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Vision and Reality of Hypertext and Graphical User Interfaces Universität Hamburg Fachbereich Informatik Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30 D-22527 Hamburg Germany Bericht 237 Vision and Reality of Hypertext and Graphical User Interfaces FBI-HH-B-237/02 Matthias Müller-Prove [email protected] In die Reihe der Berichte des Fachbereichs Informatik aufgenommen durch Prof. Dr. Horst Oberquelle Prof. Dr. Christopher Habel Februar 2002 Abstract The World Wide Web took off ten years ago. Its tremendous success makes it easy to forget the more than forty years of hypertext development that preceded the Web. Similarly, modern graphical user interfaces have drawn attention away from the many compelling ideas behind earlier user interface designs. In the present thesis, numerous early hypertext and graphical user interface systems are presented and contrasted with today's Web and desktop interfaces. The designers of early hypertext and graphical user interface systems shared a common objective: the development of a personal dynamic medium for creative thought. Not very much is left from this original vision. Retrospect reveals promising insights that might help to reconcile the desktop environment with the Web in order to design a consistent and powerful way to interact with the computer. Zusammenfassung Das World Wide Web hat vor nunmehr über zehn Jahren seinen unvergleichlichen Siegeszug begonnen. Dabei wird oft übersehen, daß die Idee des Hypertexts eine bereits über vierzigjährige Geschichte hinter sich hat. Die Arbeit zeigt diese Entwicklung anhand der verschiedenen Hypertextsysteme auf und kontrastiert sie mit dem Web. Die Betrachtung der Grafischen Benutzungsoberflächen zeigt ganz ähnlich, daß auch hier viele gute Ideen auf dem Wege zu den heute dominierenden Fenstersystemen verloren gegangen sind. Von der gemeinsamen Idee von Hypertext und Graphischer Benutzungsschnittstelle, nämlich die Schaffung eines persönlichen Mediums zum kreativen Umgang mit dem Computer, ist heute nur noch wenig übrig. Durch Rückschau gewinnt diese Arbeit mögliche Ansätze, die dazu beitragen können, die Interface-Welten des Webs mit denen der Desktop-Oberfläche zu verbinden. für Lelle† Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Horst Oberquelle Arbeitsbereich Angewandte und Sozialorientierte Informatik (ASI) Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Informatik Prof. Dr. Christopher Habel Arbeitsbereich Wissens- und Sprachverarbeitung (WSV) Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Informatik Contents Preface . vii 1 Introduction . 1 2 Hypertext . 5 2.1 History . 5 2.1.1 Memex . 12 2.1.2 Xanadu . 14 2.1.3 NLS/Augment . 16 2.1.4 HES and FRESS . 18 2.1.5 FLEX and Smalltalk . 19 2.1.6 NoteCards . 21 2.1.7 Symbolics Document Examiner & Concordia . 23 2.1.8 Hyperties . 26 2.1.9 Guide . 26 2.1.10 HyperCard . 27 2.1.11 Storyspace . 28 2.1.12 Intermedia . 29 2.1.13 Microcosm . 30 2.1.14 World Wide Web . 32 2.1.15 Hyper-G/HyperWave . 34 2.2 Theory of Hypertext . 38 2.2.1 Hypertext Feature Matrix . 38 2.2.2 The Dexter Hypertext Reference Model . 40 2.2.3 Open Hypermedia Systems . 43 2.3 Provisions for the Future of the World Wide Web . 44 2.3.1 Identification of Nodes . 44 2.3.2 Groups of Nodes . 45 2.3.3 General Hyperlinks . 45 2.3.4 Browser . 45 2.3.5 Integrated Browser/Editor Environment . 46 2.3.6 Separation between Content and Appearance . 47 2.3.7 Integration of Hypertext facilities into the Operating System . 48 3 Graphical User Interfaces . 49 3.1 History . 49 3.1.1 Man-Computer Symbiosis . 53 3.1.2 Sketchpad . 54 3.1.3 NLS/Augment . 56 3.1.4 Flex Machine and Dynabook . 59 3.1.5 Xerox Alto, the Interim Dynabook and Smalltalk . 62 3.1.6 Xerox Star . 65 VI 3.1.7 Spatial Data Management System . 67 3.1.8 Apple Lisa . 70 3.1.9 Apple Macintosh . 74 3.2 Human Factors . 77 3.2.1 Fitts’ Law . 77 3.2.2 Three Stages of Human Development . 78 3.2.3 Interactivity . 80 3.3 Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointing Device . 81 3.3.1 Windows . 81 3.3.2 Icons . 83 3.3.3 Menus . 83 3.3.4 The Mouse and other Graphical Input Devices . 84 3.4 Provisions for the Future of the Desktop Model . 86 3.4.1 Filing . 87 3.4.2 Document-Centered Design . 89 3.4.3 User Illusion . 90 4 Beyond the Desktop . 91 4.1 Web GUI meets Desktop GUI . 91 4.2 Provisions for the Future . 93 5 Synopsis . 97 APPENDIX . 99 Acronyms . 100 Software . 102 Credits to Figures . 104 References . 107 Preface You are about to read my master thesis. If you are also interested to follow the trails of my voyage of discovery in the World Wide Web you are invited to start at the URL: http://www.mprove.de/diplom/ I would like to thank Horst Oberquelle and Christopher Habel at the Computer Science Department of the University of Hamburg. The following people have supported my work with valuable comments and copies of hard to retrieve articles: Rolf Schulmeister at the Interdisciplinary Center for Higher Education, University of Hamburg; Michael Friedewald at the Fraunhofer-Institut für Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung; Ulrich Klotz at the Hochschule für Gestal- tung, Fachbereich Produktgestaltung in Offenbach am Main; and Hartmut Obendorf at the Arbeitsbereich Angewandte und Sozialorientierte Informatik, Computer Science Department of the University of Hamburg. I am much obliged to Alan Kay and Jeff Johnson. Their e-mails helped to shape my understanding of the work at Xerox PARC. My special thanks go to my American colleagues and friends Irv Kanode and Chris Dryer who have read the manuscript and made essential contributions to content and style. VIII 1 Introduction Research and development of computer systems have always been.
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