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Dear Delegates,

My name is Justin Yap, and I am currently a third year at the University of California, Davis majoring in Biological Science, and double minoring in Human Physiology and Global Disease Biology. I am originally from Singapore, moved to Beijing, China at age 7, where I completed my High School at Tsinghua International School of Beijing, after which I moved to Davis. I love to do orchestration and conducting, screenplay writing, as well as architectural design and discussing politics and arts. Fun fact about me, I am currently a transit driver at UC Davis, working at our student-run transport company!

I have been involved in MUN for about twelve years now, during which I focused on chairing for most of the conferences. I am currently experimenting with different methods of rules and parliamentary procedures to understand and learn to create a proper standardized guideline for consistency and clarity. Having said, my passion for the law since young has given me the opportunity to shine in Student Government and Model United Nations.

The United Nations Office of Affairs has remained behind the platform for many years, discussing significant issues with no widespread recognition. Recently, the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) hosted the UNISPACE +50 convention to consider the platform for “interrelationship 1 between major space-faring nations and merging space nations.” The discussion sparked the idea of sustainability and exploration outside of planet Earth, which is why this committee will be focusing on developing fruitful resolutions to address innovative ideas among Member states.

I hope that this committee will lead to multilateral diplomacy, persuasive and influential debates, as well as bonding and enriching experiences within this conference. I cannot wait to meet every Member States, and I wish you a great academic year!

Justin Yap Head Chair

1 “Fifty Years since the First United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (1968 - 2018): UNISPACE+50.” United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, 2018, www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/unispaceplus50/index.html. 3

ADMINISTRATION Language All proceedings shall be conducted in English. Delegates wishing to address the committee in any other language must provide for translation. Devices Delegates are not permitted to use laptops, smartphones, or other electronic devices while the committee is in session. However, permission to do so briefly may be granted to individual delegates by the Chair upon request. Attire All delegates must wear western business attire. Administration The proceedings of the committee will be moderated by the dias staff consisting of chair and his/her various vice chairs. Decorum The Chairman fully expects all members of his/her high command to behave courteously during the proceedings of committee. If any committee members engage in ad hominem attacks, the chair may recognize a right of reply if submitted in writing by a delegate/

RULES OF DEBATE Flow of Debate Speaker’s List The default form of debate will be a speaker’s list with 1-minute speaking times. A motion is required to open the speakers’ list. Moderated Caucus Delegates are welcome to motion a moderated caucus with a specific time limit and on a particular topic. Unmoderated Caucus Unmoderated caucuses, during which the Chair does not moderate the proceedings, are to be used as a time for lobbying for support and drafting of committee documents. They can be started or extended by motions to do so.

Points There are four points that may be raised by all delegates

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Point of Order A Point of Order may interrupt a speaker and can be raised when the delegate believes the rules of procedures have been violated. The chair will stop the proceedings of the committee and ask the delegate to provide warranted arguments for which rules of procedures has been violated. Point of Personal A Point of Personal Privilege may be raised when a delegate’s ability to Privilege participate in debate is impaired for any physical or logistical reasons (for instance, if the speaker is not audible). This point may interrupt a speech, and the dias will immediately try to resolve the difficulty. Points of Parliamentary This Point may be raised by a delegate who wishes to clarify any Rule of Inquiry Procedure with the Chair. It may not interrupt a speaker, and a delegate rising to this point may not make any substantive statements or arguments. Point of Information As the name suggests, this Point may be raised by a delegate to bring substantive information to the notice of the Committee. If may not interrupt a speaker and must contain only a statement of some new fact that may have relevance to debate. Arguments and analyses may not be made by delegates rising to this point. A Point of Information may also be used to ask questions of a speaker on the General Speakers’ List

Motions Motions control the flow of debate in the committee. A delegate may raise a motion when the Chair opens the flow for Points or Motions and require a vote to be passed. Procedural motions, unless mentioned otherwise below, requires a simple majority to pass. Motion for Moderated This Motion begins a moderated caucus and must specify the topic, the time per Caucus speaker, and the total time for the proposed caucus. The bulk of debating will likely be conducted through the moderated caucus. Motion to Introduce A delegate may move to introduce after the elapse of a passed moderated caucus or any time after a speech during the perpetual moderated caucus. A successful motion to introduce essentially puts the document on the floor to be debated by the committee. The sponsor of the document will be asked to read his document, and then, if deemed appropriate, the chair will entertain a moderated caucus on the topic. Motion to Suspend This Motion suspends debate for a stipulated amount of time. Debate Motion to Adjourn This Motion brings the committee’s deliberation to an end and is only admissible when suggested by the Chair.

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Motion to Appeal the If a delegate feels that a Chair has made a judgment that has done a grave Chair’s Decisions injustice to one or more delegates of the committee, he or she may move to appeal the said decision. Once the motion is recognized, the delegate may address the Committee. The Chair may then make a statement defending his decision. The motion is then put to the vote, and requires a super majority 67% +1, to pass. If it passes, the Chair will reconsider the decision. Motion to Censure In instances of gross misconduct of a delegate, a delegate may submit a written Motion to Censure. A Motion to Censure is a vote of no confidence in the delegate and his office on the part of the body. A Motion to Censure may also include recommended punishments. The chair will use their discretion in determining the substantive nature of their punishment. A Motion to Censure requires a super majority, 75% +1, to pass.

Motion relating to Resolutions Motions to divide the This Motion may be moved by a delegate to split the resolution into its question component clauses, for voting. This may be done when a delegate feels that there is significant support for some clauses of the resolution, but not for the complete resolution. Motion for a roll call vote A delegate may move to have the vote conducted in alphabetical order. Motions for speakers If it would help proceedings of the committee, a delegate may motion for for/against speakers for and against a resolution.

Amendments After the first draft of a committee, document has been introduced and submitted, delegates may move to amend particular clauses of the draft. If the amendment is supported by all the sponsors of the resolution, it passes as a friendly amendment. Otherwise, it must be put to the vote and requires a two-third majority to pass.

NOTE: The Chair reserves the right to change any of the procedures described herein at his/her discretion

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The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) Committee is under the United Nations Secretariat, located in the Office at Vienna. Their mission works towards promoting international cooperation relating to uses and exploration of space, in correlation with the utilization of space science and technology. The committee strives to establish a legal and regulatory framework for governance and aid to different countries, providing each nation the essential technology and application to integrate space capabilities into national programs.

Established in December 13, 1958, UNOOSA served to assist the “ad hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of 2 Outer Space (COPUOS) established by the General Assembly in its resolution 1348” . The committee’s main task is to “promote international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space. They are also responsible for implementing the Secretary-General’s responsibilities under International , and maintaining the United Nations 3 Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space” .

The cornerstone of compliance and instrumentation is the of 1967. It embodies the freedom of exploration and use of outer space for the diplomacy and cooperation among Member States. Five treaties were created in support of the Outer Space Treaty, each targeting

2 “ARES 13 1348E.” United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, 13 Dec. 1958, www.unoosa.org/pdf/gares/ARES_13_1348E.pdf. 3 “United NationsOffice for Outer Space Affairs.” Outer Space Treaty, www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/aboutus/history.html. 7

specific space science and regulation that help to deepen the limitations and resources 4 available for each Member States .

The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is a general body created by the General Assembly in 1959 to “govern the exploration and use of space for the benefit of all humanity: for peace, security, and development”.

With the two committees active, they serve as essential resources and greater understanding about regulation and governance of outer space and further celestial bodies.

International Policies on the Space Exploration and Expansion Program 5 “S pace exploration is a force of nature unto itself that no other force in society can rival.” -Neil deGrasse Tyson INTRODUCTION

Space technology and travel have escalated dramatically over the past decade, outpacing current standards and demand from the Member States. With the rising aspirations to venture out into unknown areas, current policies limit the programs and accessibilities to do so. Since 1959, International Space law originated with the founding of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, and in 1967, the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Spaces, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, has continued to govern commercial space activities even today. Since then, many associations and organizations have contributed to the safety and expansion of the program in hopes of further understanding the outside world.

On February 11, 2009, a satellite belonging to a privatized company, Iridium Satellite L.I.C. collided with a decommissioned Russian satellite, damaging the Iridium satellite’s functionality. Although the technology contributed services to governments and agencies in remote locations, the company deemed the damages minor because it was insufficient to affect

4 “United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs.” Outer Space Treaty, www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/aboutus/roles-responsibilities.html. 5 "Space Exploration Quotes - Brainyquote." N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Jul. 2018 . 8

the overall network program. However, the risk of such low probability events would rise significantly as more private and governmental deployments into space would continue to 6 7 expand , . The launch of the satellite targeted a new development for communication and possible exploration from Outer Space onto Earth, yet the current and limitations result in the devastation of such event.

While states have historically focused on scientific discovery and border regulations, the consideration of commercial activities has yet to be improved and modernized accordingly. Factors such as tourism, space stations, mining, and many more, have left concerns about safety, regulations, and authority under space law. As Member States increase their space exploration capabilities, international standards of space regulation must also change 8 correspondingly .

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

9 Beginning in the early 1950s, the sparked discussions on ensuring peace within outer space . Talks between the United States and USSR in 1958 brought the idea to the United Nations for 10 11 12 debates , , , which lead to the establishment of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of 13 Outer Space (COPUOS) in 1959 . The committee divides into two subcommittees: The Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the Legal Subcommittee. Over the years and following, COPUOS has drafted five international treaties to ensure the proper percussions in outer space: 1. The Outer Space Treaty in 1967 2. The Resume Agreement in 1968 3. The Liability Convention in 1972 4. The in 1975 5. The in 1979 Among the five treaties, the Outer Space Treaty is most commonly referenced, with the other four providing elaborations on the agreement. Additionally, the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 further 14 banned the testing of nuclear weapons in outer space .

6 Becky Iannotta & Tariq Malik, U.S. Satellite Destroyed in Space Collision, Space.com (Feb. 11, 2009, 6:00 PM), http://www.space.com/5542-satellite-destroyed-space-collision.html. 7Yuri Pushkin & Melissa Gray, Russian, U.S. Satellites Collide in Space, CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/02/12/us.russia.satellite.crash/index.html?iref=topnews (last updated Feb. 12, 2009). 8 Davalos, Juan. “International Standards in Regulating Space Travel: Clarifying Ambiguities in the Commercial Era of Outer Space | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA.” Emory University School of Law, law.emory.edu/eilr/content/volume-30/issue-4/comments/standards-regulating-space-travel-ambiguities-outer-space.html. 9 inesap.org Archived 2008-03-18 at the Wayback Machine. Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and International Law. 10 UN website UN Resolution 1148 (XII). Archived August 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. 11 Nagendra Singh; Edward MacWhinney (1989). Nuclear Weapons and Contemporary International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 289. ISBN 90-247-3637-4. 12 UN website UN Resolution 1348 (XIII). Archived November 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. 13 United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. 14 http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/treatystatus/AC105_C2_2016_CRP03E.pdf 9

Within the Outer Space Treaty, the law also gives the responsibilities towards national sovereignty, explicitly involving both government and private sectors. According to its mandate, "if a national of, or an organization incorporated in one country launches a spacecraft in a different country, interpretations differ as to whether the home country or the launching country 15 has jurisdiction" .

The treaty also revolves around the UN Charter for reference and requires all Member States to ensure activities operated under the previous international law. However, commercial activities like mining, tourism, private exploration, and such, bring up the attention to consider how to regulate such space activities not specified within the legislation.

The primary challenge concerning updating space laws and regulating these activities in a manner that not only prevents hindrance or preclude investments but also in maintaining compliance with international law. The different Member States are also concerned with monopolizing of space resources by technologically advanced corporations or nations. Since the notorious "Space Race" during the Cold War, the legacy of space launches and projects expanded the knowledge of space and its vast universe. After the first 20 years since exploration, the focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, and from competition to cooperation. Since the creation of the International Space Station, Member States have been focusing on development for further missions into outer planetary areas. From the 1990s onwards, private interest began promoting and outer space exploration onto other planets.

Space tourism is regarded for recreational, leisure, or business purposes. Until now, space tourism has been performed only by the Russian Space Agency. Aerospace companies like Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic performed massive programs that sparked the new race. In addition, Space X have joined in with the two and planned multiple milestones, including sending non-astronauts individuals to space, extending the International Space Station to 16 17 accommodate more individuals, etc , .

Shortly, space programs became ambitious to a point where sci-fi ideas became the target for development. One of the recent developing projects was the NASA Authorization Act of 2010, which proposes to create the Space Launch System, which "will be designed to carry the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, as well as important cargo, equipment, and science 18 experiments to Earth's orbit and destinations beyond" . Not only will this serve as a mode of transport for services up in the International Space Station but will also create

15 Dvorsky, George. "California Startup Accused of Launching Unauthorized Satellites Into Orbit: Report [Updated]." gizmodo.com. Retrieved 31 March 2018 16 Shanklin, Emily (2017-02-27). "SpaceX to Send Privately Crewed Dragon Spacecraft Beyond the Moon Next Year". SpaceX. 17 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_tourism 18 "NASA Announces Design for New Deep Space Exploration System." NASA. 14 September 2011. "Space Launch Systems (sls) Program - Space Flight Systems." N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Jul. 2018 . 10

efficiency and reducing operation cost from Earth. The program launched at the end of 2017.

With such program in progress, further developers push towards a more ambitious approach: Artificial Intelligence for Space Missions. Not only would this reduce great cost, human oversight, and increase more in-depth space exploration, but it would also allow for faster communication and better performance. In 2000, NASA pushed forward for programs related to probes and drones left on Mars, Moon, and nearby planets. They began the first autonomous science experiment on Earth Observing 1 on November 21, 2000, to understand more about the unventured areas. The software was able to provide over 19 10,000 science images, paving the way for new locations to target .

This year, the space program has had 53 success launches, with many more to come. With privatized companies and developed nations pushing to launch more spaceships into space, expanding and gaining more knowledge about the universe. However, there are concerns regarding space usage, trash, border jurisdiction, and such.

As much as it is dreamy, space travel is primitive, and therefore, if anything, we would risk widespread access to space resources, rather than affecting inequality on Earth. There are no longer any differences between the resources available to rich and poor because everyone in space is equal in outer space. Being in space is rather new and foreign for everyone, and therefore risk of conflicts or territorial debates are still in discussion, only focusing on what is out there. Even so, the demand for space travel and expansion comes with lots of disadvantages and precaution. Living in space would also mean exposure to dangerous levels of radiation. The consideration of leaving Earth would also result in the uncertainty of survival without proper essentials.

UN & UNOOSA INVOLVEMENTS

From the very beginning of space travel, the United Nations have recognized the importance of space technology and development throughout human history. Shortly after the launch of Sputnik, the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) came to be in 1959. The Committee's primary mission is "to review the scope of international cooperation in peaceful uses of outer space, to devise programmes in this field to be undertaken under United Nations auspices, to encourage continued research and the dissemination of information on outer space matters, and to study legal problems 20 arising from the exploration of outer space"

19 "Autonomy in Space: Current Capabilities and Future Challenges." Winter 2007. 20 Sinead.harvey. "History." www.unoosa.org 11

After the launch of the first human-made space object in 1957, the United Nations have been focusing on peaceful uses of outer space. When the Cold War hit, fear of Outer Space war struck the international community, sparking multiple organizations establishment with the intent of keeping outer space safe.

Soon after, the Member States created the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs to assist the ad hoc division of COPUOS under resolution 1348. The office implements the decisions made by the United Nations and COPUOS and adjusting the “coordination of inter-agency 21 cooperation within the United Nations on the use of space technology” . The office also operates with intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations involved in space activities, especially with the registration of objects launched into outer space. Last but not least, the office mandates the UN program for disaster risk management and emergency responses as well as offering developing nations access satellite images for 22 free regarding climate changes .

The United Nations has only held two previous global conferences on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Spaces, both in Vienna. The first started in 1968, discussing progress in space technology and applications. The conference pushed for international collaboration in regard to benefiting developing nations and guidelines when in space. At the end of the discussion, the creation of the Space Applications Programme provided space technology that addresses “telecommunications, environmental monitoring and weather forecasting, remote sensing for disaster mitigation and management, agricultural and forestry development, cartography, geology, and resource development applications.”

The second conference review the progress of space activities monitored the collaboration among the Member States. The program offered more than 140 workshops, training course, and meetings to discuss ideas of space development and creation of facilities. This lead to multiple astronomical observatories, publications, space facilities, and spacecraft within the 1990s 23 .

With the rapid development of space launches and technological advancement, the founding of UNISPACE conference outlined the actions to manage environmental resources, human security, growth and welfare, protection within outer space, and development for access to space sciences and its benefits. The conference also created the “Space Millennium: Vienna Declaration of Space and Human Development (Vienna Declaration)” to provide solutions to new challenges in outer space. Five years later, a short meeting (UNISPACE

21 "United Nations Coordination of Outer Space Activities". 22 Yarnoz, Daniel Garcia. “United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs.” Outer Space Treaty, www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/mandate.html. 23 “THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE UNITED NATIONS AND OUTER SPACE.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/events/unispace3/bginfo/historic.htm. 12

III+5) was held to review the implementation of the recommendations from the third 24 conference and reevaluate solutions to newer challenges .

This year, the United Nations hosted the UNISPACE+50 conference this year in commemoration of the 50t h anniversary of the convention. The meeting focused on seven central themes: 1. Global partnership in space exploration and innovation 2. The legal regime of outer space and global space governance: current and future perspectives 3. Enhanced information exchange on space objects and events 4. The international framework for space weather services 5. Strengthened space cooperation for global health 6. International collaboration towards low-emissions and resilient societies 7. Capacity-building for the twenty-first century Other than that, a High-Level Forum offered a community to provide guidance and recommendation by UNISPACE+50. They integrated the economic, environmental, social, policy, and regulatory dimension to give a new perspective that involves global sustainable 25 development .

COUNTRY INVOLVEMENT

Beginning with the Outer Space Treaty, it opened up for signatures in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on January 27, 1967, and put in effect on October 10, 1967. As of July 2017, more than 100 countries have signed the treaty, while 23 have signed but not 26 completed ratification measures . The following are current actions by different significant nations regarding space exploration and planning:

United Kingdom The United Kingdom is working to understand and monitor more about the Earth’s constant changes. Their International Partnership Programme (IPP) is working on delivering a sustainable, economic, or societal benefit to developing nations. They have a National Space Technology Programme that functions to develop space technology and offer to fund towards industry, academia, and other governmental institutions. The Satellite Launch Program, Space Exploration Programme, Space for Smarter Government, and Space 27 Science Programme have all significantly contributed .

24 Yarnoz, Daniel Garcia. “United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs.” Outer Space Treaty, www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/aboutus/history/unispace.html. 25 Brankin, Daria. “UNISPACE+50 Background.” United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/unispaceplus50/background.html. 26 "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved 2017-09-16. 27 Agency, UK Space. “UK Space Missions: Case Studies and Programmes.” GOV .UK, GOV.UK, 8 Feb. 2017, www.gov.uk/government/collections/uk-space-missions-case-studies-and-programmes. 13

China China will soon become the pioneer in the next generation international space station. NASA has confirmed that the 2019’s budget will not include funding for the International Space Station after 2025. However, China is planning to launch their own “Space Station” that would eventually become the new international space center. The construct has been agreed upon between UNOOSA and China’s Manned Space Agency. The two agencies will allow for “researchers, universities, public institutes and private companies from the Member States to apply conduct experiments onboard” the station. Among other projects, China and Europe are considering a new joint program to create a moon base. This step would become not only the pinnacle of space missions but also a pathway towards tourism and 28 mining .

Russia The Russians are currently involved with the ISS development, mainly relating to cargo storage, docking ports, 29 and other technological equipment needed on board . They also operate a significant number of programs for scientific research and communication, specifically their new prospective piloted transport system, which will pave the way for reusable spaceships and automated flight systems that will push into further distances. Their rockets, spacecraft, and space systems are optimal and highly advanced.

Recently, there has been talks that Russia would begin to reshape their space program, but they would consider breaking ties with the United States and joining in with China for the planned Chinese space station. News has reported that Russia considered building “an independent program for human with plans ranging from a relatively modest space station around earth's orbit to ambitious proposals to build a permanent base on the Moon,” however current economic standards restricted their progress. Last summer, Russia agreed to join NASA in studies of a habitable outpost in orbit on the Moon. But in June 2017, Russia was invited to participate in the Chinese space station, however, the drawbacks indicated that Russia was on board with the Chinese project, which cause confusion among relationships between Russia and NASA. At this point, Putin has declared that they will not be funding the ISS project, and have agreed to collaborate with 30 China on the space station .

United States Starting from the Obama administration, President Obama commissioned the Review of United States Human Spaceflight Plans Committee in 2009 to reevaluate human spaceflight plans in the United States, ensuring that the committee will create a more rigorous and sustainable method in

28 Osborne, Charlie. “China to Build a New Space Station as ISS Faces Investment Woes.” ZDNet , ZDNet, 6 June 2018, www.zdnet.com/article/china-unveils-plans-to-build-a-new-space-station-as-iss-gears-up-for-trouble/. 29 "Russian Launch Manifest". sworld.com.au. 2015. 30 Zak, Anatoly. “Russia's Space Agency Might Break Up With the U.S. To Get With China.” Popular Mechanics, Popular Mechanics, 7 Mar. 2018, www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a19159719/roscosmos-china-collaboration/. 14

31 the near future . On April 15, 2010, the administration cancelled the Constellation program due to non viable conditions and rejected plans to return to the Moon. Additionally, Obama invested in $6 billion dollars for the development of heavy lift 32 rocket programs ready for construction in 2015 and in path to Mars by mid-2030s . Finally, they released a new formal in 2010, and with that the NASA Authorization Act of 2010, which passed on October 11, 2010, that gave 8 new space policies that were further developed with $8 billion in funding across the next three years 33 .

In Trump’s administration, President Trump re established the , in hopes of keeping Obama-era human spaceflight programs in place. The program included “commercial spacecraft to ferry astronauts to and from the International Space Station, the government owned Space Launch System, and the Orion crew capsule for deep space missions, while reducing Earth science research and calling for the elimination of NASA’s education office”. He also proposed the Space Policy Directive 1, which “provides for a U.S. led, integrated program with private sector partners for a human return to the Moon, followed by missions to Mars and beyond”, he believes that the program will enable human expansion further into outer space, with the help of the government, corporations, and 34 international contributions to reestablish the space program internationally .

Middle East The Middle East has been continuously growing as the region begins to expand for a science and knowledge-based economy. The United Arab Emirates, in particular, has decided to expand and support regional countries with space science and development. In spite of their achievements, they “have a moral obligation, which is the vision of our leadership, to help Arab countries to set up some sort of space programmes and, at least, start thinking about space”, says Mohammad al-Ahbabi, the director general of the UAE Space Agency.

At this point, the middle east is still in desperate need of collaboration with developed nations within the region due to lack of resources, specifically water. The region mainly suffers from environmental issues, and with the help of space science and technology, UAE hopes to support atmospheric analysis and increasing communication among distant regions, specifically helping out with schools, hospitals, and other local areas. Last year, “Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Jordan, Algeria, Morocco and Lebanon have joined the discussion to help address the issue. This year, five more countries, including Kuwait, Oman, and Sudan, have joined in the conversation.

31 Bonilla, Dennis (September 8, 2009). "Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee". NASA . 32 "President Barack Obama on Space Exploration in the 21st Century". Nasa.gov. 33 Klamper, Amy (October 11, 2010). "NASA Has New Authorization but Future Remains Uncertain". spacenews.com. "Featured Legislation: The NASA Authorization Act of 2010". United States Senate. July 15, 2010. 34 Spaceflight Now, "Trump signs order reviving long-dormant National Space Council" Hendrix, Jerry. “Space: The New Strategic Heartland.” National Review, National Review, 18 June 2018, www.nationalreview.com/2018/06/united-states-needs-space-force-national-security-interest/. 15

As the center of the program, the UAE has created an interregional program that allows other nations to use Emirates’ space technology. At this point, the Middle East is working together to develop regionally, and is taking steps to change local developments and enhancing resources 35 through collaborations with the UAE .

EU Nations Recently, the European Union hosted their annual Space Forum on May 15-16 in Luxembourg. The Forum targets the impact of space technologies on earth’s business. Topics like “From satellites to services, Life in near spaces, Exploration of Space Commerce, and Human migration 36 to Space”, allowed more talks and business to push forward the space development .

Their recent program, the Horizon 2020, allows the European union to further develop innovative space technologies and “operational concepts from ideas to demonstration in space, and to use space data for scientific, public, or commercial purpose”. The program will be structured upon five targets: 1. Prioritising the existing two EU Space flagships of European Global Navigation Satellite System (EGNSS) and Earth Observation reaping the benefits they can generate in the coming years and ensuring their state-of-the-art also in the future; 2. Ensuring support for the third priority of the EU space policy: the protection of space infrastructure, and in particular the setting up of a Space Surveillance and Tracking system (SST) at European level; 3. Ensuring support to EU industry to meet the objectives defined in the Commission communication on Space Industrial Policy, notably to maintain and enhance industry’s competitiveness and its value-chain in the global market; 4. Ensuring that Europe’s investments made in space infrastructure are exploited to the benefit of citizens; as well as supporting European space science; and 5. Enhancing Europe’s standing as an attractive partner for international partnerships 37 in space science and exploration .

UN RESOLUTION & IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS

38 Outer Space Treaty This document is the foundation of Space Exploration and the International Space Law. The treaty started in 1967 with the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. As of April 2018, more than 107 countries have signed the treaty, and only 23 countries have not

35 Malek, Caline. “UAE Champions MENA Region Space Exploration | Caline Malek | MEO.” .:Middle East Online::ADIEFF Highlights 'Poverty and Food' in Its First Annual Festival:., 10 June 2018, www.middle-east-online.com/en/uae-champions-mena-region-space-exploration. 36 “KEY FACTS.” Space Forum, www.spaceforum.com/facts-figures/. 37 “Space - Horizon 2020 - European Commission.” Social Protection Statistics - Unemployment Benefits - Statistics Explained, 7 Sept. 2018, ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/space. 38 http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/ST_SPACE_061Rev01E.pdf 16

completed ratification. With this as the basis of all current treaties and resolutions, it is a great resource to address and understand the current guidelines and limitations that it includes.

39 40 41 42 , Space Liability Convention , Registration Convention , & Moon Treaty These documents support the Outer Space Treaty by providing an in-depth explanation to the general statement addressed within the Treaty. They oversea space jurisdiction and capabilities of space exploration and uses. However, these document does limit specific aspects and lack regulation on specific concepts, including commercialization, habitation, tourism, etc. These are great documents to back up the Outer Space Treaty during research and a directive to address new policies needed to be addressed during discussions.

43 The Global Exploration Roadmap This document is recently published to reflect on the international efforts of Member States on space exploration missions starting with the International Space Station and continuing on from there. This would include a summary of benefits from space exploration, the importance of space science and technology, the establishment of an international deep space Gateway concept, and the recognition of private sectors in space. This document can act as potential solutions that can be expanded to developing nations and a resource for ideas that could extend the discussion to address potential challenges along the way.

For more references, refer to: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/documents-and-resolutions/search.jspx?lf_id= https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/spdocs.html

EXPECTATIONS & REQUIREMENTS

From the data and information provided, I expect delegates to further understand and learn more about the space program and its progress with space exploration and expansion. The main objective for this topic is to seek out new space policies to create in replacement of old policies by the current documents. The solutions must include those left out by the Treaties, as well as updated information in correlation with current space science and technology. 1. Creating a new document with updated policies on space By doing so, this will provide a basis for space exploration in accordance to latest intelligence and will also give way to space jurisdiction based on need-based and

39 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_Agreement 40 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention 41 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registration_Convention 42 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Treaty 43 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ger_2018_small_mobile.pdf 17

requirements from Member States. Delegates should integrate their nation’s resources to further collaborate with other Member States to aid those in need.

2. Discussing potential space expansion outside of Moon The topic also spans towards a more futuristic approach in targeting ambitious plans to venture out into space. These involve space stations, colonies, intergalactic travel, etc. Though it is vague and imaginary, it is also a great way to incorporate experience with current knowledge about space.

3. Creating a new International Space Government Council Due to the limiting controls and UN Charter’s guidelines, there is no governance or control in outer space if Member States do expand into Outer Space. As a result, delegates should come up with a new Charter that would establish a new governing structure in outer space.

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Lo Long-Term Sustainability in Outer Space Activities “S ustainable development is the masterful balance of meeting our own needs without jeopardizing future generations’ 44 ability to do the same” -L ight of Mine INTRODUCTION

Space science and applications have long been pushing humanity forward day by day. They help to increase communication, expand satellite imaging, and opening up to new discoveries of outer space. They also help to expand socially and economically by contributing to “environmental monitoring, management of natural resources, meteorological forecasting, climate modelling, satellite navigation, and early warning systems to help mitigate potential disasters”. There needs to be a new solution towards preserving and protecting the outer space environment for use by future generation.

Throughout the years, there have been multiple talks and conventions regarding long-term sustainability in outer space. In 2010, COPUOS begin to consider the topic on the agenda. A Working Group was established to “identify concerns for the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, proposing measures that could enhance sustainability, and producing voluntary guidelines to risk risks to long-term sustainability”. The group will address different concerns regarding development on Earth, and regulations to impose into space.

In 2016, the Committee established the first set of guidelines, and in 2018, consensus was reached with additional nine guidelines. However, there was still concern about the overall report and 45 its final draft to be submitted to the United Nations . To ensure the continuation and development of space applications, the space activities have to ensure sustainability and

44 http://www.quotationof.com/sustainable-development.html 45 Keusen, Tanya. “United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs.” Outer Space Treaty, www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/long-term-sustainability-of-outer-space-activities.html 19

long-term within Outer Space, therefore must be considering any possible obstacles and challenges that should be addressed.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The long-term sustainability of outer space activities is of great interest and importance to the international community. Outer space activities helped to create a more sustainable environment both on Earth and in space, as well as paving way for new ideas and contribution to many innovative goals and platforms. In 2007, the issue of sustainability was mentioned in a report from COPUOS, defining it as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to 46 meet their own needs” .

In 2010, COPUOS was introduced with the topic on the agenda list and was in talks at the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee. The committee then formulated a Working Group that developed a set of practical and application for space activities, focusing on protecting and providing resources for Member States. According to the Annex II, A//66/20 document, the group will examine previous documents regarding context of sustainable development, referencing into the Millennium Development Goals, which was last updated in 2016, and taking into concerns about the interest and resources of countries to accommodate changes.

The group would also take into consideration of old actions, standards, and policies to understand more about the step process and phases that enable previous establishment. Of course, they are required to follow the laws and regulations of the Outer Space Treaty and other 47 governing documents when establishing the rules . The Working Group is divided into four different aspects: 1. Sustainable space utilization supporting sustained development on Earth 2. Space debris, space operations, and tools to support collaborate space situational awareness 3. Space weather 48 4. Regulatory regimes and guidance for actors in the space arena

In June 2016, the first set of guidelines for the agenda was established. The guidelines involved “adopting, revising, and amending, as necessary, national regulatory frameworks for outer space activities”, “supervise national space activities”, “ensuring the equitable, rational and efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum and the various orbital regions

46 Wickramatunga, Robert. “United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs”. Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities. UNOOSA, 2017. 47 *Annex II, A/66/20, Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Fifty-fourth session (1-10 June 2011) 48 Kendall, David. “UN COPUOS Working Group on the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities UPDATE.” UNIDIR , 21 Apr. 2017, www.unidir.ch/files/conferences/pdfs/un-copuos-working-group-on-the-long-term-sustainability-of-outer-space-activities-en-1-1240.pdf. 20

used by satellites”, etc. The entire document encompasses both agreed and under 49 discussion policies .

Projecting forward, COPUOS created another inter-sessional meeting on 2017 to discuss the under-discussion guidelines and consider drafting reports and responses for the agreed guidelines. Then in 2018, the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee confirmed the report and guidelines submitted by COPUOS and harmonized any remaining guidelines. During the UNISPACE +50 convention, COPUOS considered the first draft of the 50 guidelines and went into discussions on amendments and submission to the GA .

UN & UNOOSA INVOLVEMENT

In 2018, the United Nations held a conference that established nine guidelines to reduce the risk of collisions in space and other harmful space activities. “The non-binding guidelines, approved by a working group of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UN’s Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, are intended to improve the long-term sustainability of space”, which was approved by the committee in 2016.

The guidelines cover different range of issues: Agreed On: 1. Adopt, revise and amend, as necessary, national regulatory framework for outer space activities 2. Consider a number of elements when developing, revising or amending, as necessary, national regulatory frameworks for outer space activities 3. Supervise national space activities 4. Ensure the equitable, rational and efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum and the various orbital regions used by satellites 5. Improve accuracy of orbital data on space objects and enhance the practice and utility of sharing orbital information on space objects 6. Promote the collection, sharing and dissemination of space debris monitoring information 7. Share operational space weather data and forecasts 8. Develop space weather models and tools and collect established practices on the mitigation of space weather effects 9. Promote and support capacity-building 10. Raise awareness of space activities

49 Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. “Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities .” UNOOSA , 16 June 2016, www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2016/aac_1052016crp/aac_1052016crp_17_0_html/AC105_2016_CRP17E.pdf. 50 Martinez, Peter. “Securing the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities.” International Symposium on Ensuring Stable Use of Of Outer Space, 3 Mar. 2017, www.jsforum.or.jp/stableuse/2017/pdf/JSF%202017%20Status%20update%20on%20LTS%20-%20Martinez.pdf. 21

11. Promote and support research on and the development of ways to support sustainable exploration and use of outer space 12. Investigate and consider new measures to manage the space debris population in the long term Under Discussions 1. Enhance the practice of registering space objects 2. Provide, in national legal and/or policy framework, for a commitment to conducting space activities for peaceful purposes 3. Implement operational and technological measures of self-restraint to forestall adverse developments in outer space 4. Implement policy aimed at precluding interference with the operation of foreign space objects through unauthorized access to their on-board hardware and software 5. Refrain from international modifications of the natural space environment 6. Provide contact information and exchange information on space objects and orbital events 7. Perform conjugation assessment during all orbital phases of controlled flight 8. Develop practical approaches for pre-launch assessment of possible conjugations of newly launched space objects with space objects already present in near-Earth space 9. Ensure the safety and security of terrestrial infrastructure that supports the operation of orbital systems and respect the security of foreign space-related terrestrial and information infrastructures 10. Ensure the safety and security of terrestrial infrastructure that supports the operation of orbital systems 11. Develop and implement criteria and procedures for the preparation and conduct of space activities aimed the active removal of space objects from orbit 12. Established procedures and requirements for the safe conduct, in extreme cases, of operations resulting in the destruction of in-orbit space objects 13. Develop criteria and procedures for the active removal of space objects and, under exceptional circumstances, for the international destruction of space objects, specifically as applied to non-registered objects 14. Promote and facilitate international cooperation in support of the long-term sustainability of outer space activities 15. Share experiences related to the long-term sustainability of outer space activities and develop new procedures, as appropriate, for information exchange 16. Exchange normative and organizational framework for ensuring effective and sustained implementation of the guidelines and subsequent activity on their 51 review and enhancement

51 Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. “Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities .” UNOOSA , 16 June 2016, www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2016/aac_1052016crp/aac_1052016crp_17_0_html/AC105_2016_CRP17E.pdf. 22

The future consideration involves a Thematic Priority related to “Enhanced Information Exchange on Space Objects and Events”. They involve enhancing information exchange and proper procedures and limitations under registration and licensing of objects, as well as addressing risk reduction notification needs. At this point, the priority is at low level 52 pending on the report and is being anticipated to become an essential part of the process .

Although the guidelines are not finalized at this point, Member states have began considering making them into real policies and law. Over 87 states have agreed upon constituting it as law and will commence both national and international legislation. Currently, the working group will come to a close. David Kendall, chairman of COPUOS have said that “there is currently no appetite to continue the work of that working group…but there is 53 also a willingness not to forget the work that has been done” .

COUNTRY INVOLVEMENT

Because this topic is recent and currently in discussion, there is not a lot of information involving specific countries at the moment. However, the chair would highly recommend reviewing the guidelines and implementing as well as establishing new policies in accordance with the UN Charter. Note that not all organizations and agencies will be included in the topic guide, so please do research on those not included.

Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee Serving to exchange information on space debris research activities among Member States, the agency strives to provide opportunities and collaborations to enhance and prevent space travel and exploration. Member agencies include: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, China National Space Administration, , German Aerospace Center, , Indian Space Research Organization, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, State Space Cooperation, State Space 54 Agency of Ukraine, and the United Kingdom Space Agency .

The agency strives to review all space debris research activities among organizations, recommending alternative solutions and opportunities for non-member countries, and

52 Kendall, David. “UN COPUOS Working Group on the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities UPDATE.” UNIDIR , 21 Apr. 2017, www.unidir.ch/files/conferences/pdfs/un-copuos-working-group-on-the-long-term-sustainability-of-outer-space-activities-en-1-1240.pdf. 53 Foust, Jeff. “UN Committee Approves Space Sustainability Guidelines.” SpaceNews.com , 15 Feb. 2018, spacenews.com/un-committee-approves-space-sustainability-guidelines/. 54 “Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC): Homepage.” Inter -Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC): Documents, www.iadc-online.org/index.cgi?item=home. 23

55 evaluating options of operation and procedures for debris mitigation . In hopes of mutual interest and benefits, the agency submits reports and proposals upon recommendation to COPOUS as a reference to understand and implement current situations and alternative solutions written in the guidelines.

International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety Created in the Netherlands in April 2004, the association strives to bring further international cooperation and scientific advancement in the field of space systems. In accordance with the Charter, the association is open to anyone with a “professional interest in space safety”. The association main focus is to direct and shape a culture for space safety Their goals mainly consist of: 1. Advance the science and application of Space Safety 2. Improve the communication, dissemination of knowledge and cooperation between interested groups and individuals in this and related fields 3. Improve understanding and awareness of the Space Safety discipline 4. Promote and improve the development of Space Safety professionals and standards 5. Advocate the establishment of safety laws, rules, and regulatory bodies at national 56 and international levels for the civil use of space .

Similar to the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee, the association contributes to reporting information of safety to COPOUS in hopes of consideration during space travel. Its members consist of anyone, including university students, and those willing to contribute to science.

Working Group on Long Term Sustainability in Outer Space Being the central founders of the Long-Term Sustainability document, the working group examines and propose measures to ensure safety and sustainability in outer space for peaceful purpose towards all countries. The group consist of four different subdivision, each targeting specific aspects: sustainable space utilization supporting sustainable development on Earth; space debris, space operations, and tools to support collaborative space situational awareness; space weather, and; regulatory regimes and guidance for space actors.

Currently, the working group is facing multiple challenges that needs to be addressed when working with the guidelines. Some argued for a unified definition of the key concepts and categories needed to distinguish certain guidelines. Other involved limitations and activities that foreshadow future programs. Lastly, legal and economical implications are

55 “Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC): ToR - Pdf-Version.” Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC): Documents, 28 Sept. 2016, www.iadc-online.org/index.cgi?item=torp_pdf. 56 “IAASS.” IAASS , iaass.space-safety.org/. 24

limited to extend out towards developing countries who might be of desperate need for 57 space science and technology .

Country Blocs Governance issues regarding the use of space are complicated due to the physical realities of the space environment, and also the legal status of space as a global resource. Member States need to find a balance between the need for space advancement and ensuring a sustainable environment in the long run. Countries have confronted questions regarding the extent at which operations in space, military or civilian, can be justified accordingly since space is still foreign to Earth. Disparities and monitoring of actions in outer space is 58 also limited to ensure safety and operational among Member States .

Another great concern that is currently troubling Member States is the legality and sovereignty of the documents as well as the accountability of those who did not sign the documents. Currently only 83 countries have signed the LTS document, but most of the countries have not signed the Treaty or even both. Therefore, the documents in the United Nations cannot be fully confirmed. Another problem was regarding businesses, and anyone who wants to invest in them. Ownership, liability, investments, and establishment in outer space poses multiple questions and legality conflicts among Member States.

UN RESOLUTION & IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS

59 Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee Terms of Reference This is one of the documents from a vital group that contributes to the overall process of the program. Inside the document contains the rules and regulation established by the Agency, and its connection with other associations and organizations, especially with the UN COPOUS. This document can help delegates to further understand what the procedure of should be when establishing a working group, and what potential ideas can arise from the document to include within the guidelines.

57 Kendall, David. “UN COPUOS Working Group on the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities UPDATE.” UNIDIR , 21 Apr. 2017, www.unidir.ch/files/conferences/pdfs/un-copuos-working-group-on-the-long-term-sustainability-of-outer-space-activities-en-1-1240.pdf.

58 Hitchens, Theresa. “Forwarding Multilateral Space Governance: Next Steps for the International Community .” University of Maryland School of Public Policy, Center For International Security Studies at Maryland, Aug. 2015, cissm.umd.edu/sites/default/files/ForwardingMultilateralSpaceGovernance%20-%20080615.pdf. 59 “Inter -Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC): ToR - Pdf-Version.” Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC): Documents, 28 Sept. 2016, www.iadc-online.org/index.cgi?item=torp_pdf. 25

60 Forwarding Multilateral Space Governance: Next Steps for the International Community This document encompasses a great viewpoint on the European Union as well as other vital members of the United Nations in regard to space governance. It shows the initiatives and elucidates ways to forward progress of governance through possible implementation of the Treaties, as well as activities at a multilateral level for establishing framework and management. This document is a great resource for delegates to look over for potential ideas when reviewing the guidelines and further understand the topic further.

For more references, refer to: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/status/index.html http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3482/1 EXPECTATIONS & REQUIREMENTS

From the information provided about the topic, I expect delegates to have a clear understanding about what the Long-Term Sustainability does and the different opinions from other organizations and countries have on this topic. I also want delegates to understand the effects on various levels of the system (business, military, economics, etc.). Because this topic is fairly recent and not a lot of information is included, I only expect delegates to understand what the country has and what the country’s opinions are on the topic itself.

1. Establishing a general understanding of position on topic Because the topic is new, I only expect delegates to understand the topic and the country’s views on the topic. However, I do expect delegates to be involved in reviewing the guidelines and discussing potential new guidelines to implement.

2. Creating a drafted document of the approved guidelines under discussion during committee session This topic is mainly a GA-Crisis mixed topic in which the format is in GA style, but the document I am expecting is more directive and approving style. Therefore, I expect delegates to come up with resolutions that include the approved guidelines and explanation giving reasons of approval.

3. Potentiate a new Space Law Treaty Having included the guidelines in the resolution, I also expect delegates to treat the document as establishing a new treaty to make it more professional. Delegates should be able to learn how to draft a professional document in order to gain experience and use it in the real world.

60 Hitchens, Theresa. “Forwarding Multilateral Space Governance: Next Steps for the International Community .” University of Maryland School of Public Policy, Center For International Security Studies at Maryland, Aug. 2015, cissm.umd.edu/sites/default/files/ForwardingMultilateralSpaceGovernance%20-%20080615.pdf. 26