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Synovium- Based Meniscal Fibrocartilage IN VITRO SYNOVIAL FIBROCHONDROGENESIS FOR MENISCAL TISSUE ENGINEERING _______________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented To the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri- Columbia _______________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ________________________________ By JENNIFER JULIET WARNOCK Dr. Derek B. Fox, Dissertation Supervisor DECEMBER 2008 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled: IN VITRO SYNOVIAL FIBROCHONDROGENESIS FOR MENISCAL TISSUE ENGINEERING Presented by Jennifer J. Warnock A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. ___________________________________________ Dr. Derek Fox ___________________________________________ Dr. James Cook ___________________________________________ Dr. Carol Reinero ___________________________________________ Dr. James Tomlinson ___________________________________________ Dr. Charles Wiedmeyer ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is dedicated to the mentors and collaborators who have contributed to my research training; my doctoral and residency advisor, Dr. Derek Fox, for his guidance and dedication to my development as a surgeon- scientist; the inspiration and excellent example of the members of this doctoral committee, Dr. Jimi Cook, Dr. Carol Reinero, Dr. James Tomlinson, and Dr. Charles Wiedmeyer; the University of Missouri Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory team, including Dr. Aaron Stoker, Mary Cockrell, and Donna Whitener; and past research mentors, Dr. Brian Beale, Dr. Kurt Schulz, Dr. Mary Christopher, and Dr. Dale DeNardo for fostering the scientific curiosity and early research which led to the pursuance of this degree. I wish to also give profound thanks to my parents, Patricia and Kirk Warnock, and my sister Julie Warnock, for their endless support. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………....…..ii LIST OF FIGURES………...………………………………………………………….…….......iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………….…………..vi ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….……....….ix Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..…...1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………......5 3. STATIC AND DYNAMIC SEEDING OF EQUINE SYNOVIOCYTES ON OPLA (OPEN-CELL POLY-L-LACTIC ACID) AND PGA (POLY-GLYCOLIC ACID) TISSUE SCAFFOLDS ……………………….......31 4. EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC SEEDING OF EQUINE SYNOVIOCYTES ON 2% AND 4% POLY-L-LACTIC ACID (PLLA) COATED TISSUE SCAFFOLDS………………………………………….…....56 5. EARLY SYNOVIAL FIBROCHONDROGENIC DIFFERENTIATION BY SEQUENTIAL GROWTH FACTOR EXPOSURE ON A NOVEL 10% PLLA AND 90% PGA POLYMER BLEND TISSUE SCAFFOLD…........74 6. COMPARISON OF CANINE SYNOVIAL FIBROCHONDROGENESIS USING TWO CELL SEEDING CONCENTRATIONS ON A 10% PLLA AND 90% PGA POLYMER BLEND TISSUE SCAFFOLD….…...115 7. FIBROCHONDROGENESIS OF NORMAL AND OSTEOARTHRITIC SYNOVIOCYTES FOR MENISCAL FIBROCARTILAGE TISSUE ENGINEERING…………………………….......137 VITA……………………………………………………………………………………....…….198 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 3-1a. Rotating wall bioreactor apparatus…………………………………………...... 44 3-1b. Static culture in 24 well culture plate………………………………………….. 45 3-2. Methodology for counting cells……………………………………………….. 45 3-3. Scaffold micrographs of PGA and OPLA constructs cultured in static and dynamic conditions using H+E stain………………………………………. 46 3-4. Synovial cell counts on PGA and OPLA scaffolds in static or dynamic conditions………………………………………………………………….. 47 3-5a. Periphery versus central cell counts on PGA scaffolds cultured in dynamic conditions………………………………………………………………….. 47 3-5b. Periphery versus central cell counts on PGA scaffolds cultured in static conditions………………………………………………………………….. 48 3-5c. Periphery versus central cell counts on OPLA scaffolds cultured in dynamic conditions………………………………………………………………….. 48 3-5d. Periphery versus central cell counts on OPLA scaffolds cultured in static conditions………………………………………………………………….. 49 3-6. Synovial GAG production on PGA and OPLA scaffolds in dynamic and static culture conditions………………………………………………………….. 49 4-1. Rotating wall bioreactor flask apparatus with PLLA coated PGA scaffolds strung on suture…………………………………………………………..... 64 4-2. Construct cellularity of 2% and 4% PLLA coated scaffolds on the 10th and 21st day of culture………………………………………………………….. 65 4-3a. Confocal microscopy photomicrographs of the live dead assay of 2% PLLA coated PGA constructs harvested on day 10 of culture……………………. 66 iv 4-3b. Confocal microscopy photomicrographs of the live dead assay of 2% PLLA coated PGA constructs harvested on day 21 of culture……………………. 67 4-3c. Confocal microscopy photomicrographs of the live dead assay of 4% PLLA coated PGA constructs harvested on day 10 of culture……………………. 68 4-3d. Confocal microscopy photomicrographs of the live dead assay of 4% PLLA coated PGA constructs harvested on day 21 of culture…………………..... 69 4-4. Photomicrographs of 2% and 4% PLLA on day 10 and day 21, using H+E staining…………………………………………………………………….. 70 5-1a. Cellular viability of groups 1,2, and 3 on the 16th and 26th day of culture…….. 96 5-1b. Confocal microscopy photomicrographs of the live dead assay of groups 1,2, and 3 constructs on day 16………………………………………………… 97 5-1c. Confocal microscopy photomicrographs of the live dead assay of groups 1,2, and 3 constructs on day 26………………………………………………… 98 5-2. Construct cellularity of groups 1,2 and 3 on day 16 and 26 of culture………... 99 5-3a. Relative collagen I gene expression…………………………………………… 100 5-3b. Relative collagen II gene expression…………………………………………... 101 5-3c. Relative aggrecan gene expression…………………………………………….. 102 5-4a. Photomicrographs of constructs stained with Safranin- Orange………………. 103 5-4b. Photomicrographs of constructs stained with Masson’s Trichrome…………… 104 5-5. Immunohistochemistry for alpha-smooth muscle actin………………………... 105 6-1. 110mL rotating wall bioreactor flask containing scaffolds……………………. 127 6-2. Confocal microscopy photomicrographs of the live dead assay of constructs harvested on day 16………………………………………………………... 128 6-3a. Photomicrographs of Group 1 constructs stained with H+E, Safranin- Orange, and Masson’s Trichrome…………………………………………………... 129 6-3b. Immunohistochemistry for Collagen I and Collagen II………………………... 130 6-4. Photomicrographs of Group 2 constructs stained with Safranin- Orange and Masson’s Trichrome……………………………………………………….. 130 v 7-1a. Monolayer tissue in a culture flask and post enzymatic harvest………………. 162 7-1b. Spontaneous synovial micromass formation…………………………………... 163 7-2. Tissue cellularity of NC, OC, NGF, OGF groups on day 16 of culture……….. 164 7-3a. Photomicrographs of NGF and OGF tissues stained with H+E, Masson’s Trichrome and Toluidine Blue…………………………………………….. 165 7-3b. Central tissue necrosis in a micromass tissue………………………………….. 166 7-4a. Relative collagen I gene expression…………………………………………… 167 7-4b. Relative collagen II gene expression…………………………………………... 168 7-4c. Cellular hydroxyproline production…………………………………………… 169 7-4d. Percentage hydroxyproline content per tissue dry weight……………………... 170 7-4e. Collagen I immunohistochemistry in NGF and OGF tissues………………….. 171 7-4f. Collagen II immunohistochemistry in NGF and OGF tissues…………………. 172 7-5a. Relative aggrecan gene expression…………………………………………….. 173 7-5b. Cellular glycosaminoglycan production……………………………………….. 174 7-5c. Percentage glycosaminoglycan content per tissue dry weight………………… 175 7-6a. Relative Sox-9 gene expression………………………………………………... 176 7-6b. Relative RGS 10 gene expression……………………………………………... 177 7-6c. Relative Frzb-1 gene expression………………………………………………..178 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASM: alpha smooth muscle actin bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor BMP: bone morphogenic protein Col2a1: collagen alpha 1(II) DMEM: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s media DNA: deoxyribonucleic Acid ECM: extracellular matrix FLS: fibroblast- like synoviocytes Frzb: Frizzled- motif Associated with Bone Development GAG: glycosaminoglycans IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1 IHC: immunohistochemistry IL: interleukin MMP: matrix metalloproteinase OA: osteoarthritis OPLA: open-cell poly-L- lactic acid PG: proteoglycan PGA: poly- glycolic acid PGE-2: prostaglandin E2 PLLA: poly-L- lactic acid RGS10: Regulator of G- Protein Signaling rpm: rotations per minute RNA: ribonucelic acid RT-PCR: real- time reverse- transcriptase polymerase chain reaction vii SOX-9: Sry-type Homeobox Protein-9 TGFβ-1: transforming growth factor beta-1 TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha viii IN VITRO SYNOVIAL FIBROCHONDROGENESIS FOR MENISCAL TISSUE ENGINEERING Jennifer J. Warnock Dr. Derek B. Fox, Dissertation Supervisor ABSTRACT A series of in vitro studies were performed to evaluate the fibrochondrogenic potential of synovial membrane cells, for the long term goal of inducing meniscal fibrocartilage healing and regeneration. The first step in this tissue engineering process was to determine viable synoviocyte culturing conditions, including scaffold type and biomechanical environment. Synovial membrane cells were seeded on OPLA (open cell polly-lactic acid) and PGA (poly-glycolic acid) scaffolds, and cultured in a static environment or in a rotating bioreactor at 51.1 rpm for 12 days. PGA constructs cultured in a rotating bioreactor maintained the highest cellularity and had the highest mean sulfated glycosaminoglycan content, while PGA constructs cultured in static conditions had the lowest cellularity. Dissolution of the PGA scaffolds was also noted. All
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