your faith And if they win in Vietnam, that will not DICKINSON. And you had a long conversa­ in the other POWs? be the end but the beginning. This is the tion with him, I understand. You were also RowE. Yes sir, these are the three things. thing that's important to the military, and invited, and did appear, on the Today Pro­ DICKINSON. Well, did anything happen I as a military man. gram, is that right? that would shake your faith in God, or your DICKINSON. You told us you were preached RoWE. Yes sir, I did. I had an opportunity Country or the other POWs while you were to daily, you were politically indoctrinated yesterday morning; I got up at 4 o'clock in there? or attempt was made almost daily, and you the morning to appear on the program. RowE. Well, the faith in God I don't be­ became familiar with their overall plan. DICKINSON. Now as I understood it, you lieve a VC can shake that because they don't First, what do they expect to accomplish in were going to comment on The Today Pro­ understand it, they don't believe it so they Vietnam, are they up to or behind schedule, gram on the peaceniks and beatniks and the don't understand it. Faith in Country was what can we expect from them? other misguided people . . . in connection one thing that they did attack, probably RowE. They're behind schedule, sir. They with the Moratorium: were you asked any­ more often than anything else. They took, were supposed to over-run Vietnam and have thing about it on The Today Program? well, I divided it actually into two periods total victory in 1965, but President Johnson RoWE. No sir, I think I made a mistake, I of time, the first between 1963 and 1967, the averted this by putting in United States let my views be known before we went on latter part of 1967 as the first period and the troops. camera. second period between October of 1967 and DICKINSON. And is it true that this is just DICKINSON. Well, you were supposed to go December of 1968. The first period of time one apple on the bush? on for 14 minutes? they drew strictly from communist sources RoWE. It's a very large tragedy, sir, and it RowE. We had 14 or 15 minutes initially, for propaganda, in other words, to try and expands throughout Indo-China. March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9221 DICKINSON. Now, are you sure that if it broke away from them, signaled the choppers deserve our recognition,they deserve our had not been for our action in Vietnam that and had American underfire come in and compassion, they deserve our admira­ the South Vietnamese would have fallen by pick me up. now and they would probably be into other DICKINSON. And escape? tion. May we never forget the Byelorus­ countries, is this your feelings? ROWE. Yes sir. sian spirit and may the ideals which RoWE. Yes sir, the NVA, they are the im­ DICKINSON. And you're going back? keep that spirit alive remain as strong balance. The North Vietnamese are the im­ RoWE. Yes sir, I've volunteered to go back as they are today. My sincerest hope is balance and at that point they could have and I'll go back ~n 1970. that someday soon we can celebrate Byel­ put enough men and enough communist DICKINSON. You're the most remarkable orussian Independence Day with our equipment into South Vietnam to overrun man that I know. Thank you, Major Nick European friends when East and W~t the country. Rowe. join in lasting peace. DICKINSON. And you're convinced, as I am, ADDITIONAL INFORMATION having been there twice, that Thailand, Laos, Name: Major James N. Rowe, U.S.A. Cambodia will all fall if we drew out and Age: 31 (born, February 8, 1938). give in without securing South Vietnam? Home: McAllen, Texas. RoWE. Sir, they will maintain the momen­ West Point Graduate. MONTANA'S STREAM PRESERVA­ tum of victory and it will carry through Laos Captured-october 22, 1963. TION LAW and Thailand. Escaped-December 31, 1968. DICKINSON. And you're convinced that re­ Volunteered to return to Vietnam-1970. gardless of whether we should have been HON. LEE METCALF there in the first place or not, we're doing OF MONTANA what is necessary now. Tell me, what do you IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES think will be the effect if the demonstrators FIFTY-SECOND ANNIVERSARY OF Tuesday, March 24, 1970 would have their way and we would just pull BYELORUSSIAN INDEPENDENCE out right now, what would be the effect? Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, on pre­ RoWE. It would be a blood bath. The com­ munists promise in their political program, vious occasions I have taken note of this is the political program of the Libera­ HON. MICHAEL A. FEIGHAN Montana's stream preservation law, tion National Front, and the way they state OF OHIO which informed conservationists regard it, we will severely punish the diehard, cruel IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES as a model statute for reconciling differ­ agents of the American imperialists and their Monday, March 23, 1970 ences among those who would build the lackies in Saigon, which is a blanket purge necessary highways and those con­ and it's going to be one of the bloodiest that Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Speaker, on March cerned primarily with our environment. they've ever seen in Asia, and they won't 25 lovers of freedom all over the world The law was discussed at some length stop. will commemorate the 52d Anniversary DICKINSON. Well, We saw that they killed today at the North American Wildlife over 3,000 at Hue during the Tet. of the Declaration of Independence of Conference in Chicago by John C. Peters RoWE. That's on offensive, sir, and imagine the Byelorussian nation. I am moved by of the Montana Fish and Game Depart­ 1! they take over the country. a feeling of sincere admiration and re­ ment. Mr. Peters called the law "a social DICKINSON. I'm convinced that what you spect for a people who have, since the document that a'pplies a mixture of bio­ say is right. Now there were two things that beginning of their history, been threat­ you told our Committee. First, that you were logical and engineering principles to pro­ ened by oppression and assimilia tion, yet tect a part of the environment." As he marked for execution and that you did es­ who have never ceded their love of liberty cape. What made you think that you were says, the law "illustrates that the public marked for execution and how dld this come and human dignity. We look to captive wants to maintain a quality environ­ about? peoples such as the Byelorussians as ment and will pay for it." RoWE. Well sir, I had a period of time that symbols of courage and determination. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ I was going through documents of theirs There is no need to describe the life sent that Mr. Peters' address be printed while they were at lunch. I would just go to the White Ruthenian must lead under in the RECORD. where they kept an ammunition box, a SO Communist domination. We would do caliber ammunition box where they had all well, however, to ponder for a moment There being no objection the address their papers. I learned some bad habits in was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Special Forces and lock picking was one of the conditions which are beyond our as follows: them. I would go there and pick the lock dur­ imagination as free and comfortable American citizens. Government censor­ OPERATION SINCE 1963 UNDER MONTANA'S ing this period of time and check out their STREAM PRESERVATION LAW papers, and whatever I thought was impor­ ship, educational suppression, cultural tant I would copy down and put it back. I oppression, and political takeover is real­ (Address by John C. Peters) found one paper in there, this was in the ity for Byelorussia, and nothing short of A day seldom passes without some mention latter part of 1968, where a request had come total independence will preserve her in newspapers, on the radio, in the weekly from Zone for the name of an American magazines, or over television of the destruc­ POW from MR 3 and my name had been human rights. tion of the environment. The public is aware submitted and this is a one-way trip as far With miraculous strength, the op­ that serious environmental problems exist. as that is concerned. pressed have resisted. At every challenge Their attitude today is that they want to DICKINSON. When you were captured, you to their freedom, the Byelorussians have live in a high quality environment, relatively gave them what you call a cover story? fought for their human rights with the free of any kind of pollution even if it means RowE. Yes sir, I did. courage of the world's great heroes. With paying higher taxes or a higher price for DicKINsoN. Was this effective and do you few respites, they have known only war, products. This attitude could only be held think it had something to do with keeping in an atnuent society such as ours where the you alive? foreign occupation and oppression, yet more basic needs of food and shelter are RoWE. Yes sir, I maintained this for 4 years they have defied the Communist threat adequate for most people. and it enabled me to say "I don't know" by publishing underground newspapers, Protection of trout streams from the bull­ rather than "I can't tell you", and I think opening cultural avenues, reviving their dozer and dragline is only one small part of that this was most effective. In 1968, some language, celebrating their folklore. tha struggle for the maintenance of a quality group, I don't know what it was, but I was Their undaunted spirit during the first environment. However, such protection is a called in and the VietCong prevention cadre years of the century, their foresight in milestone because the people of Montana told me that the justice and peace loving seizing the opportunity for liberation led have achieved some success in the preserva­ friends of theirs in the United States had tion of this important part of the landscape. sent them a biographical sketch on me, which to the moment that we celebrate: March A law called the Stream Preservation Law lB very effectively blew my cover story and 25, 1918, the declaration of indepen­ the reason for our success. Years of disap­ marked me. dence. pointing efforts showed that moral indigna­ DICKINSON. Let me get this straight, Amer­ The self-declared freedom was short­ tion or social alarm will not save a meander­ ican citizens, under the cover of being some lived, however, as the Byelorussian gov­ ing stream from a bulldozer. Only the legal peace group, had searched your biography ernment was forced into exile not long process with delegated responsibility will do and furnished this to the Viet Cong, so it after independence day. Now the White the job. blew your cover story, is that correct? Before Montana had its law, the road build­ RowE. Apparently so, sir. Ruthenian people continue to suffer op­ pression in all of its heinous forms. Their ers listened to alternate proposals but the DICKINSON. And finally, hOW did you get final plans included only incidental con­ away? national spirit has awakened the spirit siderations for the preservation of the trout RoWE. Well sir, I just took advantage of of all of Central Europe, even though stream environment. The Instructional Mem­ American B-52's and American helicopters their government is occupied by a foreign orandums of the Bureau of Public Roads and a very trusting guard that I got rid of, and tyrannical ideology. The oppressed were not adequate because there were no 9222 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 provisions to settle differences. Legally, the some insight lnto the desirable effects of a such design plans are developed. In the road builders had no responsibility to con­ well-planned implementation of a good law. jargon of the road building agencies, this sider requests aimed at stream protection. In 1963, the first law narrowly passed the means notification to participate on the P­ Only after passage of the Stream Preserva­ legislature (with the House voting 53-33 and line (preliminary alignment) or L-line (lo­ tion Law were we able to work out compro­ the Senate voting 32-21) and became law for cation alignment) inspections. At this stage, mises that allowed the building of roads a two-year trial period. The bill was killed changes are relatively easy to make. This al­ without the needless destruction of streams twice in committee, only to be pulled out and lows the conservation agency sumcient time and the surrounding valley floors. The com­ passed after some interesting political ma­ to make the necessary studies to collect data promises came relatively easy once the legal neuvering. In contrast, the 1965 legislature supporting a recommendation as may be re­ framework was provided by the Montana enacted a permanent law with only one dis­ quired to justify changes by the construc­ Legislature. senting vote from a possible 146, which was tion agency. It is the practical way to carry cast by a road contractor. I believe the HISTORY out each agency's responsibility on a day-to­ change in the voting between 1963 and 1965 day, routine basis. In 1960, there was major conflict with the is excellent testimony in favor of exerting The Stream Preservation Law has been road builders concerning the harmful effects every effort to make a. good law work. tested by legal decision three different times. of road construction on trout streams. After The Stream Preservation Law covers only One of the counties in the state did not be­ a history of attempting to get adequate con­ agencies of the state and subdivisions of state lieve the Fish and Game Commission had sideration for preserving the stream environ­ government, i.e., cities and counties. The the jurisdiction to require them to abide by ment, it became painfully clear that they State Water Conservation Board is exempt. the law. The Attorney General ruled that would listen, but could not implement major The law gave no jurisdiction over private the Commission did in fact have such au­ proposals for minimizing damage. We had no landowners, corporations or federal govern­ thority and required the country to submit recourse but to ask the legislature to give us ment agencies. a notice of construction of their project in­ the legal framework to protect our stream There were two important changes made fluencing a stream. resources from the bulldozers. Faced with to the original law by the 1965 legislature. As a mitigative measure in another case, that task, it was obvious that facts were Most important the law became permanent we asked that a meander be built to replace needed before we could adequately support in 1965 and no longer had to be renewed at one that was cut off. A landowner contested our case. each subsequent session of the legislature. the necessity of selling his land for the new So, in 1961, a pilot study was initiated on The arbitration committee under the 1963 meander. After we provided testimony at a the Little Big Horn River to develop methods law was made up of a member designated court hearing, the landowner amended his for measuring channel alterations and their by the Fish and Game Commission, a mem­ complaint admitting the necessity for the impact on fish populations. Using the tech­ ber designated by the agency involved, and taking of his land for the meander. He did niques developed on this pilot study, each a third member who had no connection not feel he was offered just compensation of seven fisheries districts measured at least with either agency, selected by these two for his land from the road-building agency one stream in 1962. We completed inventories members. Under the 1965 law the three-man and continued the case in this regard. The on 13 streams and rivers located throughout committee is appointed by the district court. meander has since been built, with the total the state and the results showed that far THE LAW ITSELF AND HOW IT WORKS cost, including right-of-way, estimated at more of the trout stream environment had $80,000.00. been tampered with than we had suspected Both the 1963 law (Chapter 258, Montana 1963) 1965 In the third case the law was used to pre­ (Peters, 1964). Two other states, North Caro­ Laws of and the Law (Chapter 10, 1965) vent the purchase of gravel from a site lina (Bayless and Smith, 1964) and Idaho Montana Laws of have identical preambles: "An act to establish the policy within the perimeter of a meander loop. We (Irizarri, 1969) have completed statewide felt the river could erode its way into the channel inventories that show the same of the State of Montana on protection of fishing strea.InS, providing for submission of borrow pit area and possibly upset the river's trend. All of these studies conclude that hydraulic regimen in the entire project area. a.l tered channels carry far fewer game fish plans for construction and hydraulic proj­ ects affecting such streams to the Montana The court ruled that the construction agency than natural channels. Also, a study of chan­ had the ministerial authority to make such nelization in the Little Sioux River in Iowa Fish and Game Commission and for review of such plans; and providing for arbitra­ a decision when requested to do so in accord­ revealed t hat the channeled portions carried ance with the Stream Preservation Law. far fewer game fish than the natural chan­ tion of disagreements between the Fish and nel (Welker, 1967). Game Commission and the Agency propos­ WHAT HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED As we presented the results of the stream ing such acts." The following is a brief sum­ Two reports (Whitney, 1964 and Peters, channel inventory to various civic organiza­ mary of the sections of the act itself and 1966) discuss specific accomplishments of the tions, we gained the strong support of the describes the mechanical operation under law during 1963 and 1965 respectively. From Montana Junior Chamber of Commerce. the current law: July 1, 1963 when the first law became effec­ 1. Later, they received a National Conservation The Fish and Game Commission is noti­ tive, until June 30, 1969 we have reviewed Award for their part in obtaining passage of fied of a project affecting a stream on a legal notices for 259 projects. Of these, we special form accompanied by detailed plans Montana's first Stream Preservation Law. The asked for special considerations on 88 proj­ Montana Wildlife Federation also pitched in and specifications. These documents must ects, roughly one of every three. with the Western Association of that Fed­ be provided not less than 60 days prior to the start of construction. Following are the highlights of what has eration providing noteworthy leadership. To­ been accomplished during the first six years gether these groups supported by the data 2. The Commission examines these plans. with the law. Proposed road alignments were convinced a rather reluctant legislature that If they are inadequate, they so notify the moved to avoid encroaching upon the Madi­ Montana. needed a Stream Preservation Law. applicant and may aid him in preparing son, Big Hole, Missouri and Blackfoot Rivers. One was passed which became effective on better ones. Meanders were designed and built in Prickly July 1, 1963, but only for a two-year trial 3. Within 30 days after the receipt of such Pear Creek, the St. Regis River and the Clark period. Thus we had to repeat our efforts in plans, the Commission notifies the appli­ Fork River so that the channel was as long 1965. Armed then with facts from channel cant whether or not the project affects any after construction as before. Extra bridges to inventories on 16 strea.InS, and the record of fish and game habitat. If the project is preserve natural meanders were built in the not having stopped the entire road building harmful to habitat, the Commission recom­ Beaverhead and Missouri Rivers and are program in Montana during the previous two mends alternatives which diminish or elim­ planned for the Blackfoot River. Brushy years, we enlisted the support of several inate such effect. floodplain vegetation, removed to facilitate groups. These efforts were successful be­ 4. If these alternatives or recommenda­ construction, has been replaced. Channel ex­ cause a permanent law was passed in 1965. tions are unacceptable to the construction cavation has been limited to those times of The following facts based on the channel agency, they must notify the Commission the year when trout are not spawning and inventory were presented at the 1965 legisla­ within 15 days after receiving such alter­ eggs are not in redds. An elevated and inde­ tive committee hearings: natives and the disagreement is arbitrated. pendent alignment has been proposed and 1. That 354 of 987 miles (36 % ) of chan­ A special arbitration procedure is spelled been designed to preserve the St. Regis River nels surveyed had been altered from their out in the law which is binding on both and its scenic canyon. All of these fishery­ natural condition. parties. saving accomplishments have been made by 2. There were 2,401 alterations counted, However, we have learned that a much working with the State Highway Department more practical operation exists with con­ with the concurrence of the Bureau of Public nearly three per stream mile. struction agencies than that formally spelled 3. Altered channels produced only one­ Roads, through the effective medium of a fifth the number of game fish and one­ out by the law. Somewhere between 10 and good law, which established the framework. 15 percent of the total cost of a highway seventh the weight of game fish as natural construction project lies in its design. Once FRINGE BENEFITS channels. an alignment has been selected and the By asking them to follow the intent of the These facts played an important part in plans are completed, there is little oppor­ Stream Preservation Law, we now have writ­ convincing the legislature that protective tunity for change without great cost to the ten agreements with the following federal legislation was necessary to maintain a valu­ construction agency. Considerable delay oc­ agencies: Forest Service, Bureau of Public able natural resource, Montana's trout stream curs while the project is being redesigned, Roads, Bureau of Reclamation, Fish and fishery. too. Therefore, the conservation agency must Wildlife Service, Soil Conservation Service, Examining the voting record of the Mon­ be notified by a construction agency and be and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The agree­ tana. legislautre on this issue will give allowed to participate as a partner before ment with the Soil Conservation Service al- March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9223 lows the Fish and Game Department to re­ preconstruction phase of road building. This Irizarri, R. A. 1969. The effect of stroom view each project under the Agricultural phase allows us ( 1) to review and adjust alteration in Idaho. D-J Project F-55-R-2, Conservation Program that involves work in alignments, and (2) to work out measures for Job No. 1, 2, & 3. 26 p. a stream or river. No federal cost-sharing is fishery mitigation. However, this effort does Peters, J. C. and W. Alvord. 1964. Man­ allowed on channel work under ACP unless it not do the entire job for maximum protec­ made channel alterations in thirteen Mon­ meets with our written approval. Since chan­ tion of the environment. Our effort up to tana streams and rivers. 29th No. Am. Wildl. nel stabilization work has increased in recent now only enables us to keep between two­ Conf. 29: 93-102. years to the fifth largest expend! tures of thirds and three-fourths of the stream en­ Peters, J. C. 1966. Operation under Mon­ funds under ACP, this has become an im­ vironmental problems in our management tana's stream preservation law of 1965. Proc. portant part of our stream preservation grasp. However, to improve our ability to 46th West. Assoc. State Game & Fish Com­ program. preserve the entire stream environment, we missioners. 46: 313-315. The Bureau of Public Roads has also fol­ must get involved on a day-to-day basis dur­ Welker, B. D. 1967. Comparison of cha.nnel lowed the intent of the law. We have estab­ ing the construction phase of road building. catfish populations in channeled and un­ lished liaison with the BPR that allows us to This will involve a great improvement in our channeled sections of the Little Sioux River, review all Forest Highway Projects from the understanding of just what can be done and Iowa. Iowa Acad.. Sci. 74: 99-104. preliminary alignment to the final construc­ "Vhat cannot be done when the contractor Whitney, A. N. 1964. Montana's first year tion phase. is building the road. We may have to change with a stream preservation act. Proc. 44th or refine certain measures for habitat mitiga­ West. Assoc. State Game & Fish Commission­ Depending on individual forests in the ers. 44: 229-232. region, we have established fair to excellent tion once this knowledge gap is closed. cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service. Trained biologists must be hired to work There are few problems with high design with the construction engineer in this im­ forest roads as a rule. It is the smaller logging portant problem area. ABM: AN EXPENSIVE MAG!NOT LINE roads designed within the Forest Supervisor's Under our D-J fisheries program, we have offices that are often troublesome. evaluated a few of the channel mitigative In 1969 the Montana Legislature appro­ measures to determine their value for fish. HON. ROBERT L. LEGGETT priated $100,000.00 to the Department for the But we do not have the money or manpow­ OF CALIFORNIA er to begin to evaluate all the important construction of recreation lakes. Involved in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES this program is the utilization of highway measures that have been designed and con­ fills to impound water. The Fish and Game structed for aquatic life. We need more Tuesday, March 24, 1970 Department pays the difference in cost be­ money and people to do this work. Until such tween a fill designed for a roadway and a fill a program is operating we are proceeding un­ Mr. LEGGETT. Mr. Speaker, an edi­ designed for a dam embankment. The de­ der the belief that channels that behave well torial on the subject of the ABM re­ partment has hired an engineering consulting hydraulically also provide the best environ­ cently appeared in one of my district's firm to provide the design and right-of-way ment for fish. With or without a more ade­ outstanding newspapers, the Sacramen­ investigation work necessary for the develop­ quate evaluation program, we must work to Bee. To my mind, the Bee has bopped ment of plans and specifications. The State clOsely with the engineering community to this boondoggle right on the head. Either Highway Department provides us at cost better understand flow in natural channels as it relates to fish. the Russians will not expand their SS-9 with core log data necessary for material and force, in which case Safeguard will not foundation evaluation and with aerial CONCLUSIONS photography necessary for site mapping. This be needed, or they will expand it and The Stream Preservation Law has provided add MIRV, in which case Safeguard will is an example of an extremely efficient use of for the trout stream environment in Mon­ public money and illustrates what agencies tana. It has shown the public that a con­ not work even in theory, let alone in prac­ can do when they are really willing to co­ struction agency and a conservation agency tice. operate with each other. can work together given the necessary legal It seems most unlikely that Safe­ Recently, we obtained a Memorandum of fram~work. One measure of the relative effec­ guard will have practical effectiveness Understanding with the State Highway De­ tiveness of the program is the $100,000.00 ap­ under any circumstances. But even the partment dealing with land isolated by road propriation for the Recreation Lakes Program Defense Department admits it will have construction activities. It allows us to have granted to the Fish and Game Department theoretical effectiveness only if the So­ the highway right-of-way personnel act in by the 1969 legislature. This program would our behalf to purchase this isolated land for not be possible without the close cooperation viets expand their SS-9 force but do not fish and game purposes. In this way, every­ of the State Highway Department, coopera­ incorporate MIRV. Perhaps if we are one can benefit including the landowner with tion initiated by state law which detailed foolish enough to spend billions on Safe­ the isolated land. For example, some fairly agency responsibilities. guard, the Soviets will, out of apprecia­ large tracts of land will be isolated between We have achieved a measure of success by tion for our efforts, design their offense the Clark Flork River and Interstate 90. It being able to work in the preconstruction to suit Safeguard's capabilities and avoid would be economically impractical to pro­ phases of the road building program. We its weaknesses. But somehow I doubt it. vide frontage road access to these lands, ac­ will have to begin working on a day-to-day cording to the highway department. There­ I insert the editorial entitled "Safe­ basis at the construction phase of road build­ guard Proposal Would Give United fore, we are developing a plan to use these ing in order to achieve maximum success. lands for a major waterfowl development. The public does not compliment us on what States the Tilusion of Maginot Line Since borrowing will be needed to build the we have accomplished, rather they criticize Safety,'' from the Sacramento Bee of road, we will specify where it can come from us on what they feel we should be doing to March 4, 1969, in the RECORD at this and the size and shape of the borrow pits. further preserve the trout stream environ­ point: These pits will become duck ponds rather ment. We must live up to their expectations SAFEGUARD PROPOSAL WOULD GIVE UNITED than the traditional eye sores. This agree­ and work even closer with the construction ment will also be used to purchase land STATES ILLUSION OF MAGINOT LINE SAFETY agencies in order to retain the public's The Nixon administration's latest proposal needed for fishing access, habitat protection confidence. for birds and fish, game checking stations, to expand the Safeguard Anti-Ballistic Mis­ This law is a social document that applies sile system amounts to a new Maginot Line etc. It is not limited to interstate highways, a mixture of biological and engineering prin­ but can be used along new primary and mentality and would be an exorbitant eco­ ciples to protect a part of the environment. nomic drain without increasing real national secondary roads as well. It illustrates that the public wants to main­ The Stream Preservation Law has been in­ security. tain a quality environment and will pay for The Maginot Line, it will be recalled, was directly responsible for developing a more it. Yet this success has been achieved without rational basis for our stream management a prodigious network of fortifications by economically penalizing the road building which the French military imagined it might program. Often we are asked by the construc­ effort. Apparently the myth that this law tion agencies to justify our request for miti­ make German invasion impossible. The Nazi would scuttle the road building program in blitzkrieg blasted that illusion by simply by­ gative measures. This means measuring fish Montana has vanished. The largest publtc populations and providing reports describing passing the Maginot Ltne in a few short works program ever conceived and funded by weeks. France fell. the fishery for such justification. We have Congress continues in Montana and else­ allocated time and manpower to do this in What the French failed to perceive where. But there is a difference. We have a clearly-although the then young Gen. our fishery districts. Special jobs have been legal document which has helped us and the set up and work carried out over a long Charles De Gaulle importuned against Mag­ road builders minimize some of the destruc­ inot Line thinking-was that the rapidly period of time to gather data for the stream tive forces in that massive program. preservation program. Because of this, the shifting developments of military tactics whole fisheries staff has increased its capa­ LITERATURE CITED would make the supposed impregnable de­ bilities and practical know-how in accurately Bayless, J. and W. B. Smith. 1964. The ef­ fense obsolete. measuring stream and river fish populations. fects of channelization upon the fish popula- The same failure of perception marks the tions of lotic waters in eastern North caro­ Nixon administration's faith in the Safe­ WHAT IS LEFT TO BE DONE lina. Misc. Publ. Division of Inland Fisheries, guard system. The President has chosen to Almost all of our effort in preserving the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Conunis­ listen to those particular military and scien­ stream environment has been devoted to the sion. 14 p. tific advisers who believe it possible to erect 9224 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 197 an impregnable antiballistic missile system The real problems the postmen do have zation for the past 18 years-now at 8 and prevent successful missile attack upon run much deeper than money. Ironically, the US. most of the postal workers' unions have been Paul has announced his retirement. It is typical Maginot Line mentality. But fighting tooth and nail to preserve the poll­ Paul was born in Dixon, Calif. on a growing number of military men and sci­ tics-ridden system that is mainly responsible August 26, 1890, and received his school­ entists see the folly of this illusion of secu­ for their members' troubles. ing at Santa Clara. He developed the rity. Congress should take a whole new look Some critics claim the Administration pre­ Woodland Daily Democrat which he has at the Safeguard proposal and insist that cipitated the mail crisis by tying a postal pay owned since 1926. The paper is ably the nation's best protection remains in the raise to sensible postal reform. If the Admin­ managed by his son, Kenneth, since retaliatory deterrent power of its Polaris fleet. istration did in fact link the two, it was Mr. Leake is in public service. US Sen. Mike Mansfield of Montana, the showing much more compassion for the 1939 was Senate Democratic majority leader, has workers' real grievances than their leaders In Paul appointed Customs warned the full cost of the Safeguard system were. Collector for San Francisco and later he envisioned by the administration would It is, for one thing, perfectly clear that has consistently been elected to the State grow to an ultimate $50 billion or more. That $8,442 is a lot more money in some parts of Board of Equalization since 1952. He is is a ghastly price to pay for an illusion of the nation than it is in others. But Congress, past President of the California News­ security. setting postal wages largely for political paper Publishers' Association. For as Defense Secretary Melvin Laird reasons, hasn't been inclined to fix higher The Sacramento Bee was one of the himself has conceded, there is no need for it wages for one member's constituents than first to pay him tribute la,st week, as if the Soviets do not proceed with develop­ for others. follows: ment of more sophisticated missiles and ac­ A semi-independent postal authority, of curacy, and if they do, the proposed, untried the sort the Administration proposes, would LEAKE'S SERVICE WAS PRAISEWORTHY Safeguard system could not handle the be flexible enough to take living costs into It is a sad day when a public servant who threat. account. At the same time, of course, it could has made such a valuable contribution to It is folly to spend billions on a system shear away the political appointees who still good government is lost to public service, which would be useful only if the Soviets occupy many top postal positions, and thus whatever the reason. Such is the case with tailor their threat to suit its peculiar limi­ leave many career postal workers stuck in Paul R. Leake of Woodland, a member of tations. dead-end jobs. the State Board of Equalization since 1952. If the postal unions really wanted to help Leake. who will be 80 in August, has their members, all of them would have been reversed an earlier decision to campaign for MOVING THE MAIL working hard for reform. An $8,442 wage re-election and announced his retirement at wouldn't look discouraging anywhere if an the end of the present term. In doing so he is ambitious postal worker knew that it did not giving up the prospect of a $100,000 income­ need to be the end of the road. $25,000 a year salary for the next !our years-­ HON. WILLIAM H. HARSHA However serious the problems of any of because it is almost certain he could have the workers, they do not justify lllegal been successful again at the polls. OF OHIO strikes. The fact that the strikes started in Leake said: IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES New York is unsurprising; postal workers "The people should be represented by a there have watched while other public em­ younger man-someone to keep on top of to­ Tuesday, March 24, 1970 ployes pulled illegal walkouts-and usually day's frightening problems." Mr. HARSHA. Mr. Speaker, President wound up being rewarded with higher pay. While this is a commendable attitude, it Nixon's firm resolve to keep the mail of New York has long been known as a "good" also is too bad because a younger man will our Nation moving, and his decisive labor town, meaning one where the politicians have to go some to equal Leake's record. generally knuckle under to the unions. At The Woodland newspaper editor and pub­ words and actions in that direction, are the state level this shows up in the fact that lisher has served the people of the 25 northern being commended as realistic, necessary, New York actually pays unemployment bene­ counties in his equalization board district and courageous. fits to workers who go out on strike. Since the with strength and fairness for nearly two An editorial from this morning's Wall benefits are financed by employers, the com­ decades. The board is the state's major reve­ Street Journal places the situation in its panies thus subsidize strikes against them­ nue agency, administering collection of eight proper perspective, both from the stand­ selves. kinds of taxes, assessment of utility property The Federal Government simply cannot and overseeing the counties' administration point of the postal workers, and the permit itself to get in that sort of predica­ of local property taxes. President's responsibility to retain a ment. If the postal strikers get away with Although a Democrat, Leake first was ap­ "government based upon law." this power play, there are many other Fed­ pointed to the post to fill an unexpired term I commend this editorial to the atten­ eral workers only too likely to follow the by Republican Gov. Earl Warren. He has tion of my colleagues. leaders. approached his work in a strictly nonpartisan political tradition. MOVING THE MAIL What is at issue, as President Nixon said, is survival of a Government based upon law. Even before his service on the equaliza­ The first priority in the current mall strike If the strikers begin to see that is so, there tion board, Leake was making a contribution is to get the mail moving. President Nixon will be no need for the President to order to government. He was collector of customs recognized as much yesterday when he or­ troops into cities other than New York. He for the Port of San Francisco from 1939 to dered military personnel to handle essential made it clear, though, that he would not 1952. mail in New York City, where the tie-up hesitate to take whatever steps become Leake rates praise and gratitude from the started and where the Post Office was still necessary. people of California. shut down. It was the sort of decision no political At the same time Mr. Nixon stressed that leader enjoys making. The postal strikers, the "overwhelming majority" of postal em­ however, left a President of the United States POSTAL STRIKE ployes had refused to join the illegal walk­ no other choice. out and instead were carrying out their re­ sponsibilities. To these workers, as well as to HON. WILLIAM A. STEIGER those on strike, he promised full discussions SACRAMENTO BEE PRAISES OF WISCONSIN of all grievances--but not while thousands remain off their jobs. PAUL LEAKE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES As the President conceded, the economic Monday, March 23, 1970 problems of postal workers in some cases are severe. Still, those problems should be kept HON. ROBERT L. LEGGETT (Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin asked and In perspective. OF CALIFORNIA was given permission to address the The top pay of letter carriers, $8,442, ob­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES House for 1 minute.) viously is not high in these inflated times. Tuesday, March 24, 1970 Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. Perhaps it's worth remembering, though, Speaker, it is regrettable that there are that the median income for all U.S. families Mr. LEGGETT. Mr. Speaker. a few those on the floor today who will attempt is only about $8,000. Whatever the problems days ago one of California's most senior to use for their own political purposes of the postmen, in other words, around half capable public servants, Mr. Paul R. the tmgic situation due to the interrup­ of all Americans are worse off. Leake, a member of the Senate Board of Federal employes, moreover, have a degree tion of mail service and the present treat­ of job security seldom attainable in private Equalization since 1952, decided to hang ment of postal employees. employment. This security is especially great up his spurs. I, for one, think the President was in the Post Office, where the chief change Paul Leake. a distinguished Democrat, correct in his move to call out the troops over the years has been a growing demand has served half of the 58 counties of to carry on the essential mail service re­ for service-and personnel. California on the State Board of Equali- quired by this country. But I am deeply EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9225 ni~:t.n1rhF•n by the fact that the simple act formation about kidney diseases., and is rights and the common man's loss of his na<:<:ll"\0" a pay increase is assumed by striving to assist kidney disease victims important representation in government. To through artificial kidney centers, tissue­ insure proper elections, citizens are obliged to solve the problems of the Post typing and kidney transplantation centers, to keep abreast of the news. Even now as a Drug Bank programs, and detection and student, this applies to me. Today's news will do not think that is going to happen, treatment of asymptomatic kidney infec­ be tomorrow's history, and we learn by others I am one of those who supports the tions in school children: mistakes. tion, who joins with the distin­ Now, Therefore, I the Commissioner of the My use of voting privileges in school or gentleman from Arizona Oregon headquar­ responsibility without our support. The travelers to Israel. ters we have four Resexve officers and two solutions to crime are largely dependent Resolved, That certified copies of this National Guard officers. The four Reserve offi­ on the ability of these law enforcement Resolution be sent to the President of the cers are one Marine, two Navy, and one Arlny. officers and, in turn, on our ability to United States, Vice President, Speaker of the These si.x officers represent the finished provide them adequate funds to do the House, President Pro Tempore of the Senate, product of 110 years of cumulative study and job. Congressional representatives from Phila­ training in Selective Service know-how­ delphia and United States Senators from background, history, law, procedures, and Pennsylvania, as evidence of the sincere sen­ planning. They are manpower specialists. TERROR IN THE SKIES timents of this legislative body. They didn't become specialists except through Certification: This is a true and correct constant and diligent study, during weekends copy of the original Resolution adopted by or weekly four-hour study periods; by untold HON. JOSHUA EILBERG the Council of the City of Philadelphia on hours of homework taking specific corre­ the twenty-sixth day of February, 1970. spondence courses; and by substitution of OF PENNSYLVANIA training-conference attendance for the nor­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES PAUL D'ORTONA, mal family two-week vacation. Often, this President of City Council. Tuesday, March 24, 1970 training was accomplished at the expense of Attest: the individual, without remuneration from CHARLES H. SAWYER, Jr., the Government. And in the case of our Navy Mr. EILBERG. Mr. Speaker, for more Chief Clerk of the Council. officers, it was attained at the expense of than a year now, the world has watched their military careers, from a promotion as Arab terrorists have bombed and at­ standpoint. Multiply these efforts by the total tached commercial airliners and their KICK THE MILITARY? number of reserve and National Guard officers civilian passengers departing from the throughout the country available to Selec­ major capitals of Europe. HON. BURT L. TALCOTT tive Service in the event of a National Emer­ There is little doubt that the world's gency or time of war and you have a stagger­ OF CALIFORNIA ing number of hours of sacrifice and hard commercial exchange with Israel and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES work. All of this has been in preparation for that country's foreign exchange balance assuming a more active role if they are called will be seriously affected if these 1:5ar­ Tuesday, March 24, 1970 to extended active duty to serve the country. barous attacks are not halted. These six temporary active-duty citizen­ We already have evidence that pilots Mr. TALCOTT. Mr. Speaker, we all soldiers represent by civilian profession an of Western nation airplanes are re­ look forward to an overhaul of the "mili­ educator, a banker, a successful business man, luctant to continue their schedules to tary draft" legislation. No one likes the a personnel specialist, a property control and circumstances making "selective serv­ supply technician specialist and a. business Tel Aviv. ice" necessary. We all hope for the administrator. Incidentally, these six officers Equally significant is the terrorists' wondrous day when no draft will be nec­ compositely hold five bachelor degrees and absolute disregard for whom their vic­ two master degrees, and two more have tims may or may not be. Women and essary and our Nation, and others, can graduate work beyond their degree. In addi­ children, tourists or statesmen, it mat­ live in peace with freedom and security. tion to the six officers on temporary active In the meantime, I believe too many duty, Oregon can rely on twenty-six other ters not. of us overlook the kind, quantity, and citizen-soldiers, reservists who remain in their Yet through it all, we in the free world quality of service rendered by our Selec­ civilian positions, yet devote the same tiine and the United States have stood by tive Service boards and officials. It is all to study for preparation for call to duty in strangely powerless, unable or unwilling too easy to criticize the rescue work of time of the Nation's emergency. through the force of our considerable the fellow who is performing in the A typical Selective Service reserve officer influence to put a halt to these atrocities. training unit in the State of Oregon is cited. stormy lake while we are observing from Their civilian backgrounds are: State Direc­ In a resolution adopted on February 26, a dry, cozy, secure place on shore. 1970, the City Council of Philadelphia tor Tor Veterans Affairs, former State Civil Even though seeming inequities and Service Director, Attorney, Law Professor, adopted Resolution No. 223. The resolu­ disappointing decisions may occur, the Ford Agency Owner, Contractor, Teacher, and tion urges the President to use the private and congressional criticism is Accountant for the State Board of Education. power of his office to protest and often grossly exaggerated. Deserving As to the military operating "with less re­ bring an end to this terror in the skies. praise is seldom forthcoming. gard for individual rights and procedural With the unanimous consent of my niceties than we expect and require in ci­ colleagues, I enter the resolution on the The director of the Selective Service vilian life," the author denotes a misunder­ system for the State of Oregon, Leon­ standing of the operations of Selective RECORD: ard G. Hicks, and John M. Hilgers, the Service as established by an Act of Congress. COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA editor of the Rough Draft, the monthly The military doesn't Inake such decisions in RESOLUTION bulletin of the Oregon State Headquar­ Selective Service operations. Selective Serv­ Memorializing the President of the United ters, published a thoughtful article in ice is an independent Federal Agency in the States to use his good offices to protest the the February 1970, edition entitled, "Kick Executive Branch of the Government. It is mounting rage of indiscrimir-ate terrorism the many devoted Local Boa·rd Members in against innocent travelers to Israel. the Military?" The article deserves the each community within the State of Oregon Whereas, The bomb explosions on Swiss, careful reading of both Members of the who classify and make the decision to defer Austrian and German airplanes killed and Congress and every citizen of the United or order for induction. It is the Local Board wounded the innocent and intended victims States. Members who devote uncounted hours every of Arab saboteurs exercising the terrorist The situation in Oregon is not unsimi­ month, serving a country in whose ideals and tactics against the Republic of Israel; and lar to the situation in every other State. values they still believe, at a time when any­ Whereas, The permissiveness of Arab ag­ We have much for which to be thankful. thing they do and represent is a dirty word. gression against Israel has been proved They do all this, in spite of continuous criti­ callous in the apathetic reaction of the free These citizen soldiers are deserving of cism and abuse, as an unpaid volunteer. The nations of the World; and our praise and gratitude much more than wounds from unwitting friends are tougher Whereas, There will be no peace in the our criticism. to take than those from an enemy. Indeed, Middle East, or in the sky, or on the sea and The article follows: each one of them must sign an Oath of land, until t'he international community per­ KICK THE MILITARY? Office and Waiver of Pay before the Governor suades the Arab States to recogni:z;e and will recommend him to the President for ap­ enforce the principles of justice against In order to set the record straight, with pointment. And one of the requirements for those who hiJack and sabotage planes on the reference to a newspaper article relating to becoming a local board member is complete ground in foreign airports to terrorize Israeli certain military personnel recommendations separation from the military- they cannot bound planes and passengers; and emanating from a Congressional subcom­ be a member of the Reserves, or even the Whereas, Peace will continue to elude all mittee, it seems pertinent to acquaint our retired Reserve. We have something going for of us in the Middle East and elsewhere as uncompensated personnel with a. little back­ all af us-we believe we have the most eco­ long as the world remains apathetic to the ground on our military personnel in Selective nomical (86% unpaid volunteers) and best cause of a people asking only to be left in Service in Oregon. run agency in the Federal Government. We, peace while others consume themselves in a Perhaps the Committee was unaware that up to the present, have always accompllshed passionate craving to enjoy it; therefore the members of Selective, Service head­ our primary mission, making the call placed Resolved, By the Council of the City of quarters staffs are comprised of citizen- upon us by the Department of Defense. March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9227

It is ironic that the military officers, ear­ its reputation spread early across the United Concerts are also given in outlying towns. marked to Selective Service, and assigned to States as a result o! nationwide radio broad­ Now the citizens of Oregon, without any the State Headquarters, who are accused by casts in the 1930's. Later, recordings of its government aid, have subscribed the consid­ this subcommittee of operating with less re­ concerts were heard in many of the major erable funds required for a tour abroad. The gard for individual rights, actually provide American cities, in Japan, the Philippines, Orchestra has been everyone's pet but no such protect ion as their sworn duty. Remem­ and, during the past decade, in Europe on one's toy. ber these officers are also citizens, and as the voice of America broadcasts. In these days when students the world citizens they expect the same individual In Oregon the Orchestra became the hub over are in an uproar of contention, here is rights. They appreciate the privilge of serving of many activities involving young people. an activity which has for nearly half a cen­ their country, and still consider it an honor Each year a student pianist is presented as tury involved young people, and continues to carry out the mandate of Congress. Did soloist; young guest artists from other parts to do so because it is inherently fulfilling. To you realize that our last five Presidents had of the nation are invited; the Museum Art be a member of this Orchestra is to take up this same honor, as four of them were Re­ School designs program covers; college cho­ a way of life. Without any of the trappings serve officers, and one "even" regular ruses have joined in performances of Stra­ of a school it has been the very essence of military? vinsky: Symphony of Psalms, Orff: Carmina &hool, perennially attesting to the maxim: The articulate Rudyard Kipling in speak­ Burana, and Mozart: Requiem. Beginning in .. Res severa verum gaudium"-serious things ing of the British soldier, "Tommy", had a 1959 the Association commissioned six works, are the true toy. relevant observation- under a grant from the Rockefeller Founda­ To share this joy by making music with tion, and these have been recorded by the young people abroad is one of the chief aims Oh it's Tommy this, and Tommy that and Orchestra for Composers Recordings, Inc. of this tour. At a time when nations seem Tommy go away Many cities have looked to Portland for unable to bring the peoples of the world But it's please to step in Front, Sir When guidance in the formation of their own youth closer together such a joining of hands can the bands begin to play. groups, and the Portland Junior Symphony only help. Orchestra is regarded as the progenitor of this movement in the United States. It was WASHINGTON, D.C. established by Jacques Gershkovitch, who THEPORTLANDJUNTORSYMPHONY conducted it for thirty years, having come The Washington Cathedral, Easter Sun­ ORCHESTRA to America from Japan. When it fell to his lot day, March 29 at 4:00p.m. to take over a group of children who had been With the participation of the Cathedral rehearsing under a local violin teacher in Choral Society, Conductor, Paul Callaway. HON. EDITH GREEN 1923, Gershkovitch promptly set the tone of EVENSONG PROGRAM OF OREGON serious work and authentic repertoire. The Beethoven: Leonore Overture No. 2. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES civic-minded citizens who gathered round Albinoni: Oboe Concerto, Op. 9, No. 2, to support that activity stated their pur­ allegro e non presto, adagio, allegro, Kathie Tuesday, March 24, 1970 poses: "to encourage appreciation and per­ Egbers, soloist. Mrs. GREEN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker, formance of great orchestral music; present Ravel: Introduction and Allegro, Jennifer one of the most outstanding youth public concerts in yearly series; discover and Hoesly, harp. develop talent in children; stress values in Avshalomov: The Rose. orchestras in the world will be perform­ good character and endeavor to create a cul­ ing this Easter Sunday in a free public Bruckner: Te Deum, Carol Cramer, sopra­ tural and educational asset to the community no, Margery Clifford, alto, Edward Jackson, concert in Washington, D.C. The Port­ through greater love of music." tenor, James Johnson, bass. land Junior Symphony, from my own Over the years these aims have been amply home city of Portland, Oreg. will play fulfilled. Some three thousand young musi­ for the evensong services at the Wash­ cians have been inspired and trained by the THE 52D ANNIVERSARY OF BYEL­ ington National Cathedral, Sunday, at Orchestra. Many of them have gone on to ORUSSIAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC the nation's distinguished orchestras, such 4:00p.m. as the Boston Symphony and the New York The Cathedral Choral Society will Philharmonic; and many more have become HON. LESTER L. WOLFF join the 100 musicians of the junior the enlightened amateurs of music in our symphony whose ages range from 12 to society. The leader of the Juilliard Quartet, OF NEW YORK 21 in performing Bruckner's Te Deum, Robert Mann, was concertmaster of the Port­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES which will be the highlight of Sunday's land Junior Symphony Orchestra in his stu­ Monday, March 23, 1970 concert. dent days. Since 1954 the China-born composer Jacob Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, March 25 The visit of these young Portlanders Avshalomov has led the Orchestra, coming is the 52d anniversary of the establish­ to the Nation's Capitol is of special in­ to the post after teaching for eight years at ment of the Byelorussian Democratic terest to the residents of the District Columbia University. There he conducted the Republic. of Columbia because the Portland Junior American premier of Tippett's A Child of This gallant republic could not with­ Symphony will be joining the District Our Time. · stand the overwhelming onslaught of of Columbia Youth Orchestra in inter­ The hundred and more players in the national orchestral competition this Orchestra come from a radius of fifty miles the Bolshevik armies and was too quick­ August in Switzerland. The two youth of Portland, whose metropolitan population ly swallowed up by the Communist gov­ orchestras will be the only U.S. repre­ is about 500,000. The students range in age ernment. Yet, her people throughout from 12 to 21 (the top limit), and are drawn history have never lost their belief that sentatives to this international event. from thirty-five schools and colleges. They freedom will one day again be theirs. The Washington concert will be the are re-auditioned each season, and are seated Despite discriminatory restrictions in finale of the orchestra's first European according to ability-seniority being a sec­ cultural and economic benefits, this na­ tour which in the last 2 weeks will have ondary factor. A Preparatory Orchestra, also taken them to Great Britain, Spain, and numbering over a hundred players (average tions people are a tremendous example Italy. age 14), meets once a week, for classes in of how the love of liberty cannot die as music theory, sectional work and a rehearsal, long as people hold it in their hearts. To be selected to play at such a special all of which is taught by members of the event where over 2,500 persons are ex­ On the occasion marking the anni­ older group or by alumni. versary of this courageous land I think pected to be in attendance is truly a Various opportunities are provided the recognition of the outstanding ability of it is important that we not only remem­ students by the Association: scholarships for ber that many still yearn for freedom, this marvelous orchestra and its dis­ private lessons, which all players are ex­ tinguished Conductor Jacob Avshalomov. pected to be taking, solo appearances with the but that we again reaffirm that we will not rest until freedom is part of all I would like to invite all those inter­ Orchestra, study at summer festivals such as Tanglewood, Aspen, Interlochen, and cham­ lands. ested to attend this performance and ber music coaching and performance. The Byelorussians view freedom as a with permission to include in the RECORD The Orchestra's season corresponds to the most precious gift, and a goal to which the program for the concert and a brief school year, and its schedule consists of one they are totally and irrevocably dedi­ description of the orchestra and its full and two sectional rehearsals each week, cated. It is a gratifying commitment to conductor: in the early evening. Six subscription con­ certs are given, three for adults and three for which each and everyone of us should THE PORTLAND JUNIOR SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA children, plus a Family Christmas Concert-­ also pledge our efforts. For without unity For the first time in its forty-six year his­ all in the Civic Auditorium, to audiences in purpose, we will never bring peace tory America's first youth-orchestra journeys averaging 2000. to the world. Consequently, Mr. Speak­ abroad from its b.ome in the Pacific North­ Schoolchildren are brought by bus !rom er, today I would like to urge my col­ west Fotmded iJi. Pr.rtland, Oregon in 1924, as far away as 100 miles. leagues to join with me in applauding 9228 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 the tireless commitment of the Byel­ For comparative purposes, I also in­ [Rank, count ry, and rate] orussians and to assure them that we clude below this 1967 tabulation by 33 Portugal ------59.3 will do everything possible to restore HEW: 34 Yugoslavia (1966) ------161.3 their short-lived and beloved freedom. 35 El Salvador (1966) ------62.0 MATERNAL DEATH RATES AND 1965 OR 1966 RATES AS 36 ~exico (1966)------62.9 PERCENTAGE OF 1951- 53 RATED IN 36 COUNTRIES 37 Costa Rica (1966)------169.9 38 Albania (1965)------86.8 MEDICAL CARE: IV: MATERNALAND (Deaths of mothers per 100,000 live births) 1 INFANT MORTALITY 39 Guatemala (1966)------91.5 40 Chile (1966) ------127.5 Death rates 2 as per­ 1 Provisional. HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL 1966 centage OF NEW YORK Country 1951-53 (or 1965) of 11 NoTE.-This table is limited to sovereign countries With estimated populations of one IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (1) (2) million or more, and with "complete" counts Tuesday, ]larch 24, 1970 of live births and infant deaths, as indicated Mauritius_------_____ 315. 1 108. 1 34. 3 in the 1967 Demographic Yearbook of the Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, in re­ Canada •• ______United Nations. Chile ______91.2 34.8 38.2 cent weeks I have discussed some aspects Colombia ______367.8 271.8 73. 9 363.4 240.3 66. 1 of our national medical care system Costa Rica . ______219. 0 110. 3 which reflect the great concern I have El Salvador______50.4 Mexico . ______219.0 121. 1 55. 3 PLAUDITS TO THE NEWARK STAR for our continued floundering for solu­ 252.0 151. 8 60.2 LEDGER Trinidad and Tobago ______405. 7 129.7 32. 0 tions in this area. United States of America ____ 67.7 29.1 43.0 International comparisons provide us Venezuela . ______174.7 117.4 67.2 Ceylon ______------551. 1 239.3 43.4 HON. JOSEPH G. MINISH some indication of the progress we make 125.0 43.3 34.7 OF NEW JERSEY in understanding and solving the prob­ Japan~s~~~l ~~~~______~======73. 1 51.9 71.0 174.2 93.0 53.4 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lem of delivering better medical care. 150.4 49.4 32.8 ======This problem is, of course, distinct from ~i~~raoBelgium_ r~______----_-:: === 146.6 41.2 28. 1 Tuesday, March 24, 1970 those involving problems of research in 94. 5 27.2 28.8 Czechoslovakia . ______85.1 29.2 34.3 specific medical problems themselves. Denmark •• ______75.4 Mr. MINISH. Mr. Speaker, I take this Finland ______19.2 25.5 There is much cooperation in the latter; France ______125.1 30. 9 24.7 opportunity to insert into the CoNGRES­ 76.1 31.0 40.7 SIONAL RECORD a COpy Of an editorial that but in medical care our standards repre­ Germany, Federal Republic ___ 179.9 65. 1 36.2 West Berlin ______171.7 appeared in the March 23 edition of the sent quite different ways which different Ireland ______72.8 42.4 Italy ______143.9 28.9 20.1 Newark Star-Ledger. This article, which countries employ in delivering medical 146.9 77.0 52.4 care. Netherlands ______79. 1 20.4 25.8 concerns the problem of drug abuse, Norway ______81.5 25. 4 31.2 points up the need for more effective We know today how to reduce infant Poland. ______91.4 32.6 35.7 and maternal mortality drastically, PortugaL . ______159.6 83. 1 52. 1 programs and techniques to combat nar­ based on the experience of some of these Sweden ______------69.0 11.3 16.4 cotics addiction. Switzerland_------______128.1 41.0 32.0 other countries. There is no esoteric re­ United Kingdom: I think insertion of this article is most search needed to make important re­ EnRiand and Wales ______78.8 26.2 33.2 pertinent at this time: Northern Ireland ______90.4 17.8 19.7 ductions although research must con­ Scotland ______102. 9 24.9 24.2 DRUG ABUSE tinue in the many important disease Australia . ______86.3 29.6 34.3 The shocking rise in the use of hard drugs, areas where key elements still elude our New Zealand ______73.2 36.6 50.0 which one official says has reached epidemic understanding. proportions in New York City, has become a We know, for example, that proper 1 Col. 2 over col. 1 times 100. matter of concern on this side of the Hudson, too. prenatal care will reduce infant mor­ Source: World Health Statistics Report, vol. 22, No. 6, 1969, released March 1970 by the World Health Organization, Geneva. It has been gravely complicated in recent tality. We know that good diet, adequate years with the unconscionable trafficking prenatal consultation, proper weight and among school children. In a special message diet control, and a thorough physical Infant mortality rates: Selected countries, to Congress, President Nixon estimated the examination will cut maternal mortality. 1967-(Rates are deaths under 1 year of rise in juvenile arrests involving drugs be­ We also know, by the figures below, that age per 1,000 live births) tween 1960 and 1967 at almost 800 per cent our country has fallen behind many [Rank, country, and rate] and the number of users in the nation to be others in providing these services for 1 Sweden (1966) ------12.6 in the hundreds of thousands. every mother-to-be. The price ,f this 2 Finland ------1 14. 2 Drug addiction is a tragedy for the indi­ 3 Netherlands (1966) ------14.7 vidual and for society. A recent study In neglect is seen in our high infant mor­ New York, confirmed by additional studies tality rate and, in the latest figures just 4 Norway (1965) ------16.8 5 Denmark (1966) ------16.9 in other areas, revealed that drugs are being released by the World Health Organiza­ 6 France ------1 17. 1 used by younger and younger children. In tion, by our relative regression on ma­ 7 SWitzerland (1965) ------17.8 New York a 12-year-old youngster testified ternal mortality. 8 New Zealand------18. o before a state legislative committee that he If we look at the base figures on ma­ 9 Australia (1966) ------18.2 was able to buy and sell drugs in his school. ternal mortality of 1951-53, we see that 10 United Kingdom ______1 18. 8 He became a.n addict, a mainliner shooting 11 Japan (1966) ------119.3 heroin into his arm. the United States had the lowest rates 12 Eastern Germany ______121.2 A physician, who has been treating young in that period among the 36 countries 13 UNITED STATES------1 22. 1 addicts, told the committee the problem had rated by WHO. Fifteen years later, we 14 Canada (1966)------23.1 to be treated like an epidemic. "If we had reduced maternal deaths from 67.7 to 15 Federal Rep. of Germany (1966) ___ 23. 5 a cholera epidemic, something would be done 29.1 per 100,000 live births. But by rela­ 16 Belgium------1 23. 7 immediately," the doctor testified. "Why tive rank we fell to tenth place in ma­ 16 Czechoslovakia (1966) ------123. 7 don't we act that way in this problem?" ternal mortality. Nine other countries 18 Ireland------24. 4 The flow of narcotics from New York into have taken steps in the past 15 years 19 Israel (1966)------25.3 New Jersey has made addiction a major prob­ 20 Singapore (1966)------25.8 lem in this state, too. And it is one that will which we failed to take. These nine coun­ require a determined effort on a broad tries-all of them less affluent than us 21 Union of Sov. Soc. Rep______26. 0 22 Austria ------1 26. 4 front--enforcement, prevention and rehabili­ with the possible exception of Sweden­ tation-before it reaches endemic propor­ are delivering the routine but vital pre­ 23 Bulgaria ------1 32. 9 tions. 24 Spain------1 33.2 natal medical care better than we are. Two Cabinet officials, Attorney General 25 Italy (1966)------34.3 Most of these nine countries are also Kugler and Health Commissioner Cowan, told 26 Greece------134.7 a seminar sponsored by the New Jersey Con­ superior to the United States in infant 27 Trinidad and Tobago (1964) ------35.3 mortality rates in which the United 1 ference of Mayors tha.t the state was prepared 28 Jamaica (1966) ------35.4 to move With new programs to combat drug States ranked 13 among 40 countries 29 Poland------138.0 abuse. But the federal government must ex­ selected by the U.S. Department of 30 Elungary (1966)------38.4 pand its involvement if deep inroads are to Health, Education, and Welfare for com­ 31 Iturnnania ------46.8 be made into drug traffic in this state and parison in 1967. 32 Ceylon (1963)------55.8 others. March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9229 The attorney general's office ha.'3 formed a stead of paying a fine only to be reimbursed build needed public facilities. I call it Metro­ unit to prepare a law enforcement program from the coffers of his "cause." bank-the National Metropolitan Develop­ based on information furnished by other It is unfortunate that our flag has been ment Bank System. agencies, at the state and local level. The chosen as the battleground by left-wing ex­ Metrobank would be an alternative source Health Department is planning a broad drug tremists. All factions, regardless of their of low interest credit for cities. It would abuse program based on preventive educa­ place in the political spectrum, should main­ raise money in investment markets thruout tion in schools, detoxification of addicts and tain a "hands-of!'" policy where our flag is the nation. More important to local govern­ neuro-psychiatric treatment. concerned. ment, it would relieve the pressure on bond It is imperative that the Jersey program Perhaps strict enforcement of the new markets so cities can pay less for money against drug abuse should have a sharper statute will help others to develop a similar whether they borrow from Metrobank or is­ focus in the schools, where preventive and frame of mind on this issue. sue municipal bonds. And this means lower educational programs could be especially property taxes. effective. A simplistic enforcement crack­ Metrobank would sell federally guaranteed down, in reaction to an awesome, complicated bonds and debentures on the national in­ problem of addiction, is not the answer. METROBANK WOULD PROVIDE LOW vestment market, and then lend the money There is an urgent, continuing need for re­ INTEREST CREDIT FOR CITIES to local government at a rate a third to a search and education to deal with addiction half less than the rates of the federally on a long-term basis. guaranteed bonds. Congress would make up HON. DONALD M. FRASER the difference in interest rates with an an­ I might add that I hope my colleagues nual appropriation, just as it has done for in the House of Representatives will take OF MINNESOTA the Farmers Home Administration, the Rural swift action to remedy the drug menace IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Electrification Administration, the Small at the national level. The Congress must Tuesday, March 24, 1970 Business Administration and other govern­ recognize the fact that this problem ment banking operations. Because the fed­ resides not in one or two States, but is Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, Vice Presi­ erally guaranteed bonds would be taxable, ubiquitous. Moreover, drug abusers suffer dent Humphrey in an article last fall told the net cost would be low. the story of the "Metrobank"-the na­ Metrobank would be authorized to make from an easily contacted illness, one in long-term loans of up to 40, 50, or 60 years which exposure tremendously increases tional metropolitan bank system pro­ for the building of community facilities­ the risk of infection. Drug abuse is one posed in H.R. 16448-and how it would low income housing, slum clearance, schools, area where we cannot vacillate in good be a great benefit to local government health centers. conscience. during the 1970's. Equally important, Metrobank would be His article is presented here in the able to make "soft" loans for up to 20 years RECORD for the information of my col­ if an area has been classified as depressed JUSTICE FOR OUR FLAG leagues: or where an increase in investment is in the national interest. METROBANK-A WAY TO HELP CITIES BORROW Almost as important as its lending func­ TO BUILD NEEDED FACILITIES tion would be Metrobank's ability to serve as HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI (By Hubert Humphrey) an information source for federal programs. OF ILLINOIS Asked to name the three biggest prob­ There is almost no greater need in America IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lems facing America's cities, one mayor re­ today than the coordination of the vast cently answered, "Money, finances and rev­ number of Federal programs with the thou­ Tuesday, March 24, 1970 enue." sands of units of local government. Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, the I hear the same story from mayors all over Metrobank should be capitalized at a mini­ Lansing, Ill. Sun Journal has a reputa­ the country-and not just those from big mum of $6 billion-half to be borrowed from tion for straightforward, responsible cities. The mayors say they have reached the the U.S. Treasury over a 10-year period and practical limits of their taxing powers. Fur­ the other half to be raised by the sale of editorial policy. Its editorial of Thurs­ ther increases in the property tax will only stock in the commercial market. Bach user day, March 19, commenting on the treat­ drive more businesses and homeowners out would purchase shares of Metrobank stock ment of our ftag is, I believe, especially of the city. based on population within its jurisdiction. pertinent. Mayors are concerned that any federal aid This capitalization would be the reserve. The editorial follows: from the Nixon administration will be too lit­ Then Metrobank would sell bonds to private investors, and the money raised would be JUSTICE FOR OUR FLAG tle, too late. President Nixon has slashed edu­ cation, health, and antipoverty funds. The available to communities at low interest A seldom-used statute, employed for the Administration has let it be known that no rates, with the difference in 1nrterest rates first time in Cook County history, has taken funds may be available this year for such subsidized by the Federal Government. on a far-greater significance than originally vitally needed community projects as sew­ This not only would give local government intended as a result of recent action by local age treatment plants. a powerful new financial base, but also would l8iW enforcers. The statute, invoked by But new community facilities are needed­ allow Americans to invest in the rebuilding State's Attorney Edward V. Hanrahan in police stations, water filtration plants, of their cities. I think many citizens are con­ February, involves indictments against des­ schools, low-income housing. With the need cerned enough about the future of our cities ecr8itors of the United States flag. so great and wtih building costs skyrocketing, to invest in Metrobank. "Before August, 1968," Hanrahan ex­ mayors want to get moving on these projects There would be no ceiling on the amount plained, the penalty for flag desecration was as soon as possible. of money to be raised. The needs are tremen­ only a fine." In August of '68, the statute In the past, cities have been able to sell dous. A conservative estimate of the cost was revised to provide a penalty Of bonds to pay for needed public facilities. of replacing obsolete facilities and meeting imprisonment. The bonds are like a mortgage on a house­ the needs of an expanding population is The significance of the change became the city can build the facilities now and pay $625 billion by 1975. evident on Feb. 21 of this year when repre­ for them over 20, 30, or 40 years. When you first look at it, it is a stagger­ sentatives of two groups, Vietnam War Vet­ But rising interest rates have dried up ing figure. But placed alongside our gross erans and Polish Home Owners were much of the municipal bond market. Cities national product, it represents less than 10 peacefully picketing in front of the Federal which a year ago could market their munici­ percent of the goods and services produced Building to show their support for "Con­ pal bonds at 4 or 4Y2 percent now have to in the next six years. spiracy 7" Judge Julius Hoffman. During the pay an interest rate of 5Y2, 6, 6Y2 percent What is more, it is money that will be course of the demonstration, one Patrick Day and more. Some cities can't find buyers for invested in community and economic de­ broke through the ranks and allegedly their bonds, or are prevented by law from velopment. It is not like a welfare check grabbed a flag carried by Edward Summan­ selling bonds at such high rates of interest. that comes and goes. It is an investment tas, a Marshall High School teacher. Good bond issues go begging. in the life of a nation, in the health and According to police, the standard broke In PhiladelphiEdgewater waterfront. Apparently his is In 1900, every American family spent 40 The subject of my remarks is, broadly, the one of the first companies to specialize percent of its disposable inc::Jme on food. permissible scope of government regulation in the movement of containers. True Today, the average family spends only 17 per­ in maritime activities. More specifically, I Transport has found a great demand for cent of its disposable income on food. will address myself to the question of "What In the past 20 years, average farm prices the Federal Maritime Commission Can Do its services in the Port of New York. have gone down 9 percent. Hourly earnings For You." When True Transport applied to the In­ of manufacturing workers have gone up 127 As you know, I am one of five members terstate Commerce Commission for a 30- percent. C;,rporate dividends .have gone up of the Federal Maritime Commission. And, day temporary authority last year he was 251 percent. incidentally, I brin~ the regards of all my rebuffed by the local office of the Com­ In 1920, it took 4 hours and 29 minutes of fellow Commissioners, especially Chairman mission, pres~ab~y because of protests work to buy a pound of steak, a pound of Bentley and Commissioner Day who would March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9231 have liked to have accepted your invitation of neither the nation importi11g nor ex­ functions and (2) promotional and op­ since they have not previously attended your porting the cargo being shipped. And of erating functions." convention. We constitute the leadership of cc.urse you know t hat American ships engage One of the Congressional committees re­ one of the many independent regulatory in very little cross-trading. In such manner ferred to hy the President was the House agencies which form a part of our federal the Scu ~ h American countries hope to . build Judiciary Committee wnose Chairman is the ' government. Such agencies are not part of their merchant fteets to the point where revert!d dean of the House of Representatives any of the three primary branches of the they can control a substantial portion of Congressman Emanuel Celler of Brooklyn. government; but they are, rather, arms of their ccea n-t rades and retain valuable cur­ His Committee issued the famous "Celler the Congress, empowered to act within spe­ rency reserves. This action has caused great Report" in 1962 following an extensive inves­ cific statutory frameworks and guided in concern not only in the United States but tigation into the conduct of our foreign their actions by principles of administrative also in Europe. waterl>orne commerce. One of the conclu­ law. There is more to be said on this matter, sions of the "Celler Committee" was that: This brief description of the nature of the but for now I wish only to point out that "The separation by Reorganization Plan Federal Maritime Commission may seem the United States is not the only country No. 7 of 1961 of the regulatory funotions ... somewhat complicated and erudite. However, which places conditions on participation in from the promotional aspec.:ts could . . . go I have offered that description because I its ocean commerce. And I might add that far toward restoring the new Commission to wish you to understand one fundamental the complaining foreign ship owners have its rightful position as an effective and mean­ point: the members of the Federal Maritime continually profited well in our trades, and ingful independent regulatory agency." Commission are not five people who sit be­ they have chosen, therefore, to shed crocodile hind closed doors rendering decisions and tears rather than abandon our piers. It should be clear, therefore, that the un­ making rules by whim or fancy. We are, I return now to those allegations from our mistakable Presidential and Congressional instead, at the same time: judges; regula­ European friends. mandate is for effective regulation by an independent regulatory body. And within tors of certain aspects of the merchant It is said, first of all, that "The Federal marine industry; and, above all, guardians Maritime Commission has long sought to that framework, the F .M.C. seeks to ensure of a segment of the public interest. With impose on the carriers of American seaborne that our merchant marine and that of every such important duties entrusted to us, we trade rules designed partly to promote other nation trading in the foreign com­ Commissioners are compelled to act within America's overseas commerce ..."The Fed­ merce of the United States are given fair our Congressionally established framework eral Maritime Commission does not seek by and equal treatment in every respect from and within the l>ounds of administrative law rule or any other means to discriminate in all quarters. In other words, the F .M.C. op-­ principles. Consequently, we render decisions favor of our foreign commerce. While we en­ poses unjust discriminat ions against au. only on the record before us. We do not, sure fair dealing in our commerce and pro­ merchant fteets and all cargoes. however, hide our head in the sands, but we tect all participants therein regardless of Thus we offer protection to all who par­ try to keep alert to events and trends ftag, we are thereby promoting for the overall ticipate in our foreign waterborne commerce, throughout the maritime industry. benefit of international trade. If this con­ and not only to our own shippers and car­ riers. And it appears now that some of the· Therefore, as one who shares those respon­ stitu t es pr;;motion of our overse.:t s commerce, criticism of our actions is surely ill-con­ foreign carriers who are so critical of the sibilities, I am greatly concerned when I read F .M.C.'s protectionist attitude could use such and hear unjustifiable attacks against the ceived. What the gentleman from overseas apparently does not understand is the dis­ nondi<:crlminatory assistance in areas beyond Federal Maritime Commission; and consider the F .M.C.'s reach. For example, under our it one of my obligations to speak out in our tinction b e t w e e n "promotion" and "protec1· ion". statutory authority, we can fight the type of defense. ftag discrimination which I have mentioned I do not mean to indicate, however, that As I have already said, virtually all of the W:lrld's maritime nat ions practice some type as a growing problem in the South American the Federal Maritime Commission should be trades. immune from criticism, and when the cri­ of subsidization of their merchant marine industry. And all nations, maritime or not, This is not a new problem, however, al­ tique is meaningful and constructive, I feel though its effects are very severe today be­ obligated to acknowledge it and act upon it. seek to promote their overseas commerce through rules, regulations, taxes and every cause of the increased ability of South When, however, the critique becomes an at­ America and other developing nations to tack which is off the mark I am duty-bound manner of device designed to pro·tect do­ mestic industries in markets at home and back up their words with deeds. These coun­ to respond. In fact, some recent remarks last tries have now built, or bought or are build­ October and last month directed at us from abroad. That any nation, including the United States, may and actually does pro­ ing substantial merchant fteets. abroad are to what I would like to address The F .M.C. successfully dealt with such myself. mote its merchant marine and its foreign trade can hardly be regarded as a sin. And discrimination as early as 1964 when the It has become a habit, I think, for certain United States was faced with practice~ on the persons abroad, particularly Europeans, en­ for any public official to speak out on matters so import:l.nt to our economy as the health part of a foreign government which dis­ gaging in commercial endeavors, to gain es­ criminated against U.S. shipping lines. When teem and popularity at home by lashing out of our merchant marine industry and foreign commerce, is not only commendable but also negotiations failed to eliminate those prac­ publicly against the Federal Maritime Com­ tices, the F.M.C. issued an order under Sec­ mission for allegedly interfering in and im­ a responsibility of public office. This is espe­ cially true when the speaker is not only tion 19 of the Merchant Marine Act of 1920. peding international waterborne commerce. Under that section the F .M.C. is empowered Typical of this position are some statements knowledgeable on the subjects but also closely connected with them. That an official to issue rules and regulations designed to which emanated a few weeks ago from Europe offset such discriminations employed by for­ as carried in a prominent and reputable is not directly or solely responsible for mer­ chant marine or trade promotion should be eign governments. Upon the issuance of that trade journal. I shall rebut each charge re­ order the di ~ criminations were removed and no bar to his offering his advice through ported, and, in so doing, attempt to con­ the s~ction 19 order never went into effect. struct a brief for the Federal Maritime public utterances. So long as he practices Now many countries have laws which by Commission. within the bounds of his statutory respon­ one device or another favor their own ftag As I have said, the F.M.C. has been at­ sibilities, a public official may preach accord­ carriers and discriminate against all other ing to his general expertise. tacked from abroad for over-stepping the ftags, and particularly against the ftags of b:mnds of permissible national regulat ion Today, however, I am dealing solely with cros.:;-traders. At present the F .M.C. is trying in the area of international ocean commerce. the statut::>ry activities of the Federal Mari­ to work out the problems those laws have It should be said, therefore, that it is true t ime Commission and, therefore, I emphasize created so as to protect the interests of all that among the maritime nations, the United the fact that the promoticnal and regulatory ft:lg carirers in our trades and to ensure to States has the most comprehensive system of aspects of our merchant marine policy are shippers competitive conditions among those regulation over the many components of the vested in two different agencies. carriers. merchant marine industry. This does not As you all know, the Federal Maritime So far the F.M.C. has suc-eeeded in two mean, however, that when it comes to ocean Commission was created as an independent instances in ameliorating the current diffi­ shipping, the United States is any more na­ regulatory agency in 1961 when President cult situation in South America. Last month tionalistic or protective than most other Kennedy prepared Reorganization Plan No. 7, the F .M.C. approved an equal access agree­ nations. The maritime nations who do not which Con?;ress permitted to become effective. ment between United States and Argentine engage in some sort of subsidization of In transmitting the Plan to Congress Pres­ carriers. That agreement permits those car­ their merchant marine are a scant few. It idPnt Kennedy said: riers to compet e equally for the government must be recognized that such subsidization "The development and maintenance of a sp::msored or controlled cargo of the two can take many forms including ftag dis­ sound maritime industry require that the countries in the United States/ Argentina crimination, direct subsidies and tax pref­ Federal Government carry out its dual re­ trade. Also last month a similar arrangement erences. A good example of such merchant sponsibilities for regulation and promotion was worked out between U.S. and Peruvian marine nationalism is a lively issue today with equal vigor and effectiveness... . Re- carriers. in the industry. That is the uninhibited cent findings by committees of the Congress One of the thorniest problems currently efforts by almost all South American coun­ disclose serious violations of maritime laws before the F .M.C. is that involving the coffee tries to severely restrict the participation in and point to the urgent need for a reorga­ and cocoa trade with Brazil. Negotiations their trades by cross-traders or third-ftag niz-.tion to vest in completely separate have been going on fo::: many months at carriers, that is, carriers who fiy the ftag agencies a responsibility for (1) regulatory governmental and commercial levels. Cargo 9232 EXTENSIONS OF REM.ARKS March 24, 1970 pooling agreements for the carriage of the pean lines. Members of the coffee importing cases did not find any rates to be unlawfully vital coffee and cocoa cargoes are currently trade stated that disparate, the F.M.C. did begin to set guide­ pending action by the F.M.C. and I am "the conference service to London had been lines for the determination of unlawful dis­ limited, therefore, in what I can say on the getting 'worse and worse'. [and that] the parities. The culmination of the F.M.C.'s matter. conference had been overcharging in the efforts came with its decision in August 1968 I can say this much, however, concerning past . . . [The importers] were 'fed up' with in Docket 65--45. U.S./Brazll trade. The F.M.C. will, within being given rate increases by the conference In that case the F.M.C. found several rates the limits of its power and authority, pre­ and extra surcharges . . . without being Ln the eastbound North Atlantic trade to be vent unjust discrimination of all kinds, re­ able to negotiate. The tendency of the con­ unlawful because they were so unreasonably gardless of the allegiance of the carrier or ference was to 'pontificate', but the de­ high as to be detrimental to the commerce other party claiming harm. For proof Of this terioration , of the service was a major of the United States. The F.M.C.'s decision one need look only to the famous NOP AL reason .. . rested in part on the fact that the rates case (F.M.C. Docket No. 1096) decided by other trade journal reports from GerinJany being charged to American exporters were the F.M.C. in 1964. In that case we declined which appeared last year further emphasize unjustifiably higher than comparable rates to approve a cargo pool which included U.S. the inconsistencies underlying the complaint charged to foreigners exporting to the U.S. carriers on the ground that it was unjustly that we protect an ill-defined public interest. or comparable eastbound rates being charged discriminatory and unfair towards NOP AL, Early last year a situation arose in which to Canadian exporters. a Norwegian flag carrier. the German government decided to take ac­ The F.M.C.'s decision was upheld by the Foreign carriers should welcome this type tion against a conference serving the Europe/ District Of Columbia Court of Appeals. The of assistance available to them at the Federal Far East trades which included German car­ Court specifically approved the F.M.C.'s con­ Maritime Commission, for I read only last riers. The GerinJan government was disturbed clusion that where disparities are unlawful month that certain of them are encounter­ by the fact that shippers were being un­ on their face, the F.M.C. can require the car­ ing problems with which the F.M.C. could justly penalized for not using conference riers to justify the disparities; and if the help were they occurring within the foreign vessels exclusively. German ship owners justification is not established, the F.M.C. commerce of the United States. I am refer­ sharply criticdzed their government for jeo­ can order the rates lowered to a justifiable ring to a report from Germany that two pardizing the entire conference system. level. It is also interesting to note the final conferences serving the Europe/ South Amer­ Shortly thereafter, however, the German comment of the Court in response to the ica trades will be dissolved on June 30, 1970 carriers expressed their displeasure at their objections of the conferences to the F.M.C.'s and that the European carriers involved are government's policy of non-interference in action. The court was "inclined to think the considering abandoning their operations in maritime affairs. The carriers were gravely Commission would have been hard put to the trades. The report, as published in a concerned about the flag discriinination fulfill its statutory duty with less disturbance trade journal, states that these eventualities being employed by other countries. This Of the traditional practices in the trade.'' As are inevitable unless the "crass flag discrim­ leads me to wonder whether some people's a result, conferences and carriers in our ination practiced by the Latin American definition of "public interest" does not de­ trades should be on notice that the Federal countries is discontinued." The apparent lack pend on whose ox is being gored. Maritime Commission is prepared to take all of immediate and effective recourse open to The record of the F.M.C. in protecting the steps necessary to protect American shippers the European carriers is emphasized by the public interest is clear and unquestionably from unlawful predatory practices. ·following quotation from the trade journal: reflects favorably on our activity. I have al­ Surcharges might seem to be a rate cate­ "The European shiplines seem powerless ready discussed the manner in which the gory distinct from disparities; but at times to counter effectively this course of events. F.M.C. protects the public interest in non­ the differences are illusory. The best example A passive policy with retortion measures is discriminatory treatment toward all carriers of this appeared last year following a long­ not a proper approach for arriving at a new re~ardless of their flag and in avoiding inter­ shoremen's strike which crippled our East shipping order . . . German ship operaltors national confrontations. But there are many and Gulf coasts. The strike ended in early hope that the Bonn government will n1ore interests at stake as set forth in the 1969 and immediately almost all carriers and finally depart from its policy of innocuous Shipping Act of 1916. Aocording to that Act conferences serving our East and Gulf coast­ aide-memoires protesting against flag the F.M.C. is obligated to prevent numerous ports imposed surcharges on goods n1oving discrimination." anti-competitive practices, including the use through those ports. It would be nice if our foreign critics would of fighting ships, deferred rebates, retalia­ This action, without more, would not have sometimes couple their attacks with some tion or discrimination against shippers by been too difficult to bear. After all, the F.M.C. acknowledgment of the benefits foreign car­ n1eans of rates or space accommodations, and does not seek to deprive carriers of fair co.m­ riers can derive from action by the Federal inequitable treatment of ports, shippers, pensation. Insofar as the effects of the strike Maritime Commission. types of cargo, and independent lines. I am required immediate recoupment of some The second charge made against the sure, therefore, you can appreciate that many losses by means of an equitable surcharge, F.M.C. is that we have imposed rules on the segments of a nation's economy are affected the F.M.C. was not unyielding. Nonetheless, participants in our ocean commerce "partly by events in ocean commerce, and I will the surcharges were not in all cases imposed to protect some ill-defined form of public refrain from cataloguing them all. I will on an equitable basis. Many carriers and con­ interest." The absurdity of that charge should however, n1ention a few examples of F.M.C. ferences imposed them only on cargo moving be evident on its face; but at least the protection of the public interest, leaving it outbound from this county and not spokesman used "protect" and not "pro­ to you to decide whether that public in­ inbound. mote". In response it need only be asked terest is really ill-defined, particularly from The F.M.C. thought it clear that the effects what form of public interest is being pro­ the point of view of the segment of the of the strike had been felt equally by all tected by the action, or in-action, of the public· directly concerned. shippers whether they sought to move goods European governments in respect to the First there is the shipping public, and its into or out of the affected ports. Some car­ South American trades? And, further, it n1embers' chief interest is to be able to com­ riers responded by removing the outbound might be asked whose public interest was pete suocessfully in foreign markets. Conse­ surcharges, but others ren1aJ.ned intransi­ served when the West European carriers quently, shippers are concerned that they gent. They relented, however, when the recently lost the coffee trade between the be treated in such a manner as not to be F.M.C. took strong action. We ordered the United Kingdom and East Africa? unduly prejudiced in the marketability of carriers to show cause why their conference When American shippers, carriers and their products. Such prejudice can take many agreements should not be disapproved be­ markets are being squeezed, the foreign car­ forms, but for our purposes I will limit my­ cause through the use of disparite surcharges riers cry "foul" as soon as the F.M.C. takes self to a discussion only of freight rate dis­ they operated in such a n1anner as to bA action. When rate disparities and surcharges parities and surcharges. detrimental to our commerce. inhibit the entry of American products into The F.M.C. began its general inquiry into This matter did not end there, however, foreign markets, the foreign carriers vigor­ freight r ate disparities in 1963. Much con­ because the carriers and conferences quickly ously oppose any responsive action by the gressional and other public concern was ex­ changed their surcharges into general rate F.M.C. I offer two quotations as examples pressed at that time over the fact that Amer­ increases, thereby delaying F.M.C. proce­ of the public interest the F.M.C. protects. ican products were apparently paying higher dures. The F.M.C. has not given up, however, The first quotation, from the "Celler Report" rates outbound than similar foreign products and we are still pursuing the matter of these which I have mentioned, says: were paying moving into this country. De­ increases. I believe that the carriers can "It is obvious that the drafters of the spite fierce opposition from some participants designate a rate increase with any name they [Shipping Act of 1916] contemplated that the in our foreign commerce-notably the con­ please, but they cannot oust the F.M.C. [Commission] would act as a perpetual ferences- the F.M.C. has finally succeeded in from its responsibility and authority. I be­ guardian of the sea lan es protecting shippers, establishing a legal and, I think, effective lieve furt her that the F .M.C. should not let merchants, and independent vessels alike n1eans of eliminating rate disparities when its action in such matters lag lest the rele­ from undue exercise of economic power by they are unlawful. The effectiveness depends vant facts disappear into the dim past. conference lines." only on t h e F .M.C.'s exercise of its authority. I have already mentioned several times the The second quotation is from a recent The F.M.C.'s investigation of disparities efforts of governments to promote their mer­ trade journal article reporting the fact that produced two initially important cases: chant fleets. Related to that are the efforts of West European conference carriers ha::l lost Dockets Nos. 1114 and 1171, decided in De­ most nations also to seek control of the man­ the East Africa coffee cargoes to East Euro- cember 1965 and May 1966. Although these ner of shipment for government owned or March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9233 sponsored cargo. Thus governments usually is meant by the public interest, and that good shipping practice, or by finding the seek to retain currency reserves and save while it may appear in many guises, it is anti-competitive activity too severe. tax dollars by reserving a certain percentage certainly not indefinite. I feel certain, also, Where an industrial conglomerate acquires of government cargo for national flag vessels. that you will agree when I say that the pub­ a shipping company, there is little the F.M.C. A nation's entire economy can benefit from lic interest is as worthy of protection in this can do. We lack jurisdiction over the con­ such action. Whenever necessary, therefore, country as it is anywhere else; and that glomerate which does not engage in any the F.M.C. ensures not only that our govern­ when anyone tries to defeat our maritime maritime activity. When, however, there are ment is receiving equal treatment among connected public interest, the F.M.C. may at least two parties to a corporate consolida­ shippers, but also that the government is not take appropriate action. This is especially tion who are subject to our jurisdiction, the being taken advantage of just because it is true when one considers that 95 percent of F.M.C. does act. The most important case in the United States Federal Government. the ocean cargo of the U.S., the largest trad­ .this area involved the proposed merger of In 1965 the Agency for International De­ ing nation, is carried on foreign ships. We, three West Coast carriers in Docket No. 66-45. velopment approached the F.M.C. with therefore, have all the more reason to keep a It took two decislons in that case, but the respect to extraordinary charges being as­ watchful eye on our foreign commerce. F.M.C. approved the merger after assuming sessed by carriers on shipments between the The third charge leveled at the F.M.C. jurlsdlction over the merger agreement de­ U.S. and Vietnam. AID thought the charges from abroad is related to the subject I have spite the strenuous objections of the parties. to be unreasonably high and sought the just been discussing-that of calling into When the case was appealed to the courts, F .M.C.'s help in obtaining reductions. The question our public interest. We are told that the F.M.C.'s assertion of jurisdiction was F .M.C. consulted with the carriers and con­ "curiously no objections seem to have been affirmed despite the intervention of the De­ ferences involved and obtained relevant cost made to the absorption of American shipping partment of Justice in opposition to the data from them. Analysis of the data indi­ companies by industrial conglomerates which F.M.C.'s position. cated to the F.M.C. that the extra charges might well be thought to endanger the Nevertheless, the Justice Department still were unreasonably high. After further F.M.C. public interest." retains full jurisdiction in cases such as the meetings wit h the carriers, the charges were This in itself is a curious statement when absorption of a shipping company by con­ voluntarily reduced, producing a long-run the speaker has just criticized the F.M.C. for glomerate corporations not subject to the saving to our government of millions of protecting an "ill-defined torm of public m­ jurisdiction of the F.M.C. However, once such dollars. Additionally, annual government terest." Aside from this, it seems to me rather absorptions are accomplished the F.M.C. savings of an estimated $3 million resulted inappropriate that a foreigner should be gains jurisdiction over the conglomerate in­ from similar action taken by the F.M.C. in criticizing this government's exercise of its sofar as it engages in the activities of the 1968. At that time, too, extra charges were supervisory authority over domestic monop­ absorbed shipping company. Thus, while the imposed on cargoes moving to Vietnam, but oly and anti-trust matters. The inaptness of F .M.C. cannot pass on the question of through the efforts of the F .M.C. they were the criticism is underscored by the inherent whether the absorption serves the public in­ eit her reduced or eliminated. difference between the American attitude terest , the F.M.C. can ensure that the con­ From my discussion so far you might think toward industrial monopoly and the one solidated companies continue to act in the that the only persons with maritime interests generally assumed in west European coun­ public interest. to be protected are those who deal with the tries. At the risk of oversimplifying, I think Illustrative of this authority is a case now carriage of freight. I am sure you are aware, I can safely state the difference a.s follows: pending before the F.M.C. The case involves however, of the large number of Americans United States economic philosophy favors a charter agreement between two of our every year who spend their vacations on the preservation of competition and views largest containership operators who them­ cruises and ocean crossings. They too need skeptically all actions which limit competi­ selves are subsidiaries of conglomerate cor­ protection, and the F .M.C., as always, stands tion such as by reducing the number of com­ porations. The F.M.C. could not have pre­ ready and able to offer it. petitors; other countries also favor competi­ vented the containership operators from be­ The jurisdiction of the F.M.C. to protect tion, but their philosophies lean more toward ing absorbed by the conglomerates, but ocean passengers is limited. We do exercise permitting anticompetitive action and then having been accomplished we can ensure some surveillance over the conditions of pas­ deciding whether any unreasonable economic conglomerates do not abuse their position senger bookings and fares. The F.M.C. does harm has resulted. their position in the shipping industry by, in have full responsibility, however, over a This distinction is certainly no more evi­ any way, acting contrary to the public significant aspect of passenger operations. dent than in the field of ocean shipping. The interest. By virtue of Public Law 89~777 the F.M.C. United States has always assumed that the The next charge fired at the F.M.C. from requires almost all passenger vessel opera­ existence of shipping conferences constitutes across the sea is hardly worth mentioning in tors serving our ports to have available a per se violation of our anti-trust philos­ view of what I have already said; but I will sufficient funds to cover two important even­ ophy. Other maritime countries place few deal with it as it deserves. It was said that tualities. One is to reimburse passengers restrictions on the operation of their mer­ "Interference by governments could hinder holding tickets for aborted voyages, and the chant fleets and generally subscribe to a the effectiveness of [our] shipping on the other !s to make compensation for death of or policy of laissez-falre. high seas [with] particular reference to the injury to passengers. The F.M.C. interpreted The "Geller Report" which I have men­ Federal Maritime Commission." I will be that public law as requiring more than the tioned dealt specifically with this subject somewhat charitable and suggest that the mere continuing availability of funds. We when it said · speaker may have been misquoted in that he concluded that passenger travel would not be The Anti-trust Subcommittee recognizes must have been aware of the recent actions fully secured unless the available funds were the unique character of the ocean shipping taken by other governments against Euro­ at all times within the United States. industry with respect to the application of pean ship operators. I speak, of course, about A great uproar arose among the passenger the anti-trust laws. No ather governments the East African coffee trade and the Eu­ liner operators and foreign insurance inter­ inhibit their carriers by anti-trust laws, rope; south American trade. ests when the F'.M.C. announced this posi­ and American ocean carriers must compete, I challenge our critic to compare the effects tion. They claimed that the F .M.C. position not within the framework of our domestic of F.M.C. action and the action of other was financially unbearable for the industry. anti-trust laws, but in the jungle world of governments on the loss of cargo of European We held firm, however, and recent events ocean shipping. The Alexander Committee ship operators. Perhaps a more significant compel the conclusion that no such financial [when drafting the Shipping Act of 1916] comparison would be between the actions disaster was ever probable. Within the past recogni.zed this difficulty and granted a lim­ taken by the F.M.C. to protect all fiag car­ few months the foreign insurance under­ ited exemption to the industry from certain riers and the absence of action on the part writers, with whom most marine insurance is provisions of the anti-trust laws, conditioned of other governments to protect their "own". written, have reorganized their assets lo­ upon submission to regulation by the ... The final charge made by our critic is that cated in this country, and the approval of the Federal Maritime Commission. "unhappily legislation now before Congress F.M.C. is required to ensure continued com­ Consequently, the principles of anti-trust would give the commission and perhaps other pliance with our passenger insurance rules. law are always present in the F .M.C.'s delib­ regulatory agencies new l:)OWers to control The insurance companies have said frankly erations, and objections are usually raised by the terms on which American through traf­ that they desire to continue as the insurers complainants, intervenors or the F .M.C. it­ fic is carried within foreign countries." If under our rules, and, further, the funds or self on matters pertaining to anti-trust this were true, I would readily admit that assets which they intend in any event to issues. Nevertheless, the Federal Maritime we were overstepping the permissable bounds keep in the U.S. far exceed the sum which Commission is not the agency of our gov­ of national legislation and regulation, but it the F.M.C. requires. This evidences the type ernment that exercises primary jurisdiction is not true. At least I know of no legislation of cooperation that can exist between the over the anti-trust laws. That task rests with which would have the effect alleged. F .M.C. and foreign maritime interests, and the Department of Justice. As a result the It is well known, I think, that the most particularly between us and the European F.M.C. can consider anti-trust issues only as significant legislative proposal pending in insurance underwriters. they relate to matters within and persons Congress on this subject is the Trade Simpli­ I could continue longer on the subject of subject to our jurisdiction. We must strike a fication Bill. I assume that this is the pend­ the varied and important role the F.M.C. balance by determining whether the public ing leglslatlon which has struck fear into plays in guarding our public interest. I think interest will be served by sanctioning an the heart of our foreign colleague. Such fear that by now, however, you understand what anti-competitive activity in the interests of is not at all warranted. The transportation 9234 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 of goods in other countries is beyond our a proceeding before the Interstate Commerce TRIBUTE TO CITY COMMISSIONER national jurisdiction. However, our govern­ Commission in which the I.C.C. is consider­ STANLEY W. EARL, OF PORTLAND, ment does have a legitimate interest in ing a rule relating to the use of through OREG. knowing the relationship between through rates. We offered our comments because the routes or joint rates which include U.S. F.M.C. is the agency with particular knowl­ points and the oarriers participating in such edge in the area of ocean transportation movements. which is the dominant part of most through HON. EDITH GREEN In other words, the United States exercises movements. We are interested in giving the OF OREGON legitimate jurisdiction over ocean carriers benefit of our views on any law or rule under IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES participating in our foreign waterborne com­ consideration and affecting ocean trans­ merce. Consequently, our jurisdiction should portation. Tuesday, March 24, 1970 not be disturbed because the participation With the same basic intent the F.M.C. also Mrs. Green of Oregon. Mr. Speaker, of certain carriers in our ocean commerce may intends to keep its house in order. We have, the city of Portland this month has lost include transportation partially in a foreign therefore, proposed a rule of our own which a strong fighter in the cause of good gov­ country. When the carriers of any nationality would set forth the requirements for filing enjoy the benefits of our laws and profit from through rates with the F .M.C. And in the ernment, City Commissioner Stanley W. our trades, those carriers must submit to spirit of cooperation, we are proposing no re­ Earl. Commissioner Earl suffered a heart the ultimate bounds of our jurisdiction. quirements on carriers subject to the F.M.C. attack and died unexpectedly on The F .M.C. can act effectively only when which we did not include in suggestions we March 4, 1970. The death of the 59-year­ it is in possession of all relevant informa­ made concerning the I.C.C. rule. This F .M.C. old commissioner has come as a severe tion. Thus in order to effectively exercise sur­ rule-making proceeding is now ripe for de­ blow to his associates and to his many veillance over a carrier's operations between cision and during the hiatus between the friends and supporters in the city. He New York and Liverpool, we much know the writing and delivery of these words our de­ terms under which that carrier is offering cision may be issued. was an unusually forceful and independ­ to transport cargo on a through service be­ The F.M.C. has, however, rendered one ent man who acquired his place of lead­ tween New York and Birmingham via the other decision on this subject, in a case in­ ership in the community through years port of Liverpool. That the F .M.C. does not volving nine conferences serving the U.S./ of hard work and sacrifice in the Oregon have jurisdiction over all portions of a Latin America trades. The conferences labor movement. He was as dedicated a through route does not diminish the need of sought approval of modifications of their public servant as he was a tough-minded the F.M.C. for data concerning the entire agreements to permit them to negotiate with labor leader and negotiator in the years through route in order to regulate those other carrier modes for establishing through before he came to city hall. portions subject to our jurisdiction. Shippers routes and through rates. The F .M.C. granted are no longer interested in the rate offered the approval provided the conference pro­ In his 18 years on the city council, between ports. It is the total door-to-door duce some results within twelve months. Commissioner Earl became chiefly re­ movement which concerns the shipper or After that time, if no results are evident sponsible for the modernization of the consignee. The ability of the F.M.C. to pro­ conference members may negotiate for thei~ Portland Fire Bureau. It was also tect such shippers, or other affected parties, own account and, in effect, become quasi­ through his efforts that the wages and requires an analysis of the relationship be­ independent carriers like CML. hours for the Portland firemen were tween the through route and the portions of I think it is falr to summarize the various kept at a highly favorable level. it subject to the jurisdiction of the F .M.C. criticisms which I have discussed as fol­ Commissioner Earl's independence, Without such complete information the lows: United States regulatory policy toward wit, and counsel will be sincerely missed. F.M.C. cannot, for example, determine i~ foreign oceanborne commerce is oppres­ whether two shippers are being treated SlVe and discriminatory against foreigners I include copies of a recent editorial equally along the entire length of the who participate in it, and the Federal Mari­ and article on Commissioner Earl which through movement. time Commission implements that policy appeared in the Portland press: The F.M.C.'s interest is, of course, not con­ through the imposition of rules which are [From the Oregonian, Mar. 6, 1970] fined to obtaining complete information. We detrimental to the merchant fleets of other also realize the importance of encouraging countries. EARL WAS A FIGHTER the implementation of through services and These allegations are not new. They have City Commissioner Stanley W. Earl, who other improvements in shipping. And we do been repeated many times, and I and other died of a heart attack Wednesday at the age not wish to impose rules on such new services member~ of the F.M.C. have frequently re­ of 59, was a plain-spoken, stubbornly prin­ which are so burdensome as to make them futed them. Today I have presented a re­ cipled man whose independence on the City unworkable. On the other hand, the F.M.C. buttal in the broadest possible terms, Council was a guarantee that machine poli­ also seeks flexibility on the part of the in­ covering as many of the responsibilities of tics would gain no lasting foothold in Port­ dustry. For instance, conferences of carriers the F .M.C. as possible. My remarks have land city government. should not hinder the development of mod­ been styled to try to lay to rest whatever His sometimes Sternly career in organized ern techniques by clinging to outmoded veracity anyone might have credited to those labor and government earned him the respect practices. who have sought to impugn the Federal and confidence not only of the working men Unfortunately the F.M.C. has been pre­ Maritime Commission. I have attempted, also whose battles he fought for so many years sented with the unpleasant task of trying to to indicate to our detractors the shortcom­ but of the business and professionai com"­ break down some of the old practices which ings of their criticisms-.' It is time, I believe, munity. It was not his custom to weasel in have inhibited the offering of and experi­ for the critics to acknowledge both the es­ difficult decisions; he oniy spoke out whe.i:i mentation with new services. The famous sential role played by the F.M.C. in maritime J.l.~ thought it necessary, but when he did Container Marine Lines case, or Docket No. affairs and the need to continue the mandate · there was no question of where he stood. He 68- 8, is the prime example of the F.M.C. for a separate and independent regulatory made sofile eneinies, but his friends were being required to impel progress because of agency. iegion. intransigence in the industry. In that case We do not seek a popularity award; we do Our recollections of Stanley Earl go back the F.M.C. was presented by Container Marine not ask for applause from the foreign mari- to his ieadersbip in the early days of the CIO, Lines with a tariff offering a through service time industry; and we do not parade our as he joined with others in routing-on at -i>etween U .S . ports and points within the accomplishments with bravado. However, we least one occasion with his fists-the effor~ United Kingdom. Implementation of the do expect, if not apprecilltion, at least of pro-Communist radicals to gain control tariff was vigorously opposed by the con­ recognition of the leg1titnacy and fairness of the International Woodworkers of America: ference of which CML was a member. The of our regulatory role in ocean commerce He was equally forthright after his seryices gist of the opposition was that if the con­ and of our intention to serve the best inter­ as a federal labor adviser in postwar Korea ference did not, could not, or would not ests of international trade. In fact, the Ad­ in denouncing the corruption of th~ Syng­ offer such service, neither could a conference ministration has said in proposed legislation man Rhee government and the inadequacy member do so and remain a member. "that it is the policy of the United States to of U.S. diplomats on the eve of the Korean After the F.M.C. modified the tariff to facilitate the movement of freight in inter­ War. make it acceptable, we approved its imple­ national commerce." Commissioner Earl not only resisted but mentation. We also admonished the confer­ Thus, I think it is unseemly for foreign exposed certain efforts of underworld af­ ence, and gave public notice that the F.M.C. maritime interests to profit well from par­ filiates to ciamp a vice and gambling dicta­ would not tolerate such obstructionist ac­ ticipation in our trades, for foreign carriers torship 011 the City of Portland. His mate­ tivities. This matter is not yet settled, and to continue to ply our trades despite our rial assistance to this newspaper in exposing the North Atlantic trade continues in turmoil regulation, an_a for t hose carriers to be a gambling.o.oriented conspiracy, as well as for many reasons, not the least of which is suffering severe hardship in other trades ·and his own fotthrightness, exposed him to smear the unwillingness of' some carders to enter still persist in .mounting attacks against the campaigns which failed to damage his repu­ the 1970's. Federal Maritime Commission and U.S. regu­ tation or .his popularity at the polls. We have not, however, left the ball in their latory policy. OUT crj tics are n ot the only ones Mr. Earl s~rved the city well for 17 years as court. Since then we have soug_ht tp encqur­ wearing "white hats". The United States commissioner, demonstrating administrativ~ age through route and thro~gh. rate move­ seeks only tg promote international com­ skill in improving and expanding the Fire ments in various ways. First we have entered merce for the good of all nations. Bureau and other agencies, and sound legis- March 24, ·19701 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9235 lative judgment in a period when ci.cy needs Earl was also highly critical of the work Earl also had under his jurisdiction the far outpaced city revenues. of various U.S. advisers to the KoreEtn gov­ bureaus of shops, buildings, communications As was the case with the late William A. ernment and suggested a congressional and electronics, and nuisance abatement as Bow:es, an_pther commissioner of notable in­ investigation, claiming that some of our well as supervision of City Hall and the office depend:utce and strong convictions, Mr. diplomats are "too much above the people." of probation and parole. Earl's piace may be filled by a younger man After his return here, EEtrl served for more Divorced from his first wife in 1965, by with fresh ideas. But his record in office will than a year as a special investigator for the whom he had three children, Earl is sur­ stand as a credit to him and to the no longer income tax division of the Oregon State Tax vived by his wife, Helen; two daughters, Mary adequate form of commission government Commission, to which he was appointed by Louise Seeburg and Sarah Wittren, and a son, he served with diligence and integrity. Ray Smith, then head of the division. Thomas Earl, all of Portland; his mother, Early in 1952 he filed for council position Mrs. Bertha Earl, and a brother. Stewart Earl, [From the Portland (Oreg.) Journal, Mar. 5, No. 1 then held by City CommisEioner Fred both of Baker; a sister, Mrs. Mary Elgi of 1970] L. Peterson, who subsequently filed for the Caldwell, Idaho; a step-daughter, Mrs. Bar­ COUNCILMAN EAEL ROSE THROUGH RANKS post of mayor. bara Brown of Fall River M11ls, Calif.; and .OF LABOR In his second year as a council member • two grandchildren. Stanley W. Earl. 59, a Portland na.tiye with Earl blasted his fellow commissioners for Funeral arrangements are pending at a high school ·education who rose through "abdicating their authority" and "lacking J. P. Finley & Son. the ranks of labor, then spent nearly a year intestinal fortitude" in relation to an ordi­ in Korea on a federal assigmnent before the nance regarding salaries of city employes. During his 1956 re-election campaign, Earl first of his· five -succ~ssi,ve elections as a mem­ ber of the Portland City Council, died got into a verbal battle with Clyde Crosby, CHILD-CARE TAX DEDUCTION Wednesday of;a h~art ~ttac:k. intern!l.tional representative in Oregon for Currently in his 19th year as a city com­ the AFL-CIO teamsters when he accused missioner, Earl was at times an outspoken Crosby of opposing him be~ause he refused HON. MARTHA W. GRIFFITHS member of the council, was often at odds to bow to a "corrupt ultimatum" that he vote to legalize pinball machines. In the OF MICHIGAN with some elements of labor including most IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES recently the Portlii.nd Police Association and election the Portland Central Labor Council underwent some stormy years in his political voted to endorse Earl's opponent, Jack Tuesday, March 24, 1970 O'Donnell. career, particularly d~ring the vice probes of the late 1950s. Earl said Crosby had issued an ultimatum Mrs. GRIFFITHS. Mr. Speaker, at this First elected in 1952, and subsequently re­ to him on May 18, 1955, to "support the time, I would like to insert into the elected by Portland voters in 1956, 1960, 1964 Teamsters on the pinball issue or they would RECORD a letter I received from a con­ and 1968, Earl lost a $250,000 libel suit against oppose me in the 1956 election." stituent in Detroit, who is a working the Coos Bay (Times) World in 1958 over the The next day, Earl said, he voted against mother supporting herself and her child. . newspaper's publication of two Drew Pear­ Crosby's request for a rehearing on pinballs, The point raised regarding the need for son columns which purported to link Earl which Crosby wanted licensed by the city. "I am confident the people of Portland providing a tax deduction for child-care with James B. (Big Jim) Elkins, former Port­ expenses is well to consider. The letter land underworld figure. Earl denied any close will defeat the alliance of certain Teamster association with Elkins in the sensational officials and slot machine-pinball people," follows: trial at Coos Bay. Earl said. FEBRUARY 23, 197Q. Born May 11, 1910 in Portland, Earl grew In 1954 Earl had favored the licensing by Congresswoman MARTHA W. GRIFFITHS, up in "Slabtown," Portland's Northwest dis­ Portland of pinball machines and had Longworth Office Building, trict, attended Lincoln High School until he sought to introduce an ordinance to license Washington, D.C.: was 16, and then quit to become a candy­ them. He later explained his change of heart I quote the following from "The View maker for a Portland bisc:ruit factory. about pinball machines, which he said came From My Window," which I received in ~t Subsequently he worked for his father, while he listened to a housewife testify how week's mail. Hugh Earl, as a grocery clerk, later as an in­ her husband had "pinball fever" and had "The Tax Reform Act represents a sub­ surance agent, member of a steel gang for squandered more than $1,000 on the ma­ stantial step forward in closing or narrow­ Southern Pacific railroad, and then joined the chines, forcing her to cut down on her ing tax loopholes, which have permittetl Eastern-Western Lumber Co., as a lumber grocery budget." billions of dollars to escape taxation, and in handler on the Portland docks in March, 1937. Earl had the endorsement of a number of assuring a. fairer tax structure for an At one time he held a $3-a-day job in a his­ other labor unions and a. campaign com­ persons." toric Chinese gambling emporium known as mittee which read like the who's who of I am the first to agree that blllions of Hop Lee Tailor•s, but he denied ever having Portland business in his 1956 campaign. dollars have escaped taxation, and that there anything to do with the gambling end of In the 1960 campaign which followed the should be a fairer tax structure for all the establishment. Portland vice probes, Earl handily defeated persons. Soon after his entrance into lumber mill a former city commissioner, J. E. (Jake} If I accepted your statement at its face work Earl became active in Local No. 3, CIO ~nnett by a _ 8 to 5 margin, and after the value, it would give me, an individual, some ~umber and Sawmill Workers Union, and in / election teed off against the "campaign of slight hope. However, in preparing my income - 1940 was elected president. He subsequently smear and smut in this city during the tax return for 1969, I encountered an item resigned to become secretary of the union. election." He cited in particular 40,000 which I found to be grossly unfair to a work­ In 1943 Earl was elected secretary of the pamphlets which had been distributed dur­ ing mother, which I understand has not been CIO Oregon State Industrial Union Council, ing the closing days of the campaign, which relieved ln the Tax Reform Act. a post he held until mid-1949 when he re­ he described as a "smear" against "the mayor I am a working mother. I have a 3lf2 year­ signed to accept a federal appointment as the and myself." old son. I am forced to work for the support first ECA labor adviser to Korea. Earl attributed the pamphlets to the of myself and my child, as my husband is During World War n Earl was a member of Oregon Institute of Social Welfare, an orga­ imprisoned. (He went off his rocker, so to the U.S. War Manpower Commission for the nization which he had termed a "racket" speak, last year and seriously wounded a West Coast and a member ·or the West Coast in 1956. The organization's attorney and policeman who had stopped him for a minor lumber commission division of the War La­ president in turn had threatened Earl with traffic violation.) After that incident, I bor Board. In 1948 he was a member of the a $500,000 suit. moved from my home in Wisconsin to City Club's vice investigation committee. In 1963 Earl was highly critical of the Detroit, Michigan where I could secure more Ten months after his arrivel in Korea. city's Civil Defense program and he clashed gainful employment as a Secretary. I en­ Earl and his wife and two ohildren left with Mayor Schrunk. Earl maintained there tered my son ln a day nursery at a cost of Seoul shortly before its capture by the North is no defense to nuclear war other th!;l~ $23.50 per week. I have to pay for child Korean Army following the outbreak of the prayer. care, as I must work to support myself a.nd Korean war. His family escaped on a fertilizer In recent years there have been fewer son-I have no other income. boat bound for Japan where Earl joined them public outbursts by the sometimes stormy When I prepared my income tax return, when he and other government officials were petrel of the city council. However, he I took the $600 exemption for chlld support, flown out of the city. The family lost most recently asked to be removed from the city's or rather, child care. The instructions pro­ of its personal possessions in the flight from negotiating team with the Portland Police vided that I should compute the exemption Korea. Association in a heated statement. on a separate i'6rni. Upon working out the Often outspoken during his earlier career Throughout his long career on the council separate form, I found that if I made over as a labor official, Earl cauEed a considerable Earl had the Fire Department under his $6,000 per year, I had to exclude the portion stir on his return here with his highly critical jurisdiction and provided leadership in the over $6,000 in wages from the $600 child­ comments condemning the government of major modernization program carried on in care exemption. First of all, I paid out more South Korea. He said that "corruption and updating its equipment, station locations and than $600 per year for child care. Secondly, graft characterized the Army, the police communications. Four fire chiefs -served I made over $6,000 and had to deduct the and the ministries of the South Korean ·under him, including Edward Grenfell, Hal excess over $6,000 from the $600 exemption government." Simpson, Dale Gilman, and James Riopelle. allowed. 9236 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970

This is a gross injustice to women who are recognition in the competition. The city RETURN TO CITY forced to be the major breadwinner in the originally participated in the event at home. I would like to point out that I did He'll wind up his present duties when he not seek aid or public support of any sort. the urging of the Jaycees. and his family sail from Manila for San I immediately set out to take care of me and Maplewood's mayor, Robert Grasmere, Francisco on May 25. They expect to arrive mine. The injustice-as I see it--occurs in said that he felt all along that Maple­ in Fond du Lac by June 12. He'll then await the fact that business and industry are per­ wood deserved such recognition. I whole­ another overseas assignment and, from what mitted to exclude expenditures from taxa­ heartedly agree. he learned last week in Washington, D.C., it tion which they consider "expenses of making Congratulations, Maplewood Town­ will be a tour of duty which will permit him a profit," such as country club dues, The ship, on your well deserved honor. to be with his wife and children. Detroit Athletic Club dues, the Recess Club Megellas is greatly encouraged by signs of dues, and expenditures for theatre tickets, progress in the Vietnam pacification pro­ gifts, etc., automobiles for personal use, gaso­ gram. This project, basically, covers two line, and all other fringe benefits and enter­ fields: ( 1) Establishing village and hamlet WISCONSIN CIVILIAN IN VIETNAM security; and (2) Assisting in political and tainment expenses they can charge to REPORTS VIETNAMIZATION IS company credit cards and write off as "busi­ social development. ness expenses." WORKING In striving toward these objectives he has However, when reviewing the item of <:hild been head of the Civil Operations and Rev­ care expenses to the working mother, It is olutionary Development Support (CORDS) an absolutely necessary expense of earning HON. WILLIAM A. STEIGER effort in Vietnam's II Corps Tractical Zone. a wage. Without nursery school (or some OF WISCONSIN He ha~ not worn a military uniform, but has similar service) I would not be able to work IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES held a rank equivalent to a major general and earn a wage, thereby becoming another while taking part in high level briefings and number on the welfare rolls. However, the Tuesday, March 24, 1970 Vietnam appraisal conferences. government sees fit to exclude a portion of Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. So his knowledge of Vietnam, and the U.S. child care payments because I make over situation there, is considerable. Last week $6,000 per year, and by not allowing the Speaker, a former ;>resident of the Fond he addressed State Department representa­ entire expenditure for child care-which is du Lac, Wis., common council, who has tives at a briefing in Washington in which greater than the $600 exemption. been working in Vietnam since April he declared that "pacification, in the long Why then, isn't there a ce111ng on the 1968, returned for a brief visit this past run, is what will put Vietnam back on her amount of deductions a company can declare week and reported that he is greatly feet as a free, viable, and self-sufficient as expenses in making a profit. I have worked encouraged by progress in the Vietnam nation ..." for many businesses--both large and small­ pacification program. Mr. James Megel­ The corps area Megellas has headed is and I have observed this flagrant misuse of one of four in the country, but encompasses exemptions and deductions allowed by the las heads one of the four area pacifica­ 48 per cent of the geography. When he went government to the businessman. In one case, tion programs in Vietnam. to Vietnam in April 1968 to look over the a person who works in the main office of a An article describing the major prog­ situation prior to his assignment, he found company is given a company car which is ress being made under present U.S. policy that "less than 50 per cent of the hamlets never used for business, as he works in the appeared in the March 16 issue of the were under government control." office 100% of his work day. Yet, the car, Fond duLac Commonwealth Reporter. The figure for determining how much of taxes, insurance, license plates and gasoline For the benefit of my colleagues I in­ the territory could be classified as under con­ as well as maintenance expenses are all sert the full text of the article at this trol, be explained, is based upon figures from charged off as a company expense. point: a computer. I believe that any mother who is forced MAJOR PROGRESS to work to support her child should be given Says James Megellas: The United States on "In February of this year," he continued, the benefit of a direct expense (in total) to Right Track with Vietnam Policy "90 per cent of the area is under government earning that support. In this case, it is the By STAN GORES control." total amount of child care necessarily ex­ (Special Projects Editor) This, of course, represents major progress. pended in order to be gainfully employed. It "We now have 93,000 regional forces and should be expensed just as a salesman ex­ "I think we're on the rigilt track and the policy we're pursuing is working." popular force soldiers in our corps alone," penses his car and mileage in the pursuit of he said. "Last year we organized the peoples' sales, or just as a grocer expenses his utilities That brief, but hopeful, summation of the self defense forces, and there are about 400,- and the rent and other direct costs of making puzzling war in Vietnam was given this 000 in this, including all able bodied men a sale. morning by James Megellas, currently wind­ above and below draft age, and also women. Can you. Mrs. Griffiths, see the injustice in ing up two years of agenc~ field service for A total of 85,000 of these people are armed this matter and work toward seeing that it the State Department and who less than a with weapons." is corrected through proper legislation? decade ago was devoting his time to local President Thieu of South Vietnam has I would appreciate your views on the problems as president of Fond duLac's com­ frequently called the conflict a "people's subject. mon council. war," and he has worked to arm the Viet­ Very truly yours, "I'm confident that with our present pro­ namese and work toward desired goals, gram," Megellas commented in an interview, Megellas remarked. "and reducing the level of our combat forces, "Last year we held democratic elections as President Nixon has been doing, that we'll in the hamlets and villages and 95 per cent progress to the point where the Vietnamese of the people in my corps area now have MAPLEWOOD, NEW JERSEY, ONE OF will be able to take over the actual fighting elected officials," he explained. "All of these THE FINEST CITIES IN THE of the war. elected officials were fiown to a training UNITED STATES RECENT BIRTHDAY center south of Saigon for six weeks and Pres­ "But how long we'll be there is not for me ident Thieu spoke personally to each mem­ to say," he continued. "I'm just there doing ber of the graduating class." HON. JOSEPH G. MINISH a job for the government a:cd I'm encouraged Another phase of the pacification program OF NEW JERSEY with the progress." directed by Megellas, one of Worlc War II's IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Megellas, who last week observed his 53rd most decorated soldiers, was a financial aid birthday, w111leave Fond duLac Tuesday and project. Each village in his corps received approximately $9,000 for self-help objectives, Tuesday, March 24, 1970 be in Manila in the Philippines on Thursday with his wife, the former Carole Laehn and with the people deciding how they could best Mr. MINISH. Mr. Speaker, I should use the money. like to call to the attention of my col­ his two sons, James and Stephen. Next Mon­ day morning ..1e'll fiy to Saigon and "back The outcome resulted in new water wells, leagues the recent honor accorded to to my job." schools, health centers, roads and similar Maplewood Township, N.J., which I have Mrs. Megellas and the children have been projeots. This effort did much to establish the honor of representing in the House. living in a suburb of Manial since her hus­ the identity between the government and the Maplewood was awarded a certificate band took over his Vietnam assignment on people, said Megellas. proclaiming it one of the 22 finest cities July 3, 1968. He has been able to visit his MUST WIN PEOPLE in the United States in the All America family regularly, and occasionally Mrs. Me­ Asked if he could cite a single incident in Cities competition, which was sponsored gellas has toured Vietnamese hamlets and which the money was not used wisely, Me­ by Look magazine. villages with her husband. gellas said he couldn't. He emphasized that Since June of 1962, Megellas has been a such a program is crucial to the goal of free H. Bruce Mershon, president of the representative of the Agency for Interna­ government in Vietnam, and commented, Maplewood Jaycees, revealed that tional Development. His first assignment took "If we defeated the Communist military Maplewood was the only city in the him to Yemen for two years, followed by four forces and yet didn't win the people we'd lose Northeast United States to receive such years in Panama. the war." March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9237 Megellas believes that the Communists no VFW VOICE OF DEMOCRACY the nation. It must not allow threats or longer believe they can win a military victory WINNING ESSAY predictions of failure to prevent it from tak­ in Vietnam. ing those actions which it perceives to be "Captured documents have shown they've right and just. In a similar way, our coun­ changed their tune," he said. "They now see HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE try like the citizens who live in it, must not give in to frustration, however great this it as a prolonged war." OF TEXAS Do the Vietnamese people really care what frustration might be. kind of government they have? IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES In carrying this comparison between the Megellas is convinced they do. They show Tuesday, March 24, 1970 United StSJtes and the individual citizen a it, he says, by their willingness to become bit further, let us look at a situation which elected leaders. Accepting such a position Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, is much too common in our modern world. A makes them prime assassination targets for each year the Veterans of Foreign Wars citizen is walking down the street and sees an the Viet Cong. of the United States sponsors a voice of old man being beaten and robbed by three The alleged My Lai "massacre" incident Democracy program in which high strong assailants. The citizen would have played up so widely in the United States, is school students are asked to write a to overcome great fear if he were to aid the not a major issue among the people of Viet­ old man, yet he knows that this is what broadcast script. All five winners of this should be done. If he is to meet freedom's nam, according to Megellas. year's contest on "Freedom's Challenge" "I've never heard the Vietnamese raise this challenge, he must not give in to fear by issue in my area," he commented. "It has were guests of honor at the VFW con­ looking the other way and pre·tending he never been discussed with me by the Viet­ gression&l dinner and received a personal didn't see. For when this is done, no choice namese. I simply haven't heard much about congratulation from President Nixon. I has been made, fear has become his dictator. it over there--even among the Americans." would like to include the essay of the In a similar fashion, our nation must base second place winner, Dennis DiMarzio its actions not on fear, but on a sense of ENEMY DETERIORATED righteousness. A few years ago, we witnessed Megellas firmly believes the United States of Sycamore, TIL An 18-year-old Syca­ a poor and weak South Viet Nam being policy is effective, even though he admits mvre High School student, Dennis is beaten and robbed of its freedom by three "what the ultimate end will be I don't president of the student council, drum assailants, North Viet Nam, assisted by China know." His job hasn't been to make foreign major of the band, and vice president and Russia. But we met freedom's challenge policy decisions, however. It has been to get of Thespians. He also is a member of the and we are meeting it today, because we did to know the problems of the Vietnamese peo­ National Honor Society, an illinois State not look the other way; we did not give in ple by living and working among them, and Scholar, and has won letters in baseball to fear. We knew what was right and we helping them to sound, free government and and basketball. Dennis plans to study moved to help South Viet Nam defend itself. an improved economy. Today, our nation is experiencing the same "And they're much stronger now than they law at Northern illinois University. The pain and frustration which our citizen on the were," he concluded, "while the enemy's VFW should be commended for their sidewalk would experience in fighting the strength has deteriorated and their influence sponsorship of such a fine program. After three assailants. Our Nation is suffering from over the people has lessened. I definitely reading this essay, I think you will agree a loss of blood, the blood of its young men, think we're on the right track." that we all can take pride in the and it is suffering from the frustrating While in Fond Du Lac Megellas has been patriotism and faith in America dis­ bruises in:fMcted not by the three assailants, staying at the home of his mother, 222 Third played by this young man. but by some of its own citizens, and this St., and also has visited at the home of his time I use the term loosely, most of whom wife's parents, Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Laehn, 4112 The essay follows: have allowed fear to dictate them. They Lakeshore Dr. SECOND PLACE: FREEDOM'S CHALLENGE would prefer to look the other way from (By Dennis DiMarzio) VietNam, or more exactly, they want to run The other day when I was in a rather away from it. Fortunately, this form of op­ philosophical mood, my mind wandered way position, frustrating as it might be, is for THE LATE HONORABLE back to a day when I was in the first grade. the most part characterized by weak fear JAMES B. UTT On this particular day, the teacher went driven individuals who hide under the guise around the room and asked each one of us of intellectualism. what we wanted to be when we grew up. Today, so that she might more rapidly HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK There was the usual number of cowboys, overcome the hindrances presented by those fireman, and baseball players, but at least dissenters who axe unprincipled, the United OF OHIO States of America is making Freedom's Chal­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES half of us shrugged our shoulders and answered, I don't know. In high school, many lenge her challenge to us her true and loyal Monday, March 23, 1970 students would answer I'm not sure. To me, citizens. But this is not the first time that this is the beauty of freedom, to have a freedom's challenge has taken this form. She Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, I wish choice, a freedom to be or not to be, to be challenged us at Concord, at Gettysburg, in to join my colleagues in the House in ex­ what we want to be and not what we don't the fox holes in Germany, on the beach of pressing my sorrow at the death of Jim­ want to be. Now this does not mean that Normandy, and on the barren hills of Korea. my Utt, a respected and well liked Mem­ there are not limitations upon our aspira­ Now she challenges us in the swamps of ber of this body for the last 17 years. tions, but it does mean that the government VietNam and on the issue or Righteousness Jimmy combined a warm, gentle nature will not stand in our way, but that it will versus Fear. She challenges those of us who encourage us to pursue happiness and wHl are loyal to America to stand up and express with a fierce dedication to principle and our views more energetically and more sin­ duty. As a high ranking member of the aid us whenever it can. The limitations t.o our pursuit of happiness are within our­ cer-ely than the loudest and longest haired Ways and Means Committee he carried selves and the talents which have been of these unprincipled dissenters. We have the out his assignments on that vital com­ granted us by a divine being. freedom to be a strong and righteous nation which has made the most of its God given mittee with a vigor and industry dictated If we become afraid to try or if we be­ and based on the best interests of his resources and we have the freedom not to be come frustrated to the point of giving up, a weak and unprincipled nation whose dic­ country. In the mundane atmosphere of then we have failed to meet freedom's chal­ tator is fear. This is Freedom's Challenge. a national legislative body his religious lenge. If, however, we put our faith in our­ convictions :remained an integral part of selves and not in the opportunities offered his motivations. A man of the West, by our free country, then we are meeting Jimmy Utt was born and lived in his be­ freedom's challenge. So I believe then that I as a citizen can TASK FORCE HEARINGS loved Orange County and was a success­ meet freedom's challenge by putting faith ful businessman and State legislator bP.­ in myself and my country and by develop­ fore coming to Washington. That Jimmy ing myself into the most productive citizen HON. GEORGE BUSH served his people well is attested to by which my God given talents allow me to be. OF TEXAS his 9 terms in Congress, a wholehearted This being the case, then how does the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES endorsement from his constituents of the nation itself meet freedom's challenge? I Tuesday, March 24, 1970 35th District of California. think the answer to thls question ts de­ The Honorable James B. Utt has gone ceptively simple. The nation can meet free­ Mr. BUSH. Mr. Speaker, the Republi­ back to the West but he has left memories dom's challenge in much the same way that can Task Force on Earth Resources and the individual citizen does. It must put faith Population of which I am chairman, has of his charity, integrity, and dedication in itself and its principles and must strive for us to emulate. to develop into the most productive nation been conducting hearings on the mineral I extend my sympathy to his surviving which its God granted resources will allow shortage problem for the past few family who, I know, are sustained in the it to be and just as the individual citizen months. Last year, we concentrated the knowledge that he has done his job well. must not be governed by fear, neither must bulk of our efforts on the examination of OXVI-582----Part 7 9238 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 population growth. These hearings even­ reau has noted that the poor, those on wel­ some exceptions such as the course a!; the tually led to the publication of our family fare and those with incomes of less than University of Minnesota under Dr. Gerald planning report, "Federal Government $3000 per year, do have larger families than Neubeck, the one at the University of Houston Family Planning Programs-Domestic the average, affluent, suburban American. given by Dr. Leslie McCary and one at Yet such families number 5.4 million, per­ SUNYAB. There are others. Perhaps if we and International," on December 22, haps 15 % of American households. Obviously begin to train teachers in family life, health 1969. In order to keep continuity with this 15 ,-r are not having 3 ~/2 million babies education may make a meaningful contrihu­ last year's work, and because we feel that every year. The truth is that the bulk of this tion to family planning and stabilization of the population explosion is the cause of baby production comes from suburban Amer­ the American population. many other problems, we are attempting ica. Efforts to promote family planning must I do believe that Congress could make to relate our mineral shortage research be directed at both the affluent and the poor. funds available, perhaps on a matching grant closely with the population problem. This is complicated by the moral and polit­ basis with each state in order to develop a On March 18, it was our great privilege ical problems of convincing people to accept number of family ure educators. abortion for unplanned and unwanted preg­ Naticnal television has not been utilized to have Dr. Jack Lippes, medical director nancies and the sociologic problem of pre­ as it could be to acquaint the public with of the Planned Parenthood Center of venting deliberate high fertility. Too many all the fact3 of the population problem. Buffalo, N.Y.; and Dr. Raymond Ewell, American families are choosing to have 3 Fully exploited, national television could vice president for research, State Univer­ or 4 children, instead of 2 or 3. How do we have an effect that would surprise demogra­ sity of New York at Buffalo. With very convince American couples to choose smaller phers. Imagine a series of 1 hour television lucid and succinct testimony, Dr. Lippes families? teach-ins, covering the U .S. population prob­ and Dr. Ewell presented to the task force If we are going to offer contraceptive serv­ lem, the advantages of child spacing, idealiz­ ices to the poor, it cannot be the singular ing the small family and ending with an up­ a wealth of useful information on the effort to lower the American birth rate, nor to-date review of contraceptive technology. population problem and its effects. For should it be considered a solution to the high First, perhaps, the president of the U.S. could the benefit of my colleagues, I have in­ costs of welfare. It should be provided to the endorse the teach-in. Such a program or se­ cluded Dr. Lippes' statement, and a paper underprivileged in the name of justice and ries cf programs could have an immeasurabl-y by Dr. Ewell on the social, economic and equality because for so long these under­ beneficial effect in reducing the birth rate. political consequences of the high rate of privileged citi:zJens have been denied the Yet something would still be wrong, at population growth: choice of deciding when to have a child and least for families living in poverty. While the choice of how many to have. This choice talking to core area families, I am impressed POPULATION DIMENSION-SOME for the most part has been available to other that they are aware of the advantages or RECOMMENDATIONS Americans. Recent surveys asking mothers, family planning. They know that in families Congressman Bush, and members of the "Did you plan, and/ or did you want your last of 4 or more children, the educational and task force: I am Dr. Jack Lippes, Associate child?" have revealed that out of 3'12 million economic opportunities are more restricted. Professor at SUNYAB in OB-GYN and Medi­ births, 750,000 were unplanned or unwanted. Controlling family size to provide ~ higher cal Director of the Planned Parenthood Cen­ Since every drug store is a source of con­ quality life for the family is based on the ter of Buffalo, New York. traceptive supplies, it is difficult to under­ assumption that opportunities to rise out of The need for family planning is now so stand why we should have an excess fertility. poverty are wide-spread. If this could be­ widely acknowledged, so obvious and so What do we need to do to convert desire come a fact, then it can be expected that necessary to humanity that to dwell on this into reality and reduce the birth rate? most families will control their size, because urgency would be superfluous. Instead the More and better education will help. Many it is in their own personal self-interest. If time has come for a deeper understanding school systems in the country have embarked opportunities for escaping poverty are not and action. on programs of ''sex education". These have available, there will be little motivation to The population problem in the U.S. can be aroused much controversy, perhaps because control family size because it won't make any better understood by realizing that the afflu­ of the label. difference. Basically, these core area patients ent and the underprivileged require dif­ Last year the State of New York called a ask, "Is there any common sense in accepting ferent approaches to their excessive fertility. meeting of school teachers to be held in west­ the restrictions of middle class disciplines Within each of these two distinct economic ern New York. The purpose of this meeting such as birth control, without receiving the group.;; are two sub-groups: was to indoctrinate the teachers in the latest rewards of a middle class life?" 1. Those with unplanned and unwanted knowledge relating to family life and covering One could go into the core area of Ameri­ excessive fertility and material on reproduction, contraception, can cities and provide everyone with birth 2. Those whose excessive fertility is sociology, dating, mating and family life rela­ control services. A program of not just sex deliberate. tionships. Over 400 teachers from every school education but compensatory education of all Amongst the considered solutions for de­ district in New York State attended. The types could be instituted. Let us suppose liberate excessive fertility are: Planned Parenthood Center of Buffalo was that we could do these things to the po.int 1. Education which should include a study invited to participate in the development of of the benefits of spacing children, not only where every "family is knowledgeable about the program. birth control and everyone in the core area to the mother. but to the child as well. A This conference represented a rare opportu­ discussion of the advantages of a small is so well educated that .they .all have Ph. D. nity to find out how qualified these teachers degrees. Even then, someone has to come up family should be included. were in family life education. Did they have 2. Idealization of the small family. All a loser. They all can't be winners. Under our reservations regarding sex education? How present competitive economic system the media-T.V., newspapers, periodicals and comfortable were they in discussing· human radio should be utilized. winner takes all and the loser gets nothing, sexuality? Were the teachers themselves in­ except on the professional athletic field. On 3. Legal devices- hibited in any way? How knowledgeable were (a) Raising the legal age of marriage. the athletic field, we Americans think dif­ these pedagogues in the subject they were ferently. For example, professional football (b) Financial incentives for the small about to teach? The responses or lack of family and penalties for excessive fertility. • • •. But the losers are also compensated responses to the questionnaire w.ere _reye~ling with perhaps 40%. ot the gate.. This is a This could be mediated through the income Only 53 of over 400 teachers cooperated by tax laws. contract wllich we Americans consider fair filling out the questionnaire. The lack of and equitable. It is a · good instinct for fair Solutions to unplanned and unwanted ex­ response was predicated on a negative cessive fertility must also include: play and justice. How relevant and satisfying attitude. Some arose in the conference and it was to read in the New. York Times (of 1. Readily available contraceptive services asked indignantly, ••How dare those peopl£­ and abortion which· for the affluent can be February 19, 1970) that the House Ways & from Planned Parenthood ask such ques­ Means Committee approved the thrust of acquired from private medical sources, but tions?" "Who do the people at Planned for the underprivileged must be subsidized. President Nixon's welfare reforiUS to provide ParenthoOd think they are?" · a minimum annual income for working fam­ Both male and female sterilization proce­ Of the 53· teachers who did respond, one­ dures should be more readily available. Many ilies This. bill, if passed, will do more than half were not knowledgeable of basic facts permit poor families to rise out of the urologists in the U.S. are reluctant to per­ in the subject of reproduction. Many revealed form male sterilization because they feu culturs- of poverty. It will reunite separated that they had punitive attitudes in regard and abandoned underprivileged families. prosecution under their state laws for viola­ to social pathology such as homosexuality tion of maiming statutes. The "increased income will, for the first time, and out-or-wedlock· pregnancy. allow such families to live in dignity. Family 2. Education-which I would like to take How can we expect the populace at large up in greater detail later. planning will then become the middle class to be knowledgeable and tolerant if the discipline rewarded by the middle class life. 3. For the underprivileged, readily avail­ teachers themselves are not only igncrant of Information which could be included in able contraception and abortion means gov­ the subject, bUt evel'l profess negative atti­ a family life education program would cover ernment sponsored or subsidized service. tudes and hostility in regard to some of the new contraceptive technology. One would Even sterilization procedures would and material whtch ought to be taught. \Vhat mention the fact that medicine already has should be government subsidized for the saddens one even more is how few teachers' a "morning after pill." Drugs, like Stilbes­ economically deprived. colleges have undertaken programs t.o develcp trol or Ethinyl Estradiol, taken in correct Should we direct more of our efforts at instructors who will be both knowlerigeable doses will prevent pregnancy if taken within the underprivileged? The U.S. Census Bu- and comfortable with this subject. There are 24 or 48 hours after intercourse. This is a March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9239 fact and yet very few Americans are aware per hundred women per year to 0.5 preg­ 7. However, there are social and political of it. The big drawback for general use, is nancies per hundred women per year. 1ll-effects ot a.. o.ontinuect high population that this medication frequently produces The success of oral contraceptives need gr:>wth rate which are of even greater im­ nausea and emesis. Still it could be used not be documented here because so much portance than the pz:obletn of maintaining in individual cases. After all, the motiva­ has already been written on this subject. a high material standard of living. Social tion to prevent pregnancy is greatest the Everyone is aware of their use and that they problems of overcrowded&ess, friction be­ morning after sexual intercourse. have lowered the birth rate for many coun­ tween people, mental illneEs, racial problems, This brings one to the even more contro­ tries in western society. This oral medication urban deterioration, environmental contami­ versial, but important subject of abortion. has been too expensive for developing coun­ nation will all be exacerbated by an tnc~as­ Statistics from eastern Europe show us that tries. The rate of discontinuance so far has ing population, and these problems will abortions done in a hospital under 12 been too high for successful use. In the fu­ inevitably require a larger and larger propor­ weeks is a safe surgical procedure, with a ture, similar drugs may be placed in a plas­ tion of the national income to effect even mortality of 3 in 100,000 cases. Such surgery tic capsule and then inserted under the skin. temporary solutions and palliatives. requires a short hospitalization, perhaps Enough of the drug will reach out to prevent THE LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES only one day. It can even be done as a hos­ pregnancy for long periods of time. The pital out-patient procedure. Countries, such period of protection will depend on the size 1. Most of the less developed countries as Japan and Hungary, have relied on abor­ of the capsule and the amount of the drug. have much higher population growth rates tion as a means of stabilizing population. All of these techniques could be used in than the United States. Most of the less These countries have two of the lowest pop­ developing countries just as well as in the developed countries have growth rates in the ulation growth rates. United States. Because of cultural, economic range of 2.0 CQ to 3 .5 c;. , although there are a The new technique of suction curettage and educational differences, the mix of the few lower and a few higher than this range. wherein the products of conception are re­ various methods will be different. The big 2. Most of the less developed countries moved through a hollow curette with a small problem in Asia as in the United States is therefore have social, economic and political amount of suction, has made the procedure the sociologic one of convincing people to problems resulting from high population both safer and easier. It has reduced blood have smaller families. Developing countries growth rates which are even more acute and loss. The whole procedure can be done in 5 in addition, have the problem of continu­ more difficult of solution than those facing to 10 minutes. With multiparous women, ous supply, availability of services and sur­ the United States. that is women who have had children, the veillance of masses of people. In Asia a large 3. The less developed countries as a group procedure can be done under local anesthesia. family, especially having many sons, be­ have a population growth rate of probably This technique, if readily available as a solu­ comes the parent's social security. It is the 2.6 CO per year which will, if continued, In­ tion to contraceptive failures, could make all son who will care for mother and father in crease the population of the less developed contraceptive methods 100 percent effective. old age. One way to promote family planning countries from 2.7 billion in 1970 to 3.5 One cannot overemphasize the importance of in such countries is by government promis­ billion in 1980 while the population of the abortion. It is still not generally available ing social security. An Asian government developed countries as a whole is increasing either nationally nor internationally. Yet, it could promise all young couples that if they only from 900 million to 1 billion. must be. After all, we have plenty of pre­ limit their families to 2 or 3 children the 4. As one example, Mexico has a popula­ conceptual techniques-rhythm, pills, dia­ government .vill provide social security when tion growth rate of 3 .5 o-o per year which, phragms, IUDs, condoms, jellies, supposi­ the parents are 65. Granted, that Asian coun­ if continued, would double the population tories. At the moment, we must rely on tries do not have the capital to provide this in 20 years. This means Mexico's population surgical abortion to back up these techniques. now. But this is a promise being made to may go from 50 million in 1970 to 100 miiUon What we really need is a cheap, safe and 20 year old couples, a promise to· be ful­ in 1990. If this really happens, as seems effective pharmacologic abortifacient. Here filled in 40 or 45 years. Either such a coun­ highly probable at this time, Mexico will is where research funds should be expended try develops in 40 years and has the capital have to double everything in the country in and talent recruited. We should try to find to provide social security or in 40 years it 20 years-food production, industrial pro­ a drug which would produce a safe abortion will cease to exist. Other legal devices could duction, housing, schools, medical facilities, within the first 8 to 10 weeks of gestation. be used: e.g. raising the legal age of mar­ transportation, etc., as well as provide many Such a drug would have a remarkable impact riage, removing income tax deductions for millions of new jobs. in lowering the birthrate on a world wide dependents after the second child. Howe'ver, 5. Among the many problems facing the basis. The time to make such research funds the U.S. government cannot write the laws less developed countries food supply is one available is now. The time for recruitment is of foreign countries. We can only act as of the most pressing and most difficult of now. It should be advertised and offered to advisors. We can provide technical help and solution. The average rate of growth of food every university or medical school which sometimes capital where expensive equip­ production in the world and in the less de­ might be interested. ment is needed to provide certain birth con­ veloped countries, too, has been slightly over Obviously, the use of abortion to lower trol services. The final decision will rest not 1 % per year for a number of decades, say birth rates will require changes in legislation with governments, but with people. since 1900. This has resulted in a slow decline so that it is available on demand. Changes in domestic food production per capita in most of the less developed countries since in public attitude and acceptance is also THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CON­ 1950 so that these countries have been necessary. As Dr. Christopher Tietze said, SEQUENCES OF HIGH RATES OF POPULATION "History shows, that man does possess the forced to import more and more fOOd just GROWTH IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER to stay even. ability to change his beliefs in order to meet COUNTRIES his necessities." THE UNITED STATES Another technical development is the laparoscope. This is an instrument with 1. The United St3..tes rate of population NATIONAL RECOGNITION TO CITY which a surgeon can look into the abdomen gr:>wth has declined from 1.6 percent per LEGISLATOR through a puncture. The instrument is less year in 1960 to 1.0 percent per year in 1968. 2. However, this is still too high a rMe of than Y2 inch in diameter. Yet through this instrument a woman can be sterilized by growth to permit the United States to main­ HON. ALPHONZO BELL tain its present high standard of living for electrically cauterizing the fallopian tubes. OF CALIFORNIA The procedure requires a general anesthetic. many more years in view of the diminishing IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES It can be completed in 15 to 20 minutes and quantity and quality of our country's the patient is released the same day. These res::mrces. Tuesday, March 24, 1970 instruments are expensive. A setup would 3. New and improved technologies can cost about $1,500. American capital could compensate partially for diminishing re­ Mr. BELL of California. Mr. Speaker, provide the instruments in many areas where sources but not entirely. In spite of new and it is my privilege today to give national such sterilization programs would be improved technologies, the standard of living recognition to a richly deserving city leg­ undertaken. in the United States may well begin to de­ islator from my home district in Los Intrauterine contraceptive devices, IUDs, cline within the next 25 years. Angeles. have proven to be the mainstay of suc~essful 4. The social and political problems which Robert M. Wilkinson, city councilman population control programs in countries would be engendere:::l by a gradually declin­ from Los Angeles' 12th district, repre­ such as South Korea and Taiwan. Improve­ ing standard of living can be imagined. ments are being made in IUDs. Newer clini­ 5. Countries with more f.:l.vorable ratios of sents the fastest growing area of the cal research suggests that the addition of natural resources to p:Jpulation than ours fastest growing city in the Nation. The elemental copper or zinc to an IUD, may may surpass the United St3..tes in standa rd 12th district is composed of the north­ make it 100% effective. The zinc may even of living during the next few decades, no­ west land mass in the great San Fer­ quiet the uterus and reduce removals be­ tably Canada, Australia and the Soviet nando Valley. Its 49 square miles is made cause of cramps or bleeding which in the Union. .UP of a population of 208,000. And it con­ past has been the ma.ior drawback to wider 6. The United States should adopt a na­ tinues to develop with the passing of each tional goal of redu~ing the population use of intrauterine contraception. The newer growth rate to zero at the earliest possible year. This kind of development can and loop made of polypropylene has reduced date, the earlier the better. Only in this way has produced prodigio·us growing pains. spontaneous expulsions from 7.7 % to 3.5 %. can a standard of living, at least as high as All phases of city services must be Pregnancies or fa.ilures with the new poly­ ours today, be guaranteed for our grand­ expanded to meet the continual growth. propylene device have been reduced from 2.8 children. Fortunately. the citizens of the 12th dis- 9240 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 24, 1970 trict have as their elected representative, ic'e, Dr. Curtis W. Tarr, has been widely through the approval routine once. His back­ a man who recognizes the requirements hailed in Wisconsin newspapers. While ground of college teaching and administra­ tion should make him highly acceptable to and needs of the community. Dr. Tarr takes on a di.ffi.cult task, he is the leadership of higher education of the Councilman Wilkinson, dedicated to eminently qualified to undertake this nation. His recent close and successful re­ active public service, has moved the 12th most importt~, nt post. lationships with the draft age youth at Ap­ district ahead in building more major During his service in Wisconsin as pleton should give him an added insight in public project improvements, providing president of Lawrence University, he also the carrying out of his new duties. His own additional police and fire services, aug­ served as head of the Tarr Task Force military service is a valuable asset. mented traffic facilities, providing con­ But especially it seems to us, Dr. Tarr charged by Governor Knowles with the brings to the post a lot of imagination, cour­ sistently improved library and recreation responsibility of recommending changes age and administratiTe know-how. President and park services. in Wisconsin's tax distribution system. Nixon is anxious to have a volunteer army He sits in with the designers from The Appleton Post Crescent on March as soon as feasible, keeping Selective Service State division of highways for the plan­ 15, the Sheboygan Press on March 14, as an emergency device, at best. Dr. Tarr, as ning of three major freeways through and the Oshkosh Daily Northwestern on an educa.tional administrator and as cha.ir­ the 12th district. He attends regular man of the well known Tarr Task Force March 21, all praised Dr. Tarr's appoint­ studying Wisconsin's problems, demonstrated meetings of the State water resources ment. As one who is proud of this rec­ board currently working on the Castaic an ability and a willingness to strike off 1n ognition of Dr. Tarr's ability and integ­ new directions. So it would seem that if Se­ Lake Reservoir, a major link in Cali­ rity, I want to call to the attention of lective Service is to be modified, carried on or fornia's Feather River Aqueduct system. colleagues the high regard of people in completely abolished, Curtis Tarr would be a And he meets with contractors and de­ Wisconsin for Dr. Tarr. I include the fine man to have in charge. velopers in an effort to encourage the editorials at this point: building of homes in the 12th district to GOOD CHOICE TO HEAD DRAFT CURTIS TARR WILL Do A Goon JoB alleviate the serious housing shortages. A big chore for Curtis W Tarr, former During a major brush fire last year in It took a personal appeal from President president of Lawrence University, Appleton, Nixon to persuade Curtis Tarr to accept the as national draft director-in addition to the hill communities of the 12th district, position as Selective Service director, and Councilman Wilkinson arrived on the administering the Selective Service law-will we can appreciate Dr. Tarr's reluctance to be to help to persuade Congress to initiate scene with the fire departments. campus take on this difficult task, but in the final long-delayed hearings on further draft disorder at San Fernando Valley State analysis, there could be no better man we reform. College 2 years ago found him meeting can think of for the job. What will come from such hearings? Most There is one vital element which must with the academic community in an likely the need for ohanges including th~ effort toward solving the problems. be given top consideration in the further elimination of educational and occupational Councilman Wilkinson's continuous reform of the Selective Service system, or deferments and the establishment of new its complete replacement by a professional standards of classifying young men for struggle against smut and pornography milltary, and that is the vastly changed mail-order houses led to the closing of induct.ion. thinking of many of our young people toward President Nixon has attempted to persuade two such businesses and the rescinding military service to their country. Congress to hold hearings on draft reform of post office box numbers. Basically it is the Vietnam war which and may accomplish this end through his Legislative action initiated by him this has motivated this change in thinking, a nominee for national draft director. year formulated more stringent require­ war which lacks the support of, we believe, Tarr has firm credentials for the position. ments for the issuance of police permits a majority of the American people. But He was drafted for service in World War II there is no question that patriotism and and so is not unacquainted with the business for rock music festivals within the city. duty mean something different to the This action came after some 200,000 Of the "Greetings from the President." He adolescent generation of today than those was a combat GI and later a Stanford Uni­ young people converged on a portion of words meant one generation ago. versity scholar before being president of the district fo·r 3 riotous days in the sum­ Dr. Tarr, from his experience as president Lawrence. mer of 1969. of Lawrence University, certainly under­ His record indicates that he occupies the In addition to large issues, Councilman stands the thinking of young people, even middle ground which is essential to com­ Wilkinson is concerned about the small if he doesn't have to agree with it. promising the sometimes explosive national problems, too, such as traffic lights and He has other outstanding qualifications debate over the draft. He has a sensitivity to crosswalks for schoolchildren, noise for the position, experience and proven youthful coru:erns over the draft, yet is can­ ability as an administrator, an ability to did in asserting that although he went into abatement, zoning issues, and even the organize his thinking logically and efficiently the Army with some "uncertainties ... I the sweeping of streets. and to express those thoughts in concise realize now how important the experience is The way Councilman Wilkinson solves terms. More recently he has had an indoctri­ and was ..." his many problems is the same method nation in the military manpower require­ As a civilian, and a man of apparent good adopted by many other successful men­ ments of the nation in his position as assist­ sense, Tarr is a good choice for the director ant secretary of the Air Force specializing in of the draft. hard work. Hard work every day in the manpower affairs. week; often including weekends. It was reported that Dr. Tarr's reluc­ Wilkinson, an oldtimer by most stand­ tance to accept the position when he origi­ ards in the valley-having graduated nally was sounded out about it last Decem­ from Canoga Park High School-is a ber was based on two considerations, that COINS OF INTRINSIC VALUE relatively young man, married, and the tile position was a controversial one and father of three children, and grandfather that it was a dead-end as far as a political to two granddaughters. career is concerned. HON. JAMES A. McCLURE Knowing Dr. Tarr so well, we cannot be­ I am glad to relate that he is a fellow lieve that he would sidestep a controversial OF IDAHO Republican and is serving his se~ond task. And if he can help the Nixon Adminis­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 4-year term as a councilman. tration to formulate a new military pro­ Tuesday, March 24, 1970 I would like to bring to the attention cu!'ement policy for this country over the of my colleagues my sincere regard for next few years it could well be a great boost Mr. McCLURE. Mr. Speaker, the de­ the outstanding character and ability of for an even more important career in gov­ sire for coins of intrinsic value does not Councilman Robert Melvin Wilkinson. ernment. The fact that Gen. Lewis Hershey rest exclusively within the free world. made a lifetime career out of the job doesn't East Germany, for example, has issued have to influence Dr. Tarr, and we are certain two new silver coins, one of 10-mark GOOD CHOICE FOR SELECTIVE that it will not. denomination and one of 20-mark SERVICE denomination. A GOOD CHOICE Th.e 20-mark coin commemorates the HON. WILLIAM A. STE~GER The nomination of Dr. Curtis Tarr, former 220th anniversay of the birth of Johann president of Appelton's Lawrence University, Wolfgang von Goethe. The 10-mark coin OF WISCONSIN to be director t)f Selective Service, should IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES honors Johann Friederich Bottger on the win the speedy approval of the Senate. 250th anniversary of his death. Tuesday, March 24, 1970 Dr. Tarr is presently a member of the ad­ ministration, serving as assistant secretary of I am also advised that the United Arab Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. the Air Force, being responsible for man­ Republic will be issuing a commemora­ Speaker, the new head of Selective Serv- power and reserves and thus has gone tive coin this year marking the 1,000th March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9241 anniversary of the Al-Azhar mosque in happy to say both stations have given us of his statement before the joint com­ Cairo. The Egyptian Government plans their support in backing our efforts in this mittee. Among other things, Mr. Leven­ to issue 200,000 of these coins, each of matter. thal feels the Federal Government Trusting you will carry our message to the should assume responsibility for its can­ which has a face value equivalent of New York State legislators, I remain $2.30 in United States currency. cellation actions, with the Manned Or­ Very truly yours, biting Laboratory being his prime H. LEON VAN GORDER, Master. example and; First. Grant each employee laid off at THE PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE least 4 weeks pay. Second. Cover the costs of employee CALIFORNIA'S SCIENTISTS AND EN­ group insurance for at least 6 months HON. HOWARD W. ROBISON GINEERS SPEAK OUT ON ECO­ or until reemployment. OF NEW YORK NOMIC CONVERSION Third. Establish provisions to insure IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that funds contributed to retirement Tuesday, March 24, 1970 plans inure to the benefit of the individual. Mr. ROBISON. Mr. Speaker, I recently HON. CHARLES H. WILSON OF CALIFORNIA Fourth. Establish or participate with received a thoughtful and timely letter State governments in establishing re­ from the master of the Horseheads IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATI~ location allowances. Grange, H. Leon Van Gorder. The Horse­ Tuesday, March 24, 1970 I now include into the RECORD for my heads New York Grange is in my con­ colleagues' information, the full text of gressional district, and Mr. Van Gorder Mr. CHARLES H. Wll..SON. Mr. Mr. Leventhal's testimony. It is worth was thoughtful enough to send me the Speaker, the resolution establishing the reading. text of its letter to a local television sta­ California Legislature Joint Legislative The material follows: tion. The letter comments on the efforts Committee on Economic Conversion TESTIMONY OF ROBERT M. LEVENTHAL BEFORE of some to discontinue the pledge of states that changing military needs have THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE JOINT LEGIS­ allegiance and salute to the American had, and will continue to have an adverse LATIVE COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC CONVERSION :flag in the schools around this country. effect on the State's economy. Conse­ Prior to testifying before your honorable My personal feeling is that such efforts quently, efforts have been urged to plan committee I feel it proper to place my com­ are misguided at best. Respect for coun­ ahead to minimize the impact on local ments in perspective. I appear before you as try is as valuable for a child as respect communities and the State as a whole an advocate on behalf of the employed en­ for church and for family; and there during conversion :rom military to a gineers and scientists. Currently I hold two seems to me to be no justification for largely civilian oriented economy. organizational roles: Chairman of the West­ em section of the Council of Engineers and driving patriotism out of our schools. As Robert M. Leventhal, executive sec­ Scientists Organizations. The Council is a Because I think the text of Mr. Van retary of the Southern California Profes­ confederation of independent organizations Gorder's letter to me should be shared sional Engineering Association, pointed representing almost 100,000 employed engi­ with all Members of Congress, I am sub­ out in testimony before the committee: neers and scientists. The Western Section mitting most of the text for their It is the engineers and scientists who represents over 50,000, the majority of whom information: have given our country its unequaled are employed in California. MARCH 4, 1970. Secondly, I am the Executive Secretary of productive and technical capacity. the Southern California Professional Engi­ Han. HowARD W. RoBISON, The significance of the Federal Gov­ neering Association which represents the en­ Rayburn House Office Building, ernment's involvement in engineering gineers and scientists at McDonnell Douglas Washington, D.C. in collective bargaining. DEAR Sm: On January 27, 1970, the New employment comes into focus from fig­ I also appear before you as a citizen con­ York Daily News carried an article stating ures recently published by the Aerospace that [some persons) wanted to discontinue Industries Association of America and cerned over human values and proper eco­ the pledge of allegiance and salute to the other concerned parties. These figures nomic planning for our State. American FlFlorida notes that while the demand for sume. The ripple effect on loss of earnings Engineers and Scientists in the United engineers is growing, the supply is diminish­ States as of December 1969 for the Pacific in local areas has been measured and the ing, if engineering school enrollments are an direct and indirect economic effect ap­ region was 71.4 percent out of an estimated indication. Freshman engineer enrollments 214,000. proaches a multiplier factor of three. We can slipped from 23 % to 14 % between 1957 and conclude, based on these assumptions that Mr. Atwood, President of North American 1969. Many engineering schools are reported Rockwell, in an address before the Los An­ for each month these employees remained to be begging for students. out of work, the lost economic activity to geles Chamber of Commerce October 29, My work requires that I come in contact 1969, noted that aerospace employs about 27 the San Francisco Bay could be calculated with large groups of engineers. Often these as follows: percent of the nation's engineers and scien­ groups are hostile because the engineering tists and it is the nation's single largest em­ profession is divided over the issue of (26,400X7,000) (3) ployer of research and development engi­ whether or not they should engage in col­ 12 = $42,200,000.00 neers and scientists. He further noted that lective bargaining. Regardless of the nature of the some 1.3 million aerospace workers, of the audience there appears to be a con­ Most of you are aware-that in mid-1969 it over 40 percent worked in California. The sensus that the engineers are not being well was learned through a casual radio an­ seven southernmost counties account for 80 treated. When asked if they would encourage nouncement that the Manned Orbital Lab­ percent of California aerospace employ­ their sons to enter the engineering field, the oratory was termfnated. I do not know how ment-over 350,000 jobs, $3.5 billion in an­ answer is an overwhelming no. many people were thrown out of work on nual payroll. An overview of what is happening to the this one project. Our records show more Currently we are allowing the labor market engineer in the market place, particularly in than 2,000 engineers and scientists at to control utilization of engineers and sci­ the defense related field, gives an indication McDonnell Douglas alone were affected·. entists. Generally this is acceptable, but in of why the engineering profession is upset. Since the M.O.L. termination, North Ameri­ the case of engineers and scientists there is Dr. Loomba at the Center for Interdis­ can's failure to win the F-15 competition, the one large consumer, and I submit that ciplinary Studies at San Jose State College and other setbacks to local firms have caused consumer activities in the labor market cre­ studied re-employment and unemployment many thousands more engineers to be laid ate an intolerable instabillty. experiences of scientists and engineers laid off. Instability due to government procurement off from 62 aerospace and electronics firms We have some interesting figures on Gen­ practices has already had a profound effect. in the San Francisco Bay area during 1963-65. eral Dynamics-Kearney Mesa plant, San I have read with interest an article by Mr. Those layoffs studied were triggered by Diego. The engineers there have shown an Berkley on the Myth of War Profiteering cancellation of some major defense contracts. interest in being represented. We have published in the December 20, 1969 issue of California suffered more severely than the records on the size of that engineering force the New Republic. rest of the country. In California defense for past years. In 1963, about 4,000, just Mr. Berkley concludes that the level of companies, 26,400 workers were laid off. under 2,000 in 1965, and under 800 in 1969. profit from defense work, measured as a per­ Dr. Loomba zeroed in on the experience The majority of the engineers laid off from cent of gross sales is very unattractive. The of the engineers and scientists caught in McDonnell Douglas were employed at the Logistics Management Institute published that layoff. After a careful study of some Huntington Beach facility, a large number a st udy in 1969 showing the average profit 1,184 who were compared to 30,000 who were resided in Westminster and Huntington margin for all U.S. Industry was 8.7 % of not laid off, he concluded: Beach. sales, but that the average profit margin on "The single criterion on which the popula­ Since these are relatively small communi­ defense work was 4.2 o/r . Since the defense tion of laid off engineers and scientists differs ties, the impact of lost economic activity of work was included in the overall figure, the from the population of working engineers and Just the engineering payroll is significant. disparity is even greater than appears. scientists is their age. Defense-oriented firms Using the criteria previously discussed, Based on t he figures presented in that ar­ in the San Francisco Bay Area appear to With no consideration of the large blue ticle it is easy to see why greater emphasis have laid off workers primarily on the basis collar layoffs, the lost economic activity just is being placed by the major companies on of their age. When education background, from the engineers could be calculated as non-defense oriented business. In 1968, pri­ technical publications, patents, membership follows: vate business accounted for 47 % at McDon­ in professional societies, and number of Average monthly income - $1,200.00 nell Douglas. By the start of 1969 commercial engineering and scientific courses completed ($1,200.00 X 2,000) (3) =$7,200,000.00 orders represented 68 o/(' . This is further illus­ are considered there is no statistically sig­ Regretfully no study of the magnitude of trated by the heavy emphasis of McDonnell nificant difference between laid off and work­ Dr. Loomba's has been done on these most Douglas, Boeing, and Lockheed on commercial ing engineers and scientists. Moreover, the recent layoffs. Your committee staff did con­ aviation, by L.T.V. entry into such ventures older respondents completed relatively more tact our organization and request coopera­ as steel and automated traffic systems; and additional technical courses since their last tion in surveying who got laid off and what by United Aircraft Sikorsky Division into degree or diploma. Therefore, skill obsoles­ their experiences have been to date. experimental Turbo Trans and AVCO into cence appears not to have been a criterion We agreed to participate to the best of finance and insurance. for layoff." our ability in the hope that perhaps we While the low profit has certainly not As to the experience of the group for re­ might find some clues as to how to plan. In driven these major companies out of the de­ employment, "The median period of unem­ the study that is currently underway, co­ fense field, it has compelled them to re-direct ployment for engineers and scientists who operation was received from four organiza­ some of their effort. During this redirection, were laid off ih the San Francisco Bay Area tions. Much or the data comes from it is my opinion that substantial trauma has is 12 weeks; six percent of respondents re­ McDonneli Douglas where the majority of occurred within our technical work force. mained unemJ?loyed _for one year or longer. the affected engineers were employed and The changes that could be iiandled, albeit "Age appears to be the most significant good records existed. March 24, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 9243

In early August, about five weeks after ~he elusion when layoffs are pending is self­ other divisions of the company." No one majority of the engineers and scient1sts evident. knows how often this sort of thing happens. affected by the M.O.L. termination had been Mr. Durham further comments that the It used to be an axiom that only the poor laid off, a 21 question survey was sent by company-paid portion of the pension rang­ engineer who had not kept up his education mail to some 459. potential respondents. ing from $5,000.00 to $50,000.00 eash, depend­ got laid off. If a man was worth his salt, he While the vast( majority were ex-employees ing on the age of the employee reverts to always had a job. That talk has almost disap­ of McDo:rgl,ell Douglas, there were some from the credit or the company, reducing contri­ peared. While I cannot support this conten­ Lockheed; who were laid off as a result of the butions in that fiscal year. There are no tion statistically, by asking at many meet­ Cheyenne helicopter can~llation, and some prohibitions from the Internal Revenue serv­ ings, "How many of you have ever been laid from both General Dynamics and North ice or Armed Service Procurement Regula­ off?" it appears that well over 50% of the American who had lost their jobs due to tions prohibiting the company from current work force has been laid off at least the general decline in those companies which receiving the benefit of terminations and once. Layoff is no longer considered a black has been going on for some time. cancellations in the form of reductions in mark, but is now an accepted way of life Considering that a mail survey was used, future payments to tax qualified funded for the engineer. the response, 6I% r must be considered plans. I am not sure what, if anything, should be excellent. The net result of all this is while the com­ done on the Federal level about defense I should like to cover some of the high­ pany never gets a direct refund, the funds spending. I do feel there is a strong respon­ lights of the preliminary findings. Since we released from the accounts of the laid off sibility to anticipate what will happen and sent out a followup questionnaire in mid­ employees becomes a credit against the com­ to plan as best we can. I feel that considera­ November, tbe study cannot be completed pany's obligation to contribute in future tion should be given on the state level to the until all the results are tabulated. I know years. following: your staff will transmit the final report as I feel the problem is not confined to just 1. Establish a "Truth in Benefits" program soon as possible. the pension plans, though that one factor for California, using the guidelines already By the time the questionnaires were re­ seems to have a significant impact on selec­ established in our truth in lending legisla­ turned, late August-early September, 75.9 % tion for layoff. The costs of health and life tion. Make it mandatory that employers in­ were still laid oti and seeking other employ­ insurance programs are a function of average form employees as to exactly what their ment, 23.9 % had found other employment. age. For large companies, the difference be­ benefits are, what they cost, when they Over 65 % of those laid off had less than 10 tween an average age of 37 and 38 can be a become effective, what they pay, when they, years service. 38% reported that they had significant cost factor. terminate, conversion privileges and how the been laid off at least once prior to this most It is ironic to note that so many of the conversion is to be effected. recent layoff and when asked whether or progra:rns devised to give employees a meas­ 2. Amend the State Insurance code to re- . not they had lost pension benefits when laid ure of economic security fail when they are quire any firm offering group health insur- · off, a majority answered in the affirmative. most needed. ance to offer conversion for any employee · Question 20 asked, if they had any chil­ The majority of such progra:rns contem­ who is laid off or terminates employment for dren, would they encourage them to consider plate continued employment. When layoffs legitimate reasons. The conversion policy · engineering and science, especially as it re­ occur all sorts of proble:rns develop; health should be available at rates not greater than lates to the defense oriented work as a pro­ insurance coverage usually lapses upon ter­ those paid in the group. Some reduction in fession. 14.6% said yes, 82.2 % said no. mination of employment, or some time soon benefits could be allowed, but this must be Currently some special analysis is under after. If the employee is re-employed with carefully controlled. way on the McDonnell Douglas engineers some other employer, usually there is at least 3. Amend the State Insurance Code so as considerable data exists in the SCPEA a 30 day waiting period before he or his de­ that group life insurance would be conver­ files. It is of great interest that currently the pendents are again covered. In many cases tible to any form of insurance currently average age of the remaining engineers at an exclusion from benefits for conditions written by the carrier :'\t the rates then in the company's Huntington Beach facility, that existed or were under treatment just effect. from which the majority were laid off, is 37. prior to re-employment exists. Hence the 4. Amend the Unemployment Insurance The questionnaire grouped the respondents; individual, once laid off, is subjected to severe Program to allow a higher level of benefit 20-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51 and over. Of those economic burdens which he is ill-equipped based on earnings. If necessary, raise the responding, 49.3 % were 41 and older, making to handle. amount of base earnings upon which con­ the average age of those laid off higher than In my some ten years of direct labor rela­ tributions are based. A percent of recent those retained. tions experience I cannot recount to you how earnings, rather than the current fiat When this study is complete, we have often debilitating illness strikes soon after amounts should be considered. The code as reason to believe the findings will not differ layoff. It seems the trauma of job loss and currently constructed is .iscriminatory in any significant factor from what Dr. the uncertainty of income has an adverse af­ against the higher paid employee. Loomba found. There is little to differentiate fect on many-and it hits just when they 5. Eliminate those provisions of the Un­ between those laid off and those retained can least afford medical care and then at a employment Code that disqualify individuals except age. These are not superannuated time when their insurance has lapsed. from benefits because they receive accumu­ employees, but men in their early 40's, who In California all group life insurance con­ lated vacation pay. should be reaching toward the peak of a tracts contain conversion privileges for those 6. Aid the State Department of employ­ profession. who leave the group. While this appears to ment placement service by initiating pro­ Over the years a body of progra:rns com­ give the laid off employee some chance to grams whereby employers must list available monly referred to as the fringe benefits has continue his life insurance, it is misleading. openings for engineers and scientists. Apply emerged. These fringes now represent a The conversion privileges are into some form the truth in benefits concepts so that the significant perc<:!nt of payroll costs. Analyzing of whole life offered by the carrier, the most value of each company's benefit;. are known. what is happening to the engineers and expensive forms of life insurance written. To In this way job applicants can make in­ scientists during these cycles of federal the man who has just lost his job, who has formed decisions as to where to go and the spending leaves the uneasy feeling that these reduced earnings, and whose family is in relative value of employment offered. fringe benefit programs, which are designed need of more, not less coverage, this· is indeed 7. Establish a study program to identify to give the employee a degree of security are a cruel blow. our pressing social and community needs. not only failing to do their job, but con­ Most companies with termination pay pro­ Rank these in order of priority and magni­ tributing to the industry's instability. visions also have exclusions which lay down tude. Study which engineering and scientific Few members of management have ever that where layoff is caused by termination or specialities have transferability. Establish spoken candidly in print as to what happens cancellation of a government contract, no ter­ some funding so that when these specialties and what criteria other than ability come mination pay will be given. In most cases, if have become surplus we can assign parcels of into play when a company is faced with lay­ a termination pay program exists for engi­ work until the labor market adjusts to the off. A recent article by Charles E. Durham, neers it is not even discussed. Mr. Durham major dislocations. published in Astronautics Magazine for gives a chilling example in his article of a 8. Establish dislocation allowances through December 1969, states the case with unusual technical manager in a critical job. the Department of Employment to assist candor. Durham reports a published policy state­ those who must move to find employment. Mr. Durham notes that those who are close ment on termination for accrued vacation 9. For those firms doing business in Cali­ to vesting in the retirement plan seem to existed at the company in question: "When fornia, and hopefully on the national level, get laid off out of their relative proportion to the axe fell (for more than 100 technical a central pension clearing house so that as the work force. While Mr. Durham does not men) he (the technical manager) was given engineers go from job to job their pension about 27 days notice during which period he credits, and perhaps even industry credits for make any outright accusations, the facts he would be expected to be on the job working. sets forth speak for themselves. A 30 year vacation and sick leave will follow. His unused vacation amounted to a total of None of the above programs will create any old man hired at $15,000.00 per year shows 46 days extending over 8 years of employ­ new jobs, or stop layoffs. They will give a de­ on the hiring proposal at $570.00 for the com­ ment. He requested pay for it at termination. gree of security to those who are· willing to pany contribution to the retirement plan. The request was declined as unreasonable dedicate their work lives to defense-oriented A 55 year old man on the same terms, shows and he was blacklisted for further employ­ employment. Human dignity and self-respect a. $4,560.00 company contribution. The con- ment not only in that division, but in all suffer under insecurity. 9244 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE March 25, 1970

lf the above programs were implemented, Orbiting Laboratory. When the decision was ernment in establiShing relocation allow­ much of the economic impact of layoff would made to build the M.OL., the McDonnell ances. be mitigated. Further, there would be no Douglas company committed substantial Many of the points I have set forth today, temptation on the part of the employers to funds and many thousands of employees sev­ and suggestions have been dealt with briefly, manipulate who is selected for termination eral years of their lives. If later developments as a full discussion would require more time based upon cost of certain programs because show that a project like M.O.L. should be than is practical. the majority of cost advantage from such dropped, I feel the Federal government While I have outlined an array of possible manipulation would be gone. should assume responsibility for its actions action programs, the next and mo&t logical Clearly the heart of the problem is not to upon cancellation and; step, in my opinion, is to fund for a com­ have these abrupt terminations that throw 1. Grant each employee laid off at least prehensive study of not only my recommen­ everything in turmoil. We must recognize four weeks pay. dations, but the others that will be presented. that no one in government has infallible wis­ 2. Cover the costs of employee group in­ Then, based upon full information, spe­ dom in selecting programs. I feel it would be surance for at least six months or until cific legislative programs should be formu­ irresponsible to say that once a program is re-employed. lated and presented for consideration. I sin­ started it must be completed. 3. Establish provisions to insure thwt funds cerely hope the findings of your committee, Let us assume we agree that under all contributed to retirement plans inure to the and the recommendations that your staff will current considerations it was not in the na­ benefit of the individual. develop will not suffer the standard fate of tional interest to continue with the Manned 4. Establish or participate with State Gov- "receive and file".

SENATE-Wednesday, March, 25, 1970

The Senate, in executive session, met be authorized to meet during the session in line 8, after the word "the" strike out at 9:30 o'clock a.m., and was called to of the Senate today. "administrators of the Tulane educa­ order by the Acting President pro tem­ The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ tional fund" and insert "Administrators pore (Mr. METCALF). pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. of the Tulane Educational Fund"; and The Chaplain, the Reverend Edward in line 17, after the word "the" where it L. R. Elson, D.D., offered the following appears the first time, strike out "ad­ prayer: ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT UNTIL ministrators of the Tulane educational 10 A.M. TOMORROW 0 Holy God, whose ways are higher fund" and insert "Administrators of the than our ways and whose kingdom is Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask Tulane Educational Fund." everlasting, in this week of holy remem­ unanimous consent that when the Sen­ Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I am brance, keep our eyes fixed on Thee and ate completes its business today, it stand delighted that unanimous consent was direct all our work for the betterment in adjournment until 10 o'clock tomor­ granted to permit consideration of the of this Nation. row morning. pending bill. I ask that it be passed. Deliver us from inordinate attention The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ Its purpose is to permit the Public to the small concerns of the day so that pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. Health Service to participate in the con­ we may give our energies to the para­ struction of a new medical complex in mount needs of this moment of history. association with Tulane University in ORDER FOR RECOGNITION OF SEN­ New Orleans, La., by authorizing the ex­ Unite us where we are divided, reconcile ATOR EAGLETON TOMORROW us where we differ, and redeem us from change of the present Public Health all evil. Mr. MANSFIELD. I ask unanimous Service hospital site and buildings in 0 Lord, grant us grace and wisdom to consent that tomorrow, after the prayer, New Orleans for lands of equal value close the chasm between the strong and the distinguished Sena~or from Missouri presently owned by Tulane University. the weak, the rich and the poor, the