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Refining Russia : Advice Literature, Polite Culture, and Gender from Catherine to Yeltsin

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Refining Russia : Advice Literature, Polite Culture, and Gender from Catherine to Yeltsin d:/1kelly/pre.3d ± 15/5/1 ± 14:28 ± disk/sh REFINING RUSSIA d:/1kelly/pre.3d ± 15/5/1 ± 14:28 ± disk/sh d:/1kelly/pre.3d ± 15/5/1 ± 14:28 ± disk/sh REFINING RUSSIA Advice Literature, Polite Culture, and Gender from Catherine to Yeltsin CATRIONA KELLY 1 d:/1kelly/pre.3d ± 15/5/1 ± 14:28 ± disk/sh 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris SaÄo Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # Catriona Kelly 2001 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0-19-815987-0 13579108642 Typeset in Imprint by Joshua Associates Ltd., Oxford Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., Guildford and King's Lynn d:/1kelly/pre.3d ± 15/5/1 ± 14:28 ± disk/sh In Memoriam Alexander Kelly (30 June 1929±23 October 1996) d:/1kelly/pre.3d ± 15/5/1 ± 14:28 ± disk/sh Acknowledgements The composition of acknowledgements is a particularly prickly task for the author of a book about etiquette literature. Fear of failing to express gratitude with sucient fulsomeness vies with a horror of the conventional phrases of thanks set out in manuals of polite behaviour. I should therefore not only reiterate the time-honoured formula about how the faults here are my own, and its virtues due to others, but also emphasize that the sentiments here, whatever their infelicities of expression, at least have the merit of not being copied straight out of an unctuous letter-writing manual, or a collection of kumplimenty meant to be recited on all fours. I began work on this book some time before moving to New College, Oxford, an institution whose motto isÐby a happy coincidenceÐ `Manners Makyth Man'. The fact that I have been able to explore the rami®cations of this insight in Russian culture (and also of the no less important insight that `manners makyth woman') is to a large extent attributable to the excellent conditions for work, congenial atmosphere, and stimulating company that New College oers. Among individuals there, I would particularly like to thank my counterparts in French, German, and Spanish, Ann Jeerson, Karen Leeder, Neil McKinlay, and Wes Williams; and Mark Grith, who loaned me examples of Victorian advice books from his collection. At the University of Oxford in general, I have been helped (as always) by the stas of the Taylorian and Bodleian Libraries, and have had amicable and fruitful exchanges about the book's subject matter with the various members of the Sub-Faculty of Russian and other Slavonic Languages. Undergraduate and graduate students at Oxford have fostered the discussions in the book, directly and indirectly, through lively, curious, and sceptical questions and observations about all manner of subjects. I would also like to thank my former comrades-in-arms at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, where I was working when I launched myself on the book, particularly Faith Wigzell, another pioneer in the ®eld of `pulp non-®ction'. Though some Western libraries, for example the Slavonic Library of the University of Helsinki, and the British Library in London, have amassed a number of how-to manuals (sometimes ones that have disappeared from Russian collections), researching this subject would not have been possible without a good deal of time spent in Russia. Here I was dependent not only upon research grants made by New College, but upon the generosity d:/1kelly/pre.3d ± 15/5/1 ± 14:28 ± disk/sh Acknowledgements vii of the British Academy. The award of a Personal Research Grant in 1996, and of places on the Academic Exchange with the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1997 and 1998, was vital to the completion of the book: my thanks go in particular to Jane Lyddon, and to her counterparts at the Russian Academy of Sciences, I. A. Plyusnin in St Petersburg and V. V. Davydov in Moscow. In Russia, those from whose advice and help I bene®ted include the stas of the Russian National Library and Russian State Library, of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, and of the Centre for the Preservation of Documents Relating to Youth Organ- izations (the former Komsomol archive). The employees of these institu- tions work in conditions that range from the dicult to the appalling: salaries are paid months in arrears, the fabric of buildings deteriorates almost as one watches, and money for book purchasing and conservation grows ever shorter. Nevertheless, they are places where the old intelligentsia traditions of unstinting hard work and devotion to the life of the mind remains largely intact. I also warmly acknowledge the kindness of many friends and colleagues in Russia, in particular N. A. Azhgikhina, A. D. Baiburin, K. A. Barsht, A. I. Blyumbaum, M. L. Gasparov, A. M. Konechnyi, K. A. Kumpan, N. L. Pushkareva, M. A. Robinson, L. I. Sazonova, and B. A. Uspensky. Occasionally, when they learned that I was working on a topic to do with politeness, Russians who were meeting me for the ®rst time seemed to sense some anxiety that they might be about to become the subjects of my research; I hope that these chance acquaintances will be relieved to learn this is not that sort of book, though I fear it will also disappoint still further those who mistakenly assumed me to be an expert source of advice on the table-settings, gestures, and dress favoured by chic British society. In a broad thematic treatment of this kind, it is as important to grasp what needs to be left out as what should be included. Here, as well as in ®nding new areas to explore, I was especially helped by the incisive comments on early drafts of Stephen Lovell, Robert Service, and above all Steve Smith. Others who have oered invaluable comments on the manuscript in whole or in part include Robin Aizlewood, Simon Dixon, Barbara Engel, Rebecca Friedman, Barbara Heldt, Isabel de Madariaga, Michelle L. Marrese, Wendy Rosslyn, and Gerry Smith. Those who have supplied material, discussed ideas, and oered encourage- ment include (besides those already mentioned), Daniel Beer, Tim Binyon, Philip Bullock, Martin Dewhirst, Sheila Fitzpatrick, Peter France, Katya Golynkina, Malcolm Jones, Andrew Kahn, Lyubov' Kiseleva, Eve Levin, Michelle L. Marrese, Susan Morrissey, Arja Rosenholm, Wendy Rosslyn, and participants at seminars and conferences in various parts of Europe and in America: those at `Gender in Russian History and Culture' at the d:/1kelly/pre.3d ± 15/5/1 ± 14:28 ± disk/sh viii Acknowledgements University of Birmingham, especially Linda Edmondson and Bill Wagner; Carolyn Jursa Ayers and others at the `All by Myself' conference on autobiography at the University of Groningen, Netherlands; Hubertus Jahn and other members of the Lehrstuhl OsteuropaÈische Geschichte at the University of Erlangen; audiences at Bribery and Corruption in Russian Culture, and Reinterpreting Russian History, both held at SSEES, University of London; Christa Binswanger, Gerhard Ritz, Carmen Scheide and other participants at a conference on Gender and Russian Modernism in ZuÈrich; Jostein Bùrtnes, Knut Grimstad, Astrid Brokke, and others at the Gender and Russian Literature Workshop at the University of Tromsù; Anthony Cross, Simon Franklin, Chris Ward, and others in the Depart- ment of Slavonic Languages, University of Cambridge; my fellow- panellists Louise McReynolds and Bob Weinberg and a doughty band of other hurricane-survivors at the AAASS meeting in Boca Raton, Florida; members of the BASEES Russian Revolution Study Group at Durham; Ralph and Oxana Cleminson and the audience of the Russian Circle in Winchester. Thanks also to my editors at Oxford University Press, Sophie Goldsworthy, Matthew Hollis, and Mary Worthington. Nearer home, Ian Thompson has not only made civilized existence possible, but has, as always, contributed far more to my work than I ever will to his researches in the ®eld of neuroscience; the chasing of tail (own), biting of ankles and boxing of ears (mine), and other reprehensible antics of the half-tamed feline who shares our house at least provided distractions when I hit sticky moments at the word processor. Among the rest of my family, I would especially like to mention my father, whose undying enthusiasm for every interesting human activity, from Brahms piano sonatas to scandalous gossip, is, I hope, directly re¯ected here. Though he, alas, will never read it, I dedicate the book to his memory.
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