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Montreal (Canada) 2001 2001 Census Analysis The Jewish Community of Montreal Part 5 Immigration & Language By: Charles Shahar Research Coordinator Department of Community Planning FEDERATION CJA Howard Magonet Director Programs and Services Jewish Immigrant Aid Services UIA Federations Canada would like to thank the following members of the 2001 Census Analysis “Professional Advisory Committee” for their expert assistance throughout this project. Dr. Jonathan Berkowitz, Vancouver, BC Dr. Jay Brodbar, Toronto, ON Prof. Leo Davids, Toronto, ON Mr. Colin Geitzler, Aylmer, QC Ms. Jean Gerber, Vancouver, BC Dr. Gustave Goldmann, Ottawa, ON Dr. Jack Jedwab, Montreal, QC Prof. Marty Lockshin, Toronto, ON Mr. Greg Mason, Winnipeg, MB Dr. Sheva Medjuck, Halifax, NS Prof. Allan Moscovitch, Ottawa, ON Prof. Morton Weinfeld, Montreal, QC Dr. Morty Yalovsky, Montreal, QC UIA Federations Canada would also like to thank Réal Lortie and Marc Pagé of Statistics Canada for their expertise. Without their assistance this report would not be possible. The researchers would like to express appreciation to Allan Schneiderman, Maia Cooper, Karen Eck, Faye Khazam, and Elizabeth Perez of the Planning Department of FEDERATION CJA for their careful review of this document. A special thanks is also due to Shellie Ettinger of Jewish Immigrant Aid Services (JIAS) for contributing her knowledge, and to Eiran Harris and Janice Rosen for providing valuable historical insights. Finally, a special acknowledgment is extended to Lioudmila Medvedtchenko for her diligent work in the extraction and verification of statistical data. All data in this report are adapted from: Statistics Canada, special order tabulations for UIA Federations Canada. Highlights of Results About a third (33.9%) of the Montreal Jewish community are immigrants, that is, they were born outside Canada, whereas 66.1% were born in this country. Of a total of 120,465 Jewish immigrants residing in Canada, 26.1% live in the Montreal metropolitan area, comprising 31,500 individuals. In the local Jewish community, there are 9,365 Jews who were born in North Africa and the Middle East (excluding Israel). There are also 7,020 Jews who were born in Eastern Europe, 3,950 in Western Europe, 3,415 in the Former Soviet Union, 3,300 in the United States, and 3,150 in Israel. Those born in Israel are among the youngest of any immigrant group in the local community, with a median age of 32.4 years. The oldest groups include Jews born in Poland (77.7 years), Czechoslovakia (75.4 years), Hungary (71.8 years), and Romania (70.8 years). Cote St. Luc has the largest number of foreign-born Jews in Montreal (7,325), followed by Ville St. Laurent (3,595) and Cote des Neiges (3,505). In terms of most recent immigrants (1995 – 2001), the largest number (595) have settled in the “Rest of Montreal”, in various areas outside traditional Jewish neighborhoods. The dominant mother tongue of Montreal Jews is English (55.8%). Almost one in five (18.2%) report French is their native language. About one in ten Montreal Jews say Yiddish is their mother tongue. More than two-thirds (67.9%) of the Montreal Jewish community is bilingual, including 85.5% of those between 15-24 years, and 84.6% of those between 25-34 years. About a quarter (27.6%) of Jewish immigrants rely on government benefits at least a decade after their arrival, whereas more than half (55.4%) earn wages or are self-employed. These figures are comparable to those of immigrants in the overall Montreal population. The findings on poverty and income level suggest there is a window of economic vulnerability for recent immigrants that is especially stark in the first five years after settlement. Table of Contents The Birthplace of Jews Living in the Montreal CMA .................................................................. 5 Are Jews from the FSU Defining Themselves as Jewish? ........................................................... 7 The Age Breakdowns of Immigrants ......................................................................................... 11 Year of Immigration of Montreal Jews ....................................................................................... 13 A Comparison of Census and JIAS Statistics Regarding Jewish Immigrants ............................ 17 The Geographic Distribution of Immigrants............................................................................... 19 The Mother Tongue & Home Language of Montreal Jews ........................................................ 23 Individual Income & Income Source of Immigrants .................................................................. 27 Poverty Levels of Immigrants ..................................................................................................... 33 The Role of Immigration in Promoting Demographic & Economic Continuity ....................... 35 The Challenges Ahead ............................................................................................................... 37 Appendix 1: The Jewish Standard Definition ............................................................................. 41 Appendix 2: The Reliability of the Census ................................................................................. 43 Appendix 3: The Definition of Poverty ...................................................................................... 45 Appendix 4: Additional Data Tables .......................................................................................... 47 Census Analysis Series Immigration & Language This report examines the characteristics of Germany.1 In 1863 the Society became Jewish immigrants in the Montreal Census known as the Young Men’s Hebrew Metropolitan Area (CMA) based on figures Benevolent Society. After 1881, when more from the 2001 Census. The data describe the massive waves of immigrants from Eastern linguistic and economic characteristics of Europe arrived, the community mobilized on immigrants. The findings also identify a larger scale, converting warehouses to immigrant groups who are most shelters, and soliciting extensive funds from economically vulnerable and in need of its members.1 community intervention. The Montreal Jewish population swelled in Since before the turn of the last century, size as immigration exploded at the turn of Jewish immigrants have settled here in large the twentieth century. In 1891, there were numbers from various parts of the world, 2,460 Jews living in Montreal. This figure providing a stimulus for population and rose to 6,916 by 1901, 28,540 by 1911, and economic growth, and more recently, 45,728 by 1921. The 1921 population of counteracting the effects of significant out- Jews was already about half as large as the migration. Immigrants have enriched the current size of the Montreal Jewish fabric of the Jewish community here, community. bringing with them different cultural expressions, languages, and occupational Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe skills. brought with them a rich tradition and cultural life, both religious and secular. But The Montreal Jewish community has a long the life of an immigrant was not easy. The history of responding to the needs of its Jewish immigrant often worked from immigrants. As early as 1847, the Hebrew Philanthropic Society was established to 1Kage, J. With Faith & Thanksgiving: The Story of help needy immigrants from Poland and Two Hundred Years of Jewish Immigration and Immigrant Aid Effort in Canada (1760-1960). The Eagle Publishing Company Ltd., Montreal, 1962. 1 morning to night, and was poorly paid. Tragically, as Germany began its virulent Because of poverty and need, children persecution of Jews, Canada’s restrictive would work as early as 13-14 years of age.2 immigration policy rarely wavered, spurred on in the 1930’s by antisemitism and Fascist The hub of the Montreal Jewish community sympathizers within the country itself. It during the first half of the twentieth century was not until after the Second World War lay in the few blocks from Craig Street (St. that immigration policy was eased, but too Antoine) running north to Mount Royal late to save those who had desperately Avenue, along St. Lawrence Blvd.3 This sought to leave Europe. area was referred to simply as “The Main”. This intensely Jewish neighborhood was a Between 1947 and 1952, Canada admitted bustling square mile of vibrant Jewish life, about 16,000 survivors of the Holocaust and a breeding ground for Jewish artists, from Europe.5 Almost half of these intellectuals, professionals and entrepreneurs.3 individuals settled in Montreal. In 1956, the Hungarian Revolution erupted, and 4,500 of The economic life of Canada, as of other the 37,000 Hungarian refugees admitted to countries, was shaken by the unprecedented Canada were Jews (again, most survivors of industrial collapse and depression of the the Holocaust and their families). About a 1930’s. Canadian immigration policy third of them chose to reside in Montreal.6 became more and more restrictive. In 1931, the Federal Government promulgated a law Immigration of Sephardic Jews from North which prohibited the landing in Canada of Africa and the Middle East gained all immigrants, of all classes, all countries momentum in the late 1950’s. Between 1957 and all occupations, with the exception of and 1973, more than 6,500 North African British subjects and United States citizens Jews immigrated to Canada, and three out of with means to maintain themselves.4 Work in Canada (1840-1940). The Eagle Publishing 2 Kage, J. Studies
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