Potential Solutions to Water Supply Problems in Priority Areas of Kentucky
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Potential Solutions to Water Supply Problems in Priority Areas of Kentucky Ground Water Atlas Task 1 Summary Report prepared for the Water Resource Development Commission by the Kentucky Geological Survey December, 1999 1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 3 OVERVIEW OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN KENTUCKY............................ 4 Ground Water Resources of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field Region .......................... 4 Ground Water Resources of the Blue Grass Region....................................................... 6 Ground Water Resources of the Mississippian Plateau Region...................................... 7 Ground Water Resources of the Western Kentucky Coal Field Region......................... 8 Ground Water Resources of the Jackson Purchase Region............................................. 9 PRIORITY AREAS OF KENTUCKY ............................................................................. 10 Eastern Kentucky: ......................................................................................................... 11 Bluegrass:......................................................................................................................11 Central Kentucky: ......................................................................................................... 11 Western Kentucky:........................................................................................................ 11 POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS TO WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS IN PRIORITY AREAS OF KENTUCKY............................................................................................................... 12 Water Supplies from Abandoned Underground Coal Mines in Kentucky.................... 12 SCOPE OF WORK ............................................................................................................................. 13 DELIVERABLES ............................................................................................................................... 15 Hydrogeologic Evaluation of High-yield Well Potential in Kentucky ......................... 15 REMOTE SENSING AS AN EXPLORATION TOOL ..................................................................... 15 SCOPE OF WORK ............................................................................................................................. 16 PRODUCTS........................................................................................................................................ 16 Quality- and Quantity-assurance Support for Private Water Systems .......................... 17 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 19 APPENDIX I: SUMMARY OF PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES AND GROUND WATER RESOURCES BY COUNTY AND AREA DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT (1999) ................................................................................................................................ 21 2 Ground Water Atlas Task 1 Summary Report Potential Solutions to Water Supply Problems in Priority Areas of Kentucky This document summarizes Task 1 of the Ground Water Atlas project being conducted by the Kentucky Geological Survey for the Water Resource Development Commission. Under task 1, hydrogeologists and engineers from the KGS provided an assessment and summary of water use across Kentucky, identified potential areas for ground water source development (priority areas), identified and evaluated potential solutions for ground water source development and protection, and developed proposals for the development and maintenance of ground water resources. The information from Task 1 was used in the development of the Strategic Water Resource Development Plan for the WRDC. INTRODUCTION Nearly 600,000 Kentuckians relied on private domestic water supplies in 1999 (Figure 1). An estimated 400,000 Kentuckians will still rely on private, domestic water systems in the year 2020 (Figure 2). We must ensure that those supplies are safe and reliable. Private domestic supplies are predominant in many parts of eastern Kentucky, in the far western Purchase region, and in the Outer Blue Grass. Many public water systems in the Purchase region and along the Ohio River rely on ground water, and about 70 percent of private domestic systems rely on ground water. Private wells provided drinking water for 420,000 residents, primarily in the Jackson Purchase and Eastern Coal Field Regions (Figure 3). The remaining 175,000 residents, primarily in the outer Blue Grass Region and south-central Kentucky, relied on cisterns, hauled water, springs, or other sources (Figure 4). Ground water has sometimes suffered from a bad image with regard to bacterial contamination, but investigations have revealed that usually it is not the ground water that is contaminated, but that contamination results from improperly handled samples, an improper distribution system, or improper well maintenance. Bacterial contamination generally occurs in hand-dug wells, improperly constructed wells, or poorly maintained wells, not in the aquifer. Properly constructed and maintained wells should provide a water source free of bacterial contamination. In general, ground water is significantly less costly to develop than surface water, is less susceptible to contamination, and requires less treatment. Ground water systems are generally simpler to operate, and less costly to install, operate, and maintain than surface water systems. Operating costs are usually less impacted by inflation, and new ground water supplies can be developed in less time than surface water sources because there are fewer environmental issues and regulatory delays. Ground water systems can be installed incrementally, coinciding with user demands, thereby avoiding 3 Percent of Households on Private Water Systems in 1999 Commonwealth of Kentucky Prepared By: Water Resource Development Commission Department for Local Government 1024 Capital Center Drive, Suite 340 Frankfort, Kentucky 40601-8204 502-573-2382 -- 502-573-2939 fax http://dlgnt1.state.ky.us/wrdc/ Bob Arnold, Chairman Lawrence Wetherby, Executive Director Final GIS & Cartographic Operations By: BOONE KENTON Kent Anness & Kim Prough CAMPBELL 0 - 10 Percent GALLATIN PENDLETON BRACKEN CARROLL GRANT MASON TRIMBLE 10 - 25 Percent LEWIS GREENUP OWEN ROBERTSON HENRY HARRISON FLEMING 25 - 50 Percent OLDHAM BOYD NICHOLAS CARTER SCOTT FRANKLIN 50 - 100 Percent SHELBY BOURBON ROWAN JEFFERSON BATH ELLIOTT LAWRENCE WOODFORD FAYETTE MONTGOMERY SPENCER ANDERSON MENIFEE BULLITT CLARK MORGAN MEADE JESSAMINE JOHNSON HANCOCK POWELL MARTIN NELSON MERCER MAGOFFIN BRECKINRIDGE MADISON WOLFE HENDERSON WASHINGTON DAVIESS HARDIN GARRARD ESTILL UNION BOYLE LEE FLOYD BREATHITT PIKE MARION WEBSTER MCLEAN LARUE LINCOLN OHIO GRAYSON OWSLEY JACKSON KNOTT ROCKCASTLE CRITTENDEN TAYLOR PERRY HOPKINS CASEY HART LIVINGSTON GREEN BUTLER EDMONSON CLAY MUHLENBERG LAUREL LETCHER CALDWELL PULASKI LESLIE ADAIR BALLARD MCCRACKEN LYO N WARREN METCALFE RUSSELL BARREN CHRISTIAN KNOX HARLAN MARSHALL LOGAN CARLISLE TODD WAYNE CUMBERLAND WHITLEY TRIGG SIMPSON ALLEN CLINTON MCCREARY BELL GRAVES MONROE HICKMAN CALLOWAY FULTON Water Resource D n e o v i e s LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: The Water Resource Development Commission has no reason l s to believe that there are any inaccuracies or defects in information incorporated in this work o i and make no representations of any kind, including, but not limited to, the warranties of pm m merchantability or fitness for a particular use, nor any such warranties to be implied, with e m respect to the information or data furnished herein. nt Co Percent of Households on Public Water Systems in 2020 Commonwealth of Kentucky Prepared By: Water Resource Development Commission Department for Local Government 1024 Capital Center Drive, Suite 340 Frankfort, Kentucky 40601-8204 502-573-2382 -- 502-573-2939 fax http://dlgnt1.state.ky.us/wrdc/ Bob Arnold, Chairman Lawrence Wetherby, Executive Director Final GIS & Cartographic Operations By: BOONE KENTON Kent Anness & Kim Prough CAMPBELL 0 - 50 Percent GALLATIN PENDLETON BRACKEN CARROLL GRANT MASON TRIMBLE LEWIS 50 - 75 Percent GREENUP OWEN ROBERTSON HENRY HARRISON FLEMING 75 - 90 Percent OLDHAM BOYD NICHOLAS CARTER SCOTT FRANKLIN 90 - 100 Percent SHELBY BOURBON ROWAN JEFFERSON BATH ELLIOTT LAWRENCE WOODFORD FAYETTE MONTGOMERY SPENCER ANDERSON CLARK MENIFEE BULLITT MORGAN MEADE JESSAMINE JOHNSON HANCOCK POWELL MARTIN NELSON MERCER MAGOFFIN BRECKINRIDGE MADISON WOLFE HENDERSON WASHINGTON ESTILL DAVIESS HARDIN GARRARD UNION BOYLE LEE FLOYD BREATHITT PIKE MARION WEBSTER MCLEAN LARUE LINCOLN OHIO GRAYSON OWSLEY JACKSON KNOTT ROCKCASTLE CRITTENDEN TAYLOR PERRY HOPKINS CASEY HART LIVINGSTON GREEN BUTLER EDMONSON CLAY MUHLENBERG LAUREL LETCHER CALDWELL PULASKI LESLIE ADAIR BALLARD MCCRACKEN LYO N WARREN METCALFE RUSSELL BARREN CHRISTIAN KNOX HARLAN MARSHALL LOGAN CARLISLE TODD WAYNE CUMBERLAND WHITLEY TRIGG SIMPSON ALLEN CLINTON MCCREARY BELL GRAVES MONROE HICKMAN CALLOWAY FULTON Water Resource D n e o v i e s LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: The Water Resource Development Commission has no reason l s to believe that there are any inaccuracies or defects in information incorporated in this work o i and make no representations of any kind, including, but not limited to, the warranties of pm m merchantability or fitness for a particular use, nor any such warranties to be implied, with e m respect to the information