Cato the Elder on Old Age

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CA TO THE ELDER ON OLD AGE LONDON : gilbert And bivington, limited, st. iohn's squAre. o

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ClCEROAS

vCATO/THE ELDER ON OLD AGE \

WITH A VOCABULARY

JOHN T. WHITE, D.D. OXON.

NINTH THOUSAND

LONDON LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 1886

MAR 23 1889 )

rt PREFACE.

For some long time past it has becn widely felt that a reduction in the cost of Classical Works used in schools generally, and more especially in those intended for boys of the middle classes, is at once desirable and not difficult of accomplish ment. For the most part only portions of authors are read in the earlier stages of education, and a pupil is taken from one work to another in each successive half-year or term ; so that a book needlessly large and proportionably expensive is laid aside after a short and but partial use. In order, therefore, to mect what is certainly a want, Portions of the Classical Writers usually read in Schools are now being issued under the title of Grammar School Texts ; while, at the request of various Masters, it has becn determined to add to the series some parts of the Greek Testa ment. Each Text is provided with a Vocabulary of the words occurring in it. In every instance — with the exception of Eutropius and vEsop — the origin of a word, when known, is stated at the commence ment of the article treating of it, if connected with vi PREFACE. another Latin, or Greek, word ; at the end of it, if derived from any other source. Further still, the primary or etymological meaning is always given. within inverted commas, in Roman type, and so much also of each word's history as is needful to bring down its chain of meanings to the especial force, or forces, attaching to it in the particular " Text." In the Vocabularies, however, to Eutropius and iEsop — which are essentially books for be ginners — the origin is given of those words alone which are formed from other Latin or Greek words, respectively. Moreover, as an acquaintance with the principles of GrAmmar, as well as with Etymology, is necessary to the understanding of a language, such points of construction as seem to require elucida tion are concisely explained under the proper articles, or a reference is simply made to that rule in the Public Schools Latin Primer, or in Parry's Elementary Greek Grammar, which meets the particular difficulty. It occasionally happens, how ever, that more information is needed than can be gathered from the above-named works. When such is the case, whatever is requisite is supplied, in substance, from Jelfs Greek Grammar, Winer's Grammar of New Testament Greek, or the Latin Grammars of Zumpt and Madvig. \ London : January, 1877. j f t CONTENTS.

i. Dedication of the Treatise to Atticus.— ii. Subject introduced in a conversation between Scipio, Cato, and Lalrus.— iii. Loss of enjoyment and neglect of friends the result of disposition, not of old age. — iv., v. 15. Instances of a happy old age.— v. 15. Four objec tions to Old Age : viz., it withdraws men from active life; enfee bles the body 1 takes away nearly all enjoyment ; is the fore-runner of death. Answers to First Objection.— vi. — viii. Aged men have successfully conducted important affairs. The memory and mind not impaired by age. Answers to Second Objection.— ix. — xi. Instances of several di stinguished Jurists. Old men competent to instruct youth. Iniirmity caused by vices of youth, not by old age. Weakness the consequence not merely of old age. but also of ill health. Ansivers to Third Objection. — xii. — xviii. The thing objected is in truth an advantage, since pleasure is a deadly evil. Opinions in coniirmation hereof. Old age has its own pleasures, especially agri cultural pursuits. A nswers to Fourth Objection. — xix. — xxiii. A long life should teach men to disregard death. Youth, also, is liable to death. The old have enjoyed that, to which the young only look forward. The death of the old, being in accordance with nature, is in fact a blessing. That end of life is best, which comes by the course of nature. The greatest comfort of old age is a belief in the immortality of the soul. Several testimonies in support hereof. Profession of Cato's own belief. " i ClCERONlS CATO MAJOR DE SENECTUTE.

I. I. O Tite, si quid te adjucro, curamve lev&sso, Quce nunc te coquit et versat in pectore fixa, Ecquid erit prami t Licet enim versibus iisdem mihi affari te, Attice, quibus affatur Flamininum I lie vir, hand magna cum re, sed plenus fidei. Quamquam certd scio, non, ut Flamininum, Sollicitari te, Tite, sic noctesque diesque. Novi enim moderationem animi tui, et aequitatem ; *eqv» non cognomen solum Athenis deportasse, sed humanitatem et prudentiam, intelligo. Et tamen te suspicor iisdem rebus, quibus meipsum, interdum gravius commoveri : quarum consolatio et major est, et in aliud tempus differenda. Nunc autem mihi visum est de Senectute aliquid ad te conscribere. 2. Hoc enim onere, quod mihi tecum commune est, aut jam urgentis aut certe adventantis senectutis, et Gato Majir. B 2 CICERONIS CATO MAJOR te et meipsum levari volo : etsi te quidem id modice ac sapienter, sicut omnia, et ferre et laturum esse certo scio. Sed mihi, quum de Senectute aliquid vellem scribere, tu occurrebas dignus eo munere, quo uterque nostrum communiter uteretur. Mihi quidem ita jucunda hujus libri confectio fuit, ut non modo omnes absterserit senectutis molestias, sed effecerit mollem etiam et jucundam senectuteiu. Nunquam igitur satis laudari digne poterit philo- sophia. Cui qui pareat, omne tempus aetatis sine molestia possit degere. 3. Sed de ceteris et diximua multa, et saepe dicemus : hunc librum de Senectute ad te misimus. Omnem autem sermonem trib- itimus non Tithono, ut Aristo Ceius, ne parum esset auctoritatis in fabula ; sed M. Catoni seni, qud majorem auctoritatem haberet oratio : apud quem, Laelium et Scipionem facimus admirantes quod is tam facile senectutem ferat, iisque eum respond- cntem. Qui si eruditius videbitur disputare, quam consuevit ipse in suis libris, attribuito Graecis literis, quarum constat eum perstudiosum fuisse in senec tute. Sed quid opus est plura? Jam enim ipsius Catonis sermo explicabit nostram omnem de senec tute sententiam.

II. 4. Scipio. Saepenumerd admirari soleo cum hoc C. Laelio tum ceterarum rerum tuam excellentem, M. Cato, perfectamque sapientiam, tum, vel maximfe. quod nunquam senectutem tibi gravem esse sena- erim : quae plerisque senibus sic odiosa est, ut onus se iEtna gravius dicant sustinere. DE SENECTVTE, CAP. II. 3 CATO. Rem haud sane difficilem, Scipio et Laeli, admirari videmini : quibus enim nihil opis est in ipsis ad bene beateque vivendum, iis omnis gravis est aetas : qui autem omnia bona a seipsis petunt, iis nihil potest malum videri, quod naturae necessitas afferat. Quo in genere in primis est senectus : quam ut adipiscantur, omnes optant ; eandem accusant adeptam ; tanta est inconstantia stultitiae atque perversitas. Obrepere aiunt eam citius, quam put- assent. Prinvum, quis coegit eos falsum putare ? Qui enim citius adolescentiae senectus, quam pueritiae adolescentia, obrepit ? Deinde, qui minus gravis esset iis senectus, si octingentesimum annum agerent, quam octogesimum ? praeterita enim aetas, quamvis longa, quum effluxisset, nulla consolatione permulcere posset stultam senectutem. 5. Quocirca si sapientiam meam admirari soletis — quae utinam digna esset opinione vestra nostroque cognomine ! — in hoc sumus sapientes, quod Naturam optimam ducem, tamquam Deum, sequimur, eique paremus : a qua non verisimile est, quum ceterae partes aetatis bene descriptae sint, extremum actum, tamquam ab inerti poeta, esse neglectum. Sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid extremum, et, tamquam in arborum baccis terraeque frugibus, maturitate tempestiva, quasi vietum et caducum, quod ferendum est molliter sapienti. Quid enim est aliud, Gigantum modo, bellare cum Diis, nisi naturae repugnare ? 6. LjELIUS. Atqui, Cato, gratissimum nobis, ut etiam pro Scipione pollicear, feceris, si, quoniam speramus, volumus quidem certe, senes fieri, ante b 2 4 CICERONIS CA TO MAJOR multo a te didicerimus, quibus facillime rationibus ingravescentem aetatem ferre possimus. Cato. Faciam vero, Laeli ; prassertim si utrique vestriim, ut dicis, gratum futurum est. LiELIUS. Volumus sane, nisi molestum est, Cato. tamquam aliquam viam longam confeceris, quam nobis quoque ingrediendum sit, istuc, quo pervenisti, videre, quale sit.

III. 7. Cato. Faciam, ut potero, Laeli. Saepe enim interim querelis meorum aequalium — spares autem cum paribus, veteri proverbio, facillime con- gregantur — quae C. Salinator, quae Sp. Albinus, homines consulares, nostri fere aequales, deplorare solebant ; tum quod voluptatibus carerent, sinequibus vitam nullam putarent ; tum quod spernerentur ab iis, a quibus coli essent soliti. Qui mihi non id videbantur accusare, quod esset accusandum. Nam si id culpa senectutis accideret, eadem mihi usu venirent, reliquisqtie omnibus majoribus natu. Quorum ego multorum cognovi senectutem sine querela : qui se et libidinum vinculis laxatos esse non moleste ferrent, nec a suis despicerentur. Sed omnium istiusmodi querelarum in moribus est culpa, non in aetate. Moderati enim et nec difficiles nec in- humani senes tolerabilem agunt senectutem : impor- tunitas autem et inhumanitas omni aetati molesta est. 8. L^ELIUS. Est, ut dicis, Cato. Sed fortasse dixerit quispiam, tibi propter opes, et copias, et dignitatem tuam, tolerabiliorem senectutem viden ; id autem non posse multis contingere DE SENECTUTE, CaP. IV. 5 CAto. Est istuc quidem, Laeli, aliquid ; sed nequaquam in isto sunt omnia : ut Themistocles fertur Seriphio cuidam in jurgio respondisse, quum ille dixisset, Non eum sua, sed patriae gloria splendorem assequutum ; Nec herculi, inquit, si ego Seriphius essem, nobilis; nec tu, si Atheniensis esses, clarus unqitam fuisses. Quod eodem modo de senectute potest dici. Neque enim in summa inopia levis esse senectus potest, ne sapienti quidem ; nec insipienti etiam in summa copia non gravis. 9. Aptissima omnino sunt, Scipio et Laeli, arma senectutis artes exercitationesque virtutum : quae in omni aetate cultae, quum multum diuque vixeris, mirificos efferunt fructus ; non solum quia nunquam deserunt, ne in extremo quidem tempore aetatis — quamquam id maximum est — veriim etiam quia conscientia bene actae vitae multorumque benefact- orum recordatio jucundissima est. ^

IV. 10. Ego Q. Maximum — eum, qui Tarentum recepit — adolescens ita dilexi senem, ut aequalem. Erat enim in illo viro comitate condita gravitas, nec senectus mores mutaverat. Quamquam eum colere ccepi non admodum grandem natu, sed tamen jam aetate provectum. Anno enim post consul primum fuerat, quam ego natus sum ; cumque eo, quartum consule,adolescentulus miles profectus sum adCapu- am, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum. Quaestor deinde quadriennio post factus sum : quem magistr- atum gessi consulibus Tuditano et Cethego, quum quidem ille, admodum senex, suasor Legis Cinciae o CICERO NIS CATO MAJOR de Donis et Muneribus fuit. Hie et bella gerebat, ut adolescens,quum plane grandis esset; et Hannibalenv juveniliter exsultantem patientia sua molliebat : de quo praeclare familiaris noster Ennius : Units homo nobis cunctando restituit rem; Non ponebat enim rumores ante salutem : Ergo pbstque magisque viri mine gloria claret. II. Tarentum vero qua vigilantia, quo consilio recepit! Quum quidem, me audiente, Salinatori, qui amisso oppido fugerat in arcem, glorianti atque ita dicenti, Mea opera, Q. Fabi, Tarentum recepisti: Certe, inquit ridens ; nam, nisi tu amisisses, nunquam recepissem. Nec vero in armis praestantior, quam in toga : qui consul iterum, Sp. Carvilio collega quiescente, C. Flaminio tribuno plebis, quoad potuit, restitit, agrum Picentem et Gallicum viritim contra senatus auctoritatem dividenti ; augurque quum esset, dicere ausus est, optimis auspiciis ea geri, quae pro reipublicae salute gererentur ; quae contra rempublicam ferrentur, contra auspicia ferri. 12. Multa in eo viro praeclara cognovi ; sed nihil est admirabilius, quam quomodo [ille] mortem filii tulit, clari viri et consularis. Est in manibus laudatio : quam quum legimus, quem philosophum non contemnimus ? Nec vero ille in luce modd atque in oculis civium magnus ; sed intus domique praestantior. Qui sermo ! quae praecepta ! quanta notitia antiquitatis ! quae scientia juris augurii ! multae etiam, ut in homine Romano, literae : omnia memoria tenebat, non domestica rolum, sed etiam DE SENECTUTE, CAP. V. 7 externa bella. Cujus sermone ita tunc cupide fruebar, quasi jam divinarem id, quod evenit, illo exstincto fore, unde discerem, neminem. V. 13. Quorsum igitur haec tam multa de Maximo ? Quia profecto videtis nefas esse dictu miseram fuisse talem senectutem. Nec tamen omnes possunt esse Scipiones aut Maximi, ut urbium expugnationes, ut pedestres navalesve pugnas, ut bella a se gesta triumphosque recordentur. Est etiam quiete, et pure, et eleganter actae aetatis placida ac lenis senectus, qualem accepimus Platonis, qui uno et octogesimo anno scribens mortuus est ; qualem Isocratis, qui eum librum, qui Panathendicus inscribitur, quarto et nonagesimo anno scrips isse se dicit, vixitque quinquennium postea ; cujus magister, Leontinus Gorgias, centum et septem complevit annos, neque unquam in suo studio atque opere cessavit Qui, quum ex eo quaereretur, cur tamdiu vellet esse in vita ; Nihil habeo, inquit, quod incusem senectutem. 14. Praeclarum responsum, et docto homine dig- num ! Sua enim vitia insipientes et suam culpam in senectutem conferunt : quod non faciebat is, cujus modo mentionem feci, Ennius, Sicut fortis equus, spatio qui sape supremo Vicit Olympia, nunc senio confectus quiescit. Equi fortis et victoris senectuti comparat suam : quam quidem probe meminisse potestis. Anno enim undevicesimo post ejus mortem, hi consules, T. Flamininus et M'. Acilius, facti sunt ; ille autem, Caepione et Philippo iterum consulibus, mortuus 8 CICEROMS CATO MAJOR est : quum ego quidem quinque et sexaginta annos natus, legem Voconiam voce magna et bonis lateribus suasissem. Annos septuaginta natus — tot enim vixit Ennius — ita ferebat duo, quae maxima putantur onera, paupertatem et senectutem, ut eis paene delectari videretur.^ 15. Etenim, quum contemplor animo, reperio quatuor causas, cur senectus misera videatur : unam quod avocet a. rebus gerendis ; alteram, quod corpus faciat infirmius ; tertiam, quod privet omni bus fere voluptatibus ; quartam, quod haud procul absit a morte. Earum, si placet, causarum quanta quamque sit justa unaquaeque videamus.

VI. A rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Qui- bus ? An iis quae geruntur in juventute et viribus ? Nullaene igitur res sunt seniles, quae, vel infirmis corporibus, animo tamen administrentur ? Nihil ergd agebat Q. -Maximus ? Nihil L. Paulus, pater tuus, Scipio, socer optimi viri, filii mei ? Ceteri senes, Fabricii, Curii, Coruncanii, quum rempublicam consilio et auctoritate defendebant, nihil agebant? 16. Ad App. Claudii senectutem ac- cedebat etiam, ut csecus esset : tamen is, quum sententia senatus inclinaret ad pacem et fcedus faciendum cum Pyrrho, non dubitavit dicere ilia, quae versibus persequutus est Ennius : Quo vobis mentes, recta qua stare solebant Antehac, dement es seseflexere vidi ? ceteraquc gravissime ; notum enim vobis carmen DE SENECTUTE, CAP. VI. 9 est : et tamen ipsius Appii exstat oratio. Atque haec ille egit septem et decem annos post alterum consulatum, quum inter duos consulatus anni decem interfluxissent, censorque ante consulatum super- iorem fuisset. Ex quo intelligitur Pyrrhi bello grandem sane fuisse ; et tamen sic a patribus accepimus. 17. Nihil igitur afferunt, qui in re gerenda versari senectutem negant ; similesque sunt, ut siqui gubernatorem in navigando nihil agere dicant, quum alii malos scandant, alii per foros cursent, alii sentinam exhauriant, ille autem clavum tenens sedeat in puppi quietus. Non faciat ea, quae juvenes. At vero multo majora et meliora facit. Non viribus, aut velocitatibus, aut celeritate corp- orum, res magnae geruntur, sed consilio, auctoritate, sentential ; quibus non modo non orbari, sed etiam augeri, senectus solet. 18. Nisi forte ego vobis, qui et miles et tribunus et legatus et consul versatus sum in vario genere bellorum, cessare nunc videor, quum bella non gero. At senatui, quae sunt gerenda, praescribo, et quomodd ; Carthagini, male jam diu cogitanti, bellum multo ante denuntio ; de qua vereri non ante desinam, quam illam excisam esse cognovero. 19. Quam palmam utinam dii immortales tibi, Scipio, reservent, ut avi reliquias persequare ! Cujus a morte hie quintus et tricesimus est annus ; sed memoriam illius viri excipient omnes anni consequentes. Anno ante me censorem mortuus est, novem annis post meum consulatum, quum consul iterum, me consule, creatus esset. Num igitur, si ad centesimum annum vixisset, senectutis io CICERONIS CATO MAJOR eum suae pceniteret ? Nec enim excursione, nec saltu, nec eminus hastis aut comminus gladiis uteretur ; sed consilio, ratione, sententia. Quae nisi essent in senibus, non summum consilium majores nostri appellassent Senatum. 20. Apud Lacedaemonios quidem ii,qui amplissimum magistr- atum gerunt, ut sunt, sic etiam nominantur, series. Quodsi legere aut audire voletis externa, maximas respublicas ab adolescentibus labefactas, a senibus sustentatas et restitutas, reperietis. Cedo, qui vestram rempublicam tantam amisistis tam citb f Sic enim percontantur, ut est in Naevii poetae Ludo. Respondentur et alia, et haec in primis : Proveniebant oratores novi, stulti, adolescentuli. Temeritas est videlicet florentis aetatis, prudentia senescentis

VII. 21. At memoria minuitur. Credo, nisi eam exerceas ; aut si sis natura tardior. Themistocles omnium civium nomina perceperat : num igitur censetis eum, quum aetate processisset, qui Aristides esset, Lysimachum salutare solitum ? Equidem non modo eos novi qui sunt, sed eorum patres etiam et avos. Nec sepulcra legens vereor, quod aiunt, ne memoriam perdam : his enim ipsis legendis redeo in memoriam mortuorum. Nee verb quem- quam senum audivi oblitum quo loco thesaurum obruisset. Omnia, quae curant, meminerunt ; vadi- monia constituta ; qui sibi, quibus ipsi, debeant. DE SENECTUTE, CAP. VII. n 22. Quid jurisconsulti ? quid pontifices ? quid augures ? quid philosophi series ? quam multa meminerunt ! Manent ingenia senibus, modo per- maneat studium et industria ; nec ea solum in Claris et honoratis viris, sed in vita etiam privata et quieta. Sophocles ad summam senectutem Trag- edias fecit ; quod propter studium, quum rem familiarem negligere videretur, a filiis in judicium vocatus est, ut, quemadmodum nostro more male rem gerentibus patribus bonis interdici solet, sic ilium, quasi desipientem, a re familiari removerent judices. Tum senex dicitur eam Fabulam, quam in manibus habebat et proxime scripserat, CEdipum Coloneum, recitasse judicibus, quaesisseque, num illud carmen desipientis videretur. Quo recitato, sententiis judicum est liberatus. 23. Num igitur hunc, num Homerum, num Hesiodum, num Simon- idem, num Stesichorum ; num, quos ante dixi, Isocratem, Gorgiam ; num philosophorum principes, Pythagoram, Democritum, num Platonem, num Xenocratem, num postea Zenonem, Cleanthem, aut eum, quem vos etiam Romae vidistis, Diogenem Stoicum, coegit [in suis studiis] obmutescere senectus ? an non in omnibus iis studiorum agitatio vitae aqualis fuit ? 24. Age, ut ista divina studia omitt- amus, possum nominare ex agro Sabino rusticos Romanos, vicinos et familiares meos, quibus abs- entibus nunquam fere ulla in agro majora opera fiunt, non serendis, non percipiendis, non condendis fructibus. Quamquam in illis minus hoc miriim : nemo enim est tam senex, qui se annum non putet 12 CICERO NIS CATO MAJOR posse vivere. Sed iidem elaborant in eis, quae sciunt nihil omnino ad se pertinere : Serit arbores, qua alteri seculo prosient, ut ait Statius noster in Synephebis. 25. Nec verd dubitet agricola, quamvis senex, quaerenti, cui serat, respondere ; Diis immortalibus, qui me non accipere modb hecc a majoribus voluerunt, sed etiam posteris prodere.

VIII. Melius Caecilius de sene alteri seculo pro- spiciente, quam illud idem : Edepol senectus, si nil quidquam aliud viti Apportes tecum, quum advenis ; unum id sat est, Quod diu vivendo multa, qua non volt, videt. Et multa fortasse, quae vult. Atque in ea quidem, quae non vult, saepe etiam adolescentia incurrit. Illud vero idem Caecilius vitiosius : Tum equidem in senecta hoc deputo miserritnum — Sen life ea (elate esse se odiosian..alteri. 26. Jucundum potius, quam odiosum. Ut enim adolescentibus bona indole praditis sapientes senes delectantur, leviorque fit e.orum senectus, qui ab juventute coluntur et diliguntur tfsic adolescentes senum praeceptis gaudent, quibus ad virtutum studia ducuntur. Nec minus intelligo me vobis, quam vos mihi esse jucundos. Sed videtis, ut senectus non modo languida atque iners non sit, verara etiam sit operosa, et semper agens aliquid et moliens ; tale scilicet, quale cujusque studium in superiore vita DE SENECTUTE, CAP. IX. 13 fuit. Quid, qui etiam addiscunt aliquid ? ut Solon- em versibus gloriantem videmus, qui se, quotidie aliquid addiscentem, senem fieri dicit ; ut ego feci, qui Graecas literas senex didici : quas quidem sic avidfe arripui, quasi diuturnam sitim explere cupiens, ut ea ipsa mihi nota essent, quibus me nunc ex- emplis uti videtis. Quod quum fecisse Socratem in fidibus audirem, vellem equidem et illud — discebant enim fidibus antiqui : sed in literis certe elaboravi.

IX. 27. Nec nunc equidem vires desidero adolescentis — is enim erat locus alter de vitiis senectutis : non plus, quam adolescens tauri aut elephanti desiderabam. Quod est, eo decet uti, et, quicquid agas, agere pro viribus. Quae enim vox pot est esse contemptior, quam Milonis Crotoniatae? qui, quum jam senex esset, athletasque se in curriculo exercentes videret, adspexisse lacertos suos dicitur, illacrimansque dixisse, At hi quidem jam mortui sunt. Non vero tam isti, qui .i hi iose, nugator ; neque enim ex te unquam es nob .atus, sed ex lateribus et lacertis tuis., Nihil i,. jElius tale, nihil n iis ante T. Conmcanius, nihil modb P. CrasSus, a quibus^jura civibus praescrib- ebantur, quorum usque ad extremum spiritum est provecta pruderfcia. 28. Orator metuo ne langue- scat senectute; est enim munus ejus non ingenii solum, sed laterum etiam et virium. Omnino canorum illud in voce splendescit ietiam, nescio quo pacto, in senectute : quod equidem adhuc non .\misi, et videtis annos. Sed tamen est decorus 14 CICERONIS CATO MAJOR sermo senis, quietus et remissus, facitque persaepe ipsa sibi audientiam diserti senis compta et mitis oratio. Quod si ipse exsequi nequeas, possis tamen Scipioni praecipereret Laelio. Quid enim est jucundius senectute stipata studiis juventutis? 29. Anne eas quidem vires senectuti relinquemus, ut adole- scentulos doceat, instituat, ad omne officii munns instruat? quo quidem opere quid potest esse praeclarius? Mihi verd Cn. et P. Scipiones, et avi t'ui duo, L. iEmilius et P. Africanus, comitam nobilium juvenum fortunati videbantur. Nec ulli bonarum artium magistri non beati putandi, quamvis consenuerint vires atque defecerint. Etsi ista ipsa defectio virium adolescentiae vitiis efficitur saepius, quam senectutis ; libidinosa etenim et intemperans adolescentia effetum corpus tradit senectuti. 30. Cyrus quidem, apud Xenophontem, eo sermone, quem moriens habuit, quum admodum senex esset, negat se unquam sensisse senectuteni suam imbecilliorem factam, quam adolescentia fuisset. Ego L. Mctellum memini puer — qui quurr quadriennio post alterum consulatum pontifex maximus factus esset, viginti et duos annos ei sacerdotio praefuit — ita bonis esse viribus extremo tempore aetatis, ut adolescentiam non requireret. Nihil necesse est mihi de me ipso dicere ; quamquam est id quidem senile, aetatique nostrae con- ceditur.

X. 31. Videtisne, ut apud Homerum saepissimfc Nestor de virtutibus suis praedicet ? Tertiam enim S

DE SENECTUTE, CAP. X. 15 jam aetatem hominum vivebat ; nec erat ei verend- um, ne, vera de se praedicans, nimis videretur aut insolens aut loquax. Etenim, ut ait Homerus, ex ejus lingua melle dulcior fluebat oratio. Quam ad suavitatem nullis egebat corporis viribus : et tamen dax ille Graeciae nusquam optat, ut Ajacis similes habeat decem, at ut Nestoris : quod si acciderit, non dubitat, quin brevi Troja sit peritura. 32. Sed I edeo ad me. Quartum annum ago et octogesimum : equidem posse vellem idem gloriari, quod Cyrus. " Sed tamen hoc queo dicere, non me quidem iis esse viribus, quibus aut miles bello Punico, aut quaestor eodem bello, aut consul in Hispania fuerim, aut quadriennio post, quum tribunus militaris depugnavi apud Thermopylas, M'. Acilio Glabrione consule : sed tamen, ut vos videtis, non plane me enervavit nec afflixit senectus : non curia vires meas desiderat, non Rostra, non amici, non clientes, non hospites. Nec enim unquam sum assensus veteri illi laudato- que proverbio, quod monet mature fieri senem, si dm velis esse senex. Ego vero me minus diu senem esse mallera, quam esse senem ante, quam e^sem. Itaque nemo adhuc convenire me voluit, ci:i fuerim occupatus. 33. At minus habeo virium, quam vestriim utervis. Ne vos quidem T. Pontii cunturionis vires habetis : num idcirco est ille prae- slantior ? Moderatio modo virium adsit, et tantum, quantum potest, quisque nitatur ; nae ille non magno desiderio tenebitur virium. Olympias per stadium ingressus esse Milo dicitur, quum humeris sustineret bovem vivum. Utrum igitur has corporis, an Pyth- H 16 CICERONIS CATO MAJOR agorae tibi malis vires ingenii dari ? Denique isto bono utare, quum adsit ; quum absit, ne requiras ; nisi forte adolescentes pueritiam, paulum aetate pro- gressi adolescentiam, debeant requirere. Cursus est certus aetatis, et una via naturae, eaque simplex ; suaque cuique parti aetatis tempestivitas est data : ut et infirmitas puerorum, et ferocitas juvenum, et gravitas jam constantis aetatis, et senectutis matur- itas, naturale quiddam habeat, quod suo tempore percipi debeat. 34. Audire te arbitror, Scipio, hos- pcs tuus avitus, Masinissa, quae faciat hodie, nona- ginta annos natus ; quum ingressus iterpedibus sit, in equum omnino non adscendere ; quum equo, ex equo non descendere ; nullo imbre, irullo frigore adduci, ut capite operto sit ; summam in eo esse corporis siccitatem : itaque exsequi omnia regis officia et munera. Potest igitur exercitatio et temperantia etiam in senectute conservare aliquid pristini roboris.

XI. Non sunt in senectute vires. Ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute. Erg6 et legibus et institutis vacat aetas nostra muneribus iis, quae non possunt sine viribus sustineri. Itaque non modd, quod non possumus, sed ne quantum possumus quidem, cogimur. 35. At multi ita sunt imbecilli senes, ut nullum officii aut omnino vitae munus exsequi possint. At id quidem non proprium senectutis est vitium, sed commune valetudinis. Quam fuit imbecillus P. Africani filius is, qui te adoptavit ! quam tenui aut 11 ulla poti iis valetudine. Quod ni ita fuisset, alteram DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XL 17 illud lumen exstitisset civitatis : ad paternam enim magnitudinem animi doctrina uberior accesserat. Quid mirum igitur in senibus, si infirmi sunt ali- quando, quum id ne adolescentes quidem efifugere possint ? Resistendum, Laeli et Scipio, senectuti est, ejusque vitia diligentia compensanda sunt. Pugn- andum, tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem. 36. Habenda ratio valetudinis ; utendum exercitationibus modicis ; taTftum cibi et potionis adhibendum, ut reficiantur vires, non opprimantur. Nec vero corpori soli subveniendum est, sed menti atque animo multo magis. Nam haec quoque, nisi tamquam lumini oleum instilles, exstinguuntur senectute. Et corpora quidem defatigatione et exercitatione ingravescunt, animi autem exercendo levantur. Nam, quos ait Caecilius, comicos stultos senes hoc significat — credulos, obliviosos, dissolutos : quae vitia sunt non senectutis, sed inertis, ignavae, somniculosae senectutis. Ut petulantia, ut libido, magis est adolescentium, quam senum — nec tamen omnium adolescentium, sed non proborum— sic ista senilis stultitia — quae deliratio appellari solet — senum levium est, non omnium. 37. Quatuor robustos filios, quinque filias, tantam domum, tantas clientelas, Appius regebat et senex, et caecus. In ternum enim animum, tamquam arcum,habebat, nec languescens succumbebat senectuti. Tenebat non modo auctoritatem, sed etiam imperium in suos ; metuebant servi, verebantur liberi, carum omnes habebant : vigebat in ilia domo patrius mos et disciplina. 38. Ita enim senectus honesta est, si se Cito Major. C 18 CICERONIS CATO MAJOR ipsa defendit, si jus suum retinet, si nemini emancip- ata est, si usque ad extremum spiritum dominatur in suos. Ut enim adolescentem, in quo senile aliqu id, sic senem, in quo est adolescentis aliquid, probo : quod qui sequitur, corpore senex esse poterit, animo nunquam erit. Septimus mihi Originum liber est in manibus ; omnia antiquitatis monumenta colligo ; causarum illustrium, quascumque defendi, nunc quum maxime conficio orationes ; jus augurium pontificium, civile tracto; multumetiamGraecis Uteris utor; Pythagoreorumque more, exercendae memoria" gratia, quid quoque die dixerim, audierim, egerim, commemoro vesperi. Hae sunt exercitationes ingenii, hrec curricula mentis; in his desudans atqueelaborans corporis vires non magnopere desidero. Adsum amicis, venio in senatum frequens, ultroque affero res multum et diu cogitatas ; easque tueor animj, non corporis, viribus. Quae si exsequi nequirem, tamen me lectulus oblectaret meus ea ipsa cogit- rtntem, quae jam agere non possem : sed, ut possim, facit acta vita. Semper enim in his studiis labori- busque viventi non intelligitur quando obrepat senectus. Ita sensim sine sensu aetas senescit : nee subito frangitur, sed diuturnitate exstinguitur.

XII. 39. Sequitur tenia vituperatio senectutis, quod eam carere dicunt voluptatibus. O praeclaruin munus aetatis, siquidem id aufert nobis, quod est in adolescentia vitiosissimum ! Accipite enim, optimi adolescentes, veterem orationem Archytae Tarentini, magni in primis et preeclari viri, quae mihi tradita DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XII. 19 est, quum essem adolescens Tarenti cum Q. Maximo. Nullam capitaliorem pestem, quam corporis volupr tatem, hominibus dicebat a natura datam : cujus voluptatis avidae libidines temere et effrenate ad potiundum incitarentur. 40. Hinc patriae pro- ditiones, hinc rerum publicarum eversiones, hinc cum hostibus clandestina colloquia nasci ; nullum denique scelus, nullum malum facinus esse, ad quod suscipiendum non libido voluptatis impelleret ; stupra vero, et adulteria, et omne tale flagitium, nullis aliis illecebris excitari, nisi voluptatis : quumque homini sive natura, sive quis Deus, nihil mente praestabilius dedisset, huic divino muneri ac dono nihil esse tam inimicum quam voluptatem. 41. Nec enim, libidine dominante, temperantiee locum esse, neque omnino in voluptatis regno virtutem posse consistere. Quod quo magis intelligi posset, fingere animo jubebat tanta incitatum aliquem voluptate corporis, quanta percipi posset maxima : nemini censebat fore dubium, quin tamdiu, dum ita gaud- eret, nihil agitare mente, nihil ratione, nihil cogit- atione consequi posset. Quocirca nihil esse tam detestabile tamque pestiferum, quam voluptatem ; siquidem ea, quum major esset atque longior, omne animi lumen exstingueret. Haec cum C. Pontio Samnite — patre ejus, a quo, Caudino prcelio, Sp. Postumius, T. Veturius, consules, superati sunt — locutum Archytam, Nearchus Tarentinus, hospes noster, qui in amicitia populi Romani permanserat, se a majoribus natu accepisse dicebat, quum quidem ei sermoni interfuisset Plato Atheniensis : quem C 2 20 CICERONIS CA TO MAJOR Tarentum venisse, L. Camillo, Appio Claudio consulibus, reperio. 42. Quorsum haec ? ut intelligatis, si voluptatem aspernari ratione et sapientia non possemus, magnam habendam senectuti gratiam, quae effecerit, ut id non liberet, quod non oporteret. Impedit enim consilium voluptas ; rationi est inimica, ac mentis — ut ita dicam — praestringit oculos, nec habet ullum cum virtute commercium. Invitus quidem feci, ut foitissimi viri T. Flaminini fratrem, L. Flamininum, e senatu ejicerem, septem annis post, quam consul fuisset ; sed notandam putavi libidinem. Ille enim quum esset consul, in Gallia exoratus in convivio a scorto est, ut securi feriret aliquem eorum, qui in vinculis essent damnati rei capitalis. Hie, Tito, fratre suo, censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat, elapsus est : mihi verd et Flacco neutiquam probari potuit tam flagitiosa et tam perdita libido, quae cum probro privato con- jungeret imperii dedecus.

XIII. 43. Saepe audivi a majoribus natu, qui se porro pueros a senibus audisse dicebant, mirari solitum C. Fabricium, quod, quum apud regem Pyrrhum legatus esset, audisset a Thessalo Cinea ; esse quendam Athenis, qui se sapientem profit- eretur, eumque dicere, omnia, quae faceremus. ad voluptatem esse referenda : quod ex eo audientes, M'. Curium et Ti. Coruncanium, optare solitos, ut id Samnitibus ipsique Pyrrho persuaderetur, quo facilius vinci possent, quum se voluptatibus de- dissent. Vixerat M'. Curius cum P. Decio, qui DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XIII. 21 quinquennio ante eum consulem se pro republica quarto consulatu devoverat. Norat eundem Fabricius, norat Coruncanius : qui quum ex sua vita, tum ex ejus, quem dico, P. Decii facto, judic- abant esse profectd aliquid natura pulchrum atque praeclarum, quod sua sponte peteretur, quodque, spreta et contempta voluptate, optimus quisque sequeretur. 44. Quorsum igitur tam multa de voluptate ? quia non modo vituperatio nulla, sed etiam summa laus, senectutis est, quod ea voluptates nullas magnopere desiderat. At caret epulis exstructisque mensis et frequenti- bus poculis. Caret ergo etiam vinolentia et crud- itate et insomniis. Sed si aliquid dandum est voluptati, quoniam ejus blanditiis non facile obsist- imus — divine enim Plato escam malorum voluptatem appellat, quod ea. videlicet homines capiantur, ut hamo pisces — quamquam immoderatis epulis caret senectus, modicis tamen conviviis delectari potest. C. Duillium, M. filium, qui Pcenos classe primus devicerat, redeuntem a ccena senem saepe videbam puer ; delectabatur crebro funali et tibicine, quae sibi, nullo exemplo, privatus sumpserat : tantum licentiae dabat gloria. 45. Sed quid ego alios? ad meipsum jam revertar. Primum habui semper sodales. Sodalitates autem, me quaestore, con stitutes sunt, sacris Idaeis Magnae Matris acceptis. Epulabar igitur cum sodalibus omnino modice, sed erat quidam fervor aetatis : qua progrediente, omnia fiunt indies mitiora. Neque enim ipsorum con- viviorum delectationem voluptatibus corporis magis, 22 CICERONIS CA TO MAJOR quam ccetu amicorum et sermonibus, metiebar. Bene enim majores nostri accubitionem epularem amicorum, quia vitae conjunctionem haberet, con- vivium nominarunt ; melius, quam Graeci, qui hoc idem tum compotationem, tum conccenationem vocant : ut, quod in eo genere minimum est, id maxime probare videantur.

XIV. 46. Ego vero propter sermonis delectationem tempestivis quoque conviviis delector, nec cum aequalibus solum, qui pauci admodum restant, sed cum vestra etiam aetate atque vobiscum ; habeo- que senectuti magnam gratiam, quae mihi sermonis aviditatem auxit, potionis et cibi sustulit. Quod siquem etiam ista delectant — ne omnino bellum indixisse videar voluptati, cujus est etiam fortasse quidam naturalis motus — non intelligo, ne in istis quidem voluptatibus ipsis, carere sensu senectutem. Me vero et magisteria delectant a majoribus in- stituta ; et is sermo, qui, more majorum, a summo adhibetur in poculis ; et pocula, sicut in Symposio Xenophontis est, minuta atque rorantia ; et refriger- atio aestate, et vicissim aut sol aut ignis hibernus. Quae quidem in Sabinis etiam persequi soleo, con- viviumque vicinorum quotidie compleo, quod ad multam noctem, quam maxime possumus, vario sermone producimus. 47. At non est voluptatum tanta quasi titillatio in senibus. Credo ; sed ne desideratio quidem. Nihil autem molestum, quod non desideres. Bene Sophocles, quum ex eo qui dam, jam affecto aetate, quaereret, utereturne rebus DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XIV. ^ venereis ; Dii meliora I inquit. Ego verb istinc, tamquam a domino agresti ac furioso firofugi. Cupidis enim rerum talium odiosum et molestum est fortasse carere ; satiatis vero et expletis jucundius est carere, quam frui. Quamquam non caret is, qui non desiderat : ego non desiderare dico esse jucund ius, quam frui. 48. Quodsi istis ipsis voluptatibus bona aetas fruitur libentius, primum parvulis fruitur rebus, ut diximus ; deinde iis, quibus senectus, si non abunde potitur, non omnino caret. Ut Turpione Ambivio magis delectatur, qui in prima cavea spectat ; delectatur tamen etiam, qui in ultima ; sic adolescentia, voluptates propter intuens, magis fortasse laetatur ; sed delectatur etiam senectus, procul eas spectans, tantum, quantum sat est. 49. At ilia quanti sunt, animum, tamquam emeritis stipendiis libidinis, ambitionis, contentionis, inimic- itiarum,cupiditatum omnium, secum esse, secumque, ut dicitur, vivere ! Si vero habet aliquod tamquam pabulum studii atque doctrinae, nihil est otiosa senectute jucundius. Mori paene videbamus in studio dimetiundi cceli atque terrae C. Galium, familiarem patris tui, Scipio. Quoties ilium lux noctu aliquid describere ingressum, quoties nox oppressit, quum mane ccepisset ! Quam delectabat eum defectiones solis et lunae multo nobis ante praedicere I S°- Quid in levioribus studiis, sed tamen acutis ? Quam gaud- ebat bello suo Punico Naevius ! Quam Truculento Plautus ! quam Pseudolo ! Vidi etiam senem Livium, qui, quum sex annos ante, quam ego natus sum, fabulam docuisset, Centone Tuditanoque con 24 CICERO WIS CATO MAJOR sulibus, usque ad adolescentiam meam processit aetate. Quid de P. Licinii Crassi et pontificii et civilis juris studio loquar ? aut de hujus P. Scipionis, qui his paucis diebus pontifex maximus factus est ? Atqui eos omnes, quos commemoravi, his studiis flagrantes senes vidimus. M. vero Cethegum, quem recte Suada medullam dixit Ennius, quanto studio exerceri in dicendo videbamus, etiam senem ! Qua sunt igitur epularum, aut ludorum, aut scortorum voluptates cum his voluptatibus comparandae ? Atque haec quidem studia doctrinae : quae quidem prudentibus et bene institutis pariter cum aetate crescunt : ut honestum illud Solonis sit, quod ait versiculo quodam, ut ante dixi, senescere se, multa indies addiscentem ; qua voluptate animi nulla certe. potest esse major.

XV. 51. Venio nunc ad voluptates agricolarum quibus ego incredibiliter delector ; quae nec ulla impediuntur senectute, et mihi ad sapientis vitam proxime videntur accedere. Habent enim rationem cum terra, quae nunquam recusat imperium, nec unquam sine usura reddit, quod accepit ; sed alias minore, plerumque majore, cum fenore. Quamquam me quidem non fructus mod6, sed etiam ipsius terrae vis ac natura delectat. Quae quum gremio mollito ac subacto semen sparsum excepit, primum id occaecatum cohibet — ex quo occatio, quae hoc efficit, nominata est — deinde tepefactum vapore et compressu suo diffindit et elicit herbescentem ex eo viriditatem : quae, nixa fibris stirpium, sensim adole DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XV. 25 scit, culmoque erecta geniculato, vaginis jam quasi' pubescens includitur ; equibusquumemersit, fundit frugem spici ordine structam, et contra avium min- orum morsus munitur vallo aristarum. 52. Quid ego vitium satus. ortus, incrementa, commemorem ? Satiari delectatione non possum, ut meae senectutis requietem oblectamentumque noscatis. Omitto enim vim ipsam omnium, quae generantur e terra ; quae ex fici tantulo grano, aut ex acino vinaceo,aut ex ceterarum frugum ac stirpium minutissimis semini- bus tantos truncos ramosque procreat. Malleoli, plantae, sarmenta, viviradices, propagines, nonne ea efficiunt, ut quemvis cum admiratione delectent ? Vitis quidem, quae natura caduca est, et, nisi fulta sit, ad terram fertur ; eadem, ut se erigat, claviculis suis, quasi manibus, quidquid est nacta, complect- itur : quam, serpentem multiplici lapsu et erratico, ferro amputans coercet ars agricolarum, ne silvescat sarmentis et in omnes partes nimia fundatur. 53. Itaque, ineunte vere, in iis, qua; relicta sunt, exsistit tamquam ad articulos sarmentorum ea, quae gemma dicitur ; a qua oriens uva sese ostendit ; quae et suco terrae et calore solis augescens, primo est peracerba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit, vestitaque pa lpinis nec modico tepore caret, -et nimios solis defendit ardores. Qua quid potest esse, quum fructu laetius, tum aspectu pulchrius ? Cujus quidem non utilitas me solum, ut ante dixi, sed etiam cultura, et ipsa natura delectat : adminiculorum ordines, cap- itum jugatio, religatio et propagatio vitium, sarment- orumque ea, quam dixi, aliorum amputatio, aliorum 26 CICERONIS CA TO MAJOR immissio. Quid ego irrigationes, quid fossiones agri repastinationesque, proferam, quibus fit multo terra fecundior ? 54. Quid de utilitate loquar sterc- orandi ? Dixi in eo libro, quem de Rebus Rusticis scripsi : de qua doctus Hesiodus ne verbum quidem fecit, quum de cultura agri scriberet. At Homerus, qui multis, ut mihi videtur, ante seculis fuit, Laert- em lenientem desiderium, quod capiebat e filio, colentem agrum, et eum stercorantem, facit. Nec veto segetibus solum et pratis et vineis et arbustis res rusticae laetae sunt, sed etiam hortis et pomariis ; tum pecudum pastu, apum examinibus, riorum omnium varietate. Nec consitiones modo delectant, sed etiam insitiones ; quibus nihil invenit agri culture sollertius.

XVI. 55. Possum persequi multa oblectamenta rerum rusticarum ; sed ea ipsa, quae dixi, fuisse sentio longiora. Ignoscetis autem : nam et studio rerum rusticarum provectus sum, et senectus est natura loquacior ; ne ab omnibus eam vitiis videar vindicare. Ergo in hac vita M'. Curius, quum de Samnitibus, de Sabinis, de Pyrrho triumphasset, consumpsit extremum tempus aetatis ; cujus quidem villain ego contemplans — abest enim non longe a me — admirari satis non possum vel hominis ipsius continentiam, vel temporum disciplinam. Curio, ad focum sedenti, magnum auri pondus Samnites quum attulissent, repudiati ab eo sunt. Non enim aurum habere praeclarum sibi videri dixit ; sed iis, qui haberent aurum, imperare. 56. Poteratne DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XVI. 27 tantus animus non jucundam efficere senectutem ? Sed venio ad agricolas, ne a meipso recedam. In agris erant tum senatores, id est senes : siquidem aranti L. Quinctio Cincinnato nuntiatum est eum dictatorem esse factum ; cujus dictatoris jussu magister equitum, C. Servilius Ahala, Sp. Maelium, regnum appetentem, occupatum interemit. A villa in senatum arcessebantur et Curius et ceteri senes : ex quo, qui eos arcessebant, viatores nominati sunt. Num igitur eorum senectus miserabilis fuit, qui se agri cultione oblectabant ? Mea quidem sententia haud scio an nulla beatior esse possit ; neque solum officio, quod hominum generi universo cultura agrorum est salutaris, sed et delectatione, quam dixi, et saturitate copiaque omnium rerum, quae ad victum hominum, ad cultum etiam Deorum, per tinent ; ut, quoniam haec quidam desiderant, in gratiam jam cum voluptate redeamus. Semper enim boni assiduique domini referta cella vinaria, olearia, etiam penaria est, villaque tota locuples est; abundat porco, haedo, agno, gallina, lacte, caseo, melle. Jam hortum ipsi agricolae succidiam alteram appellant. Conditiora facit haec supervacanei etiam operis aucupium atque venatio. 57. Quidde pratorum viriditate, aut arborum ordinibus, aut vinearum olivetorumque specie dicam ? Brevi praecidam. Agro bene culto nil potest esse nec usu uberius, nec specie ornatius ; ad quem fruendum non modo non retardat, veriim etiam invitat atque allectat, senectus. Ubi enim potest ilia aetas aut calescere vel apricatione melius, vel igni, aut 28 CICERONIS CATO MAJOR vicissim umbris aquisve refrigerari salubrius ? 58. Sibi igitur habeant arma, sibi equos, sibi hastas, sibi clavam, sibi pilam, sibi natationes et cursus ; nobis senibus ex lusionibus multis talos relinquant et tesseras : id ipsum tamen ut libebit, quoniam sine his beata esse senectus potest.

XVII. 59. Multas ad res perutiles Xenophontis libri sunt : quos legite, quaeso, studiose, ut facitis. Quam copiose ab eo agricultura laudatur in eo libro, qui est de tuenda re familiari, qui CEconomicus inscribitur ! Atque, ut intelligatis nihil ei tam regale videri, quam studium agri colendi, Socrates in eo libro loquitur cum Critobulo : Cyrum minorem, regem Persarum, praestantem ingenio atque imperii gloria, quum Lysander Lacedaemonius, vir summae virtutis, venisset ad eum Sardis, eique dona a sociis attulisset, et ceteris in rebus communem erga Lysandrum atque humanum fuisse, et ei quendam conseptum agrum diligenter consitum ostendisse. Quum autem admiraretur Lysander et proceritates arborum, et directos in quincuncem ordines, et humum subactam atque puram, et suavitatem odorum, qui afflarentur h floribus ; tum dixisse, mirari se non modo diligentiam sed etiam sollertiam ejus, a quo essent ilia dimensa atque descripta ; et ei Cyrum respondisse, Atqui ego omnia ista sum dimensus; mei sunt ordines, mea description multa etiam istarum arborum mea manu sunt sata. Tum Lysandrum, intuentem ejus purpuram et nitorem corporis ornatumque Persicum multo auro DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XVIII. 29 ttultisque gemmis, dixisse, Recti verb te, Cyre, beaturn ferunt, quoniam virtuti tuce fortuna con- juncta est. 60. Hac igitur fortuna frui licet senibus : nec aetas impedit quo minus et ceterarum rerum, et in primis agri colendi, studia teneamus usque ad ultimum tempus senectutis. M. quidem Valerium Corvum accepimus ad centesimum annum perduxisse, quum esset acta, jam aetate in agris, eosque coleret. Cujus inter primum et sextum consulatum sex et quadraginta anni interfuerunt. Ita quantum spatium aetatis majores nostri ad senectutis initium esse voluerunt, tantus illi cursus honorum fuit. Atque ejus extrema aetas hoc beatior, quam media, quod auctoritatis plus habebat, laboris vero minus. Apex autem senectutis est auctoritas. 61. Quanta fuit in L. Caecilio Metello ! Quanta in Atilio Calatino ! in quem illud elogium unicum, Plurimce consentiunt gentes fiopuli primarium fnisse virum. Notum est carmen incisum in sepulcro. Jure igitur gravis, cujus de laudibus omnium esset fama consentiens. Quem virum P. Crassum, nuper pontificem maximum, quem postea. M. Lepidum eodem sacerdotio praeditum, vidimus ! Quid de Paulo aut Africano loquar ? aut, ut jam ante, de Maximo ? quorum non in sententia solum, sed etiam in nutu residebat auctoritas. Habet senectus, honorata praesertim, tantam auctoritatem, ut ea pluris sit, quam omnes adolescentiae voluptates.

XVIII. 62. Sed in omni oratione mementote 30 CICERO NIS CATO MAJOR eam me laudare senectutem, quae fundamentis adolescentiae constituta sit. Ex quo id efficitur — quod ego magno quondam cum assensu omnium dixi — Miseram esse senectutem, quae se oratione defenderet. Non cani, non rugae repente auctoritatem arripere possunt, sed honeste acta superior aetas fructus capit auctoritatis extremos. 63. Haec enim ipsa sunt honorabilia, quae videntur levia atque communia — salutari, appeti, decedi, assurgi, deduci, reduci, consuli ; quae et apud nos, et in aliis civitatibus, ut quaeque optime morata, ita diligentissime observantur. Lysandrum Lacedae- monium, cujus modo mentionem feci, dicere aiunt solitum, Lacedaemone esse honestissimum domi- cilium senectutis : nusquam enim tantum tribuitur aetati, nusquam est senectus honoratior. Quinetiam memoriae proditum est, quum Athenis, ludis, quidam in theatrum grandis natu venisset, in magno consessu locum ei a suis civibus nusquam datum : quum autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legati quum essent, certo in loco consederant, con- surrexisse omnes et senem ilium sessum recepisse. 64. Quibus quum a cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex datus, dixisse ex iis quendam, Athen- ienses scire quae recta essent, i sed facere nolle. Multa in nostro collegio praeclara : sed hoc, de quo agimus, in primis, quod, ut quisque aetate antecedit, ita sententiae principatum tenet : neque solum honore antecedentibus, sed iis etiam, qui cum imperio sunt, majores natu augures anteponuntur. Quae sunt igitur voluptates corporis cum auctor- DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XIX. yt itatis praemiis comparandae ? Quibus qui splendide usi sunt, ii mihi videntur fabulam aetatis peregisse, nec, tamquam inexercitati histriones, in extreme- actu corruisse. 65. At sunt morosi, et anxii, et iracundi, et difficiles senes ; si quaerimus, etiam avari. Sed haec morum vitia sunt, non senectutis. Ac morositas tamen et ea vitia, quae dixi, habent aliquid excusa- tionis,nonillius quidem justae, sed quae probari posse videatur : contemni se putant, despici, illudi. Prae- terea in fragili corpore odiosa omnis offensio est. Quae tamen omnia dulciora sunt et moribus bonis et artibus ; idque tum in vita, tum in scena intelligi potest ex iis fratribus, qui in Adelphis sunt. Quanta in altero duritas, in altero comitas ! Sic se res habet : ut enim non omne vinum, sic non omnis aetas, vetustate coacescit. Severitatem in senectute probo, sed eam, sicut alia, modicam ; acerbitatem nullo modo. Avaritia vero senilis quid sibi velit non intelligo. Potest enim quidquam esse absurdius, quam quo minus viae restat, eo plus viatici quaerere?

XIX. 66. Quarta restat causa, quae maxime angere atque sollicitam habere nostram aetatem videtur, appropinquatio mortis ; quae certe a senec tute non potest longe abesse. O miserum senem, qui mortem contemnendam esse in tam longa aetate non viderit ! quae aut plane negligenda est, si omnino exstinguit animum ; aut etiam optanda, si aliquo eum deducit, ubi sit futurus aeternus. Atqui tertium eerte nihil inveniri potest. 67. Quid igitur timeam, si 32 CICERONIS CATO MAJOR aut non miser post mortem aut beatus etiam futurus sum ? Quamquam quis est tam stultus, quamvis sit adolescens, cui sit exploratum se ad vesperum esse victurum ? Quin etiam aetas ilia multo plures, quam nostra, mortis casus habet : facilius in morbos incidunt adolescentes ; gravius aegrotant; tristius curantur. Itaque pauci veniunt ad senectutem : quod ni ita accideret, melius et prudentius viveretur. Mens enim et ratio et consilium in senibus est ; qui si nulli fuissent, nullae omnino civitates essent. Sed redeo ad mortem impendentem. Quodillud est cri men senectutis, quum illudvideatis cum adolescentia esse commune ? 68. Sensi ego quum in optimo filio meo, tum in exspectatis ad amplissimam dignitat em fratribus tuis, Scipio, omni aetati mortem esse communem. At sperat adolescens diu se victurum : quod sperare idem senex non potest. Insipiente. sperat. Quid enim stultius, quam incerta procertis habere, falsa pro veris ? Senex, ne quod speret quidem, habet. At est eo meliore conditione quam adolescens, quum id, quod ille sperat, hic jam con- sequytus est. Ille vult diu vivere ; hic diu vixit. 69. Quamquam, 6 Dii boni ! quid est in hominis vita diu ! Da enim supremum tempus ; exspectemu.s Tartessiorum regis aetatem : fuit enim, ut scriptun\ video, Arganthonius quidam Gadibus, qui octoginta regnavit annos, centum et viginti vixit. Sed mihi ne diuturnum quidem quidquam videtur, in quo est aliquid extremum. Quum enim id advenit, tunc illud, quod praeteriit, effluxit : tantum remanet, quod virtute et recte factis consequutus sis. Hora; quidem DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XIX. 33 cedunt et dies et menses et anni ; nec praeteritum tempus unquam revertitur ; nec quid sequatur sciri potest. Quod cuique temporis ad vivendum datur, eo debet esse contentus. 70. Neque enim histrioni, ut placeat, peragenda est fabula ; modo, in quocumque fuerit actu, probetur ; nec sapienti usque ad Plandite veniendum. Breve enim tempus aetatis satis est longum ad bene honesteque vivend um : sin processeris longius, non magis dolendum est, quam agricolae dolent, praeterita verni temporis suavitate, aestatem autumnumque venisse. Ver enim tamquam adolescentiam significat, ostenditque fructus futuros : reliqua tempora demetendis fructibus et percipiendis accommodata sunt. 71. Fructus autem senectutis est, ut saepe dixi, ante partorum bonorum memoria et copia. Omnia vero, quae secundum naturam fiunt, sunt habenda in bonis. Quid est autem tam secundum naturam, quam senibus emori ? quod idem contingit adolescentibus, adversante et repugnante natura. Itaque adolescentes mori sic mihi videntur, ut quum aquae multitudine vis flammae opprimitur ; senes autem, sicut sua sponte, nulla adhibita vi, consumptus ignis exstinguitur. Et quasi poma ex arboribus, si cruda sunt, vi avelluntur, si matura et cocta, decidunt ; sic vitam adolescentibus vis aufert, senibus matur- itas. Quae mihi quidem tam jucunda est, ut, quo propiiis ad mortem accedam, quasi terram videre videar, aliquandoque in portum ex longa navigatione. esse venturus. Cato Major. 34 C1CER0NIS CATO MAJOR XX. 72. Omnium Eetatum certus est terminus : senectutis autem nullus certus est terminus ; recte- que in ea. vivitur, quoad munus officii exsequi et tueri possis, et tamen mortem contemnere. Ex quo fit, ut animosior etiam senectus sit quam adolescentia, et fortior. Hoc illud est, quod Pisistrato tyranno a Solone responsum est, quum illi quaerenti, Qua tandem spe fretus sibi tarn audaciter obsisterei, respondisse dicitur, Senectute. Sed vivendi finis est optimus, quum, integra mente ceterisque sensibus, opus ipsa suum eadem, quae coagmentavit, natura dissolvit. Ut navem, ut aedificium, idem destruit facillime, qui construxit : sic hominem eadem optime, quae conglutinavit, natura dissolvit. Jam omnis conglutinatio recens aegre, inveterata facile, divellitur. Ita fit, ut illud breve vitae reliquum nec avide appetendum senibus, nec sine causa deserend- um sit : vetatque Pythagoras injussu Imperatoris, id est dei, de prassidio et statione vitae decedere. 73. Solonis quidem sapientis elogium est, quo se negat velle suam mortem dolore amicorum et lamentis vacare. Vult, credo, se esse carum suis. Sed haud scio an melius Ennius : Nemo me lacrimis decoret, nee fnnera fletu Faxit. 74. Non censet lugendam esse mortem, quam im- mortalitas consequatur. Jam sensus moriendi aliquis esse potest, isque ad exiguum tempus, praesertim seni : post mortem quidem sensus aut optandus aut nullus est. Sed hoc meditatum ab adolescentia DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XX. 35 debet esse, mortem ut negligamus : sine qua medit- atione tranquillo esse animo nemo potest. Moriend- um enim certe est ; et id incertum, an eo ipso die. Mortem igitur omnibus horis impendentem timens qui poterit animo consistere ? 75. De qua non ita longa disputaticme opus esse videtur, quum recorder, non solum L. Brutum, qui in liberanda patria est interfectus ; non duos Decios, qui ad voluntariam mortem cursum equorum incitaverunt ; non M. Atilium, qui ad supplicium est profectus, ut fidem hosti datam conservaret ; non duos Scipiones, qui iter Poenis vel corporibus suis obstruere voluerunt ; non avum tuum, L. Paullum, qui morte luit college in Cannensi ignominia temeritatem : non M. Mar- cellum, cujus interitum ne crudelissimus quidem hostis honore sepulturae carere passus est : sed legiones nostras, quod scripsi in Originibus, in eum saepe locum profectas alacri animo et erecto, unde se nunquam redituras arbitrarentur. Quod igitur adolescentes, et ii quidem non solum indocti, sed etiam rustici, contemnunt, id docti senes extime- scent ? 76. Omnino, ut mihi quidem videtur, studiorum omnium satietas vitae facit satietatem. Sunt pueritiae certa studia : num igitur ea desiderant adolescentes ? Sunt et ineuntis adolescentiae : num ea jam constans requirit aetas, quae media dicitur ? Sunt etiam hujus aetatis : ne ea quidem quaeruntur a senectute. Sunt extrema quaedam studia senectutis : ergo, ut superiorum aetatum studia occidunt, sic occidunt etiam senectutis. Quod quum evenit, satietas vitae tempus maturum mortis affert. D 2 36 CICERO NIS CATO MAJOR XXI. yy. Equidem non video cur quid ipse sentiam de morte non audeam vobis dicere : quod eo melius mihi cernere videor, quo ab ea propius absum. Ego vestros patres, P. Scipio, tuque, C. Laeli, viros clarissimos mihique amicissimos, vivere arbitror ; et eam quidem vitam, quae est sola vita nominanda. Nam, dum sumus in his inclusi com- pagibus corporis, munere quodam necessitatis et gravi opere perfungimur : est enim animus ccelestis ex>altissimo domicilio depressus et quasi demersus in terram, locum divinae naturae aeternitatique con- trarium. Sed credo Deos immortales sparsisse animos in corpora humana, ut essent, qui terras tu- erentur, quique, ccelestium ordinem contemplantes, imitarentur eum vitae modo atque constantia. Nec me solum ratio ac disputatio impulit, ut ita cred- erem ; sed nobilitas etiamsummorum philosophorum et auctoritas. 78. Audiebam Pythagoram Pyth- agoreosque, incolas paene nostros, qui essent Italici philosophi quondam nominati, nunquam dubitasse, quin ex universa mente divina delibatos animos haberemus. Demonstrabantur mihi praeterea, quae Socrates supremo vitae die de immortalitate animorum disseruisset, is, qui esset omnium sapientissimus oraculo Apollinisjudicatus. Quidmulta? Sic mihi persuasi, sic sentio : quum tanta celeritas animorum sit, tanta memoria praeteritorum, futurorum- que prudentia, tot artes, tantae scientiae, tot inventa, non posse eam naturam, quae res eas contineat, esse mortalem : quumque semper agitetur animus, nec principium motus habeat, quia se ipse moveat, ne DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XXII. 37 finem quidem habiturum esse motus, quia nunquam se ipse sit relicturus : et, quum simplex animi natura esset, neque haberet in se quidquam admistum dis- parsui atque dissimile,non posse eum dividi ; quodsi non possit, non posse interire : magnoque esse argumento homines scire pleraque ante quam nati sint, quod jam pueri, quum artes difficiles discant, ita celeriter res innumerabiles arripiant, ut eas non tum primum accipere videantur, sed reminisci et recordari. Haec Plato noster.

XXII. 79. Apud Xenophontem autem, moriens Cyrus Major haec dicit : — Nolite arbitrari, o mihi carissimifilii,me,quum a vobis discessero,nusquam aut nullum fore. Nee enim, dum eram vobiscum, animum meum videbatis : sed eum esse in hoc corpore, ex lis rebus quas gerebam, intelligebatis. Eundem igitur esse creditote, etiam si nullum videbitis. 80. Nee verb clarorum virorum post mortem honores .permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi effic- erent, quo diutius memoriam sui teneremus. Mihi quidem nunquam persuaderi potuit animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, viverej quum ex- issent ex Us, emori : nee verb, [turn"] animum esse insipientem, quum ex insipienti corpore evasissetj sed quum omni admixtione corporis liberatus purus et integer esse cwpisset, turn esse sapientem. Atque etiam, quum hominis natura morte dissolvitur, ceterarum rerum perspicuum est quo quceque dis- cedant : abeunt enim illuc omnia, unde orta suntj animus autem solus, nee quum adest, nee quum dis 38 CICERONIS CATO MAJOR cedit, apparet. Jam verb videlis nihil esse morti tam simile, quamsomnum. 81. Alqui dormientium animi maxime declarant divinitatem suam : multa enim, quum remissi et liberi sunt, futura pro- spiciunt. Ex quo intelligitur, quales futuri sint, quum se plane corporis vinculis relaxaverint. Quare si hac ita sunt, sic me colitote ut Deum; sin una est interiturUs animus cum corpore, vos tamen, Deos verentes, qui hanc omnem pulchritudinem tu- entur et regunt, memoriam nostri pie inviolateque servabitis. Cyrus quidem haec moriens.

XXIII. 82. Nos, si placet, nostra videamus. Nemo unquam mihi, Scipio, persuadebit, aut patrem tuum Paullum, aut duos avos, Paullum et Afric- anum, aut Africani patrem aut patruum, aut mul- tos praestantes viros, quos enumerare non est necesse, tanta esse conatos, quae ad posteritatis memoriam pertinerent, nisi animo cernerent posteritatem ad se pertinere. An censes — ut de me ipso aliquid more senum glorier — me tantos labores diurnos nocturnosque domi militiaeque suscepturum fuisse, si iisdem finibus gloriam meam, quibus vitam, essem terminaturus ? Nonne melius multo fuisset otiosam aetatem et quietam sine ullo labore et con- tentione traducere ? Sed, nescio quomodo, animus erigens se posteritatem semper ita prospiciebat, quasi, quum excessisset e vita, tum denique victurus esset. Quod quidem ni ita se haberet, ut animi immortales essent, haud optimi cujusque animus maxime ad immortalitatem gloriae niteretur. DE SENECTUTE, CAP. XXIII. 39 83. Quid, quod sapientissimus quisque aequissimo animo moritur, stultissimus iniquissimo ? Nonne vobis videtur animus is, qui plus cernat et longius, videre se ad meliora proficisci : ille autem, cujus ob- tusior sit acies, non videre ? Equidem efferor studio patres vestros, quos colui et dilexi, videndi : neque vero eos solum convenire aveo, quos ipse cognovi ; sed illos etiam, de quibus audivi, et legi, et ipse conscripsi. Quo quidem me profici seen tem haud sane quis facile retraxerit, neque tamquam Peljam recoxerit. Quod si quis deus mihi largiatur, ut ex hac aetate repuerascam et in cunis vagiam, valde recusem. Nec verb velim, quasi decurso spatio, ad carceres a calce revocari. 84. Quid enim habet vita commodi ? quid non potius laboris ? Sed habeat sane ; habet certe tamen aut satietatem aut modum. Non libet enim mihi deplorare vitam, quod multi, et ii docti, saepe fecerunt : neque me vixisse pcenitet, quoniam ita vixi, ut non frustra me natum existimem ; et ex vita ita discedo, tamquam ex hospitio, non tamquam ex domo. Commorandi enim natura deversorium nobis, non habitandi locum dedit. 85. O praeclarum diem, quum ad illud divinum animorum concilium ccetumque proficiscar, quumque ex hac turba et colluvione discedam ! Proficiscar enim non ad eos solum viros, de quibus ante dixi, sed etiam ad Catonem meum ; quo nemo vir melior natus est, nemo pietate praestantior ; cujus a. me corpus crematum est — quod contra decuit ab illo meum — animus vero non me deserens, sed respectans, in 40 CICERONIS CA TO MAJOR, &c. ea profecto loca discessit, quo mihi ipsi cernebat esse veniendum. Quem ego meum casum fortiter ferre visus sum : non quod aequo animo ferrem ; sed me ipse consolabar, existimans non longinquum inter nos digressum et discessum fore. 86. His mihi rebus, Scipio, — id enim te cum Laelio admirari solere dixisti — levis est senectus, nec solum non molesta, sed etiam jucunda. Quddsi in hoc erro, quod animos hominum immortales esse credam, libenter erro ; nec mihi hunc errorem, quo delector, dum vivo, extorqueri volo. Sin mortuus — ut quidam minuti philosophi consent — nihil sentiam, non vereor ne hunc errorem meum mortui philosophi irrideant. Quodsi non sumus immortales futuri, tamen exstingui homini suo tempore optabile est. Nam habet natura, ut aliarum omnium rerum, sic vivendi modum : senectus autem peractio anatis est tamquam fabulae ; cujus defatigationem fugere debemus, praesertim adjuncta satietate. Haec habui de Senectute quae dicerem : ad quam utinam perveniatis ! ut ea, quas ex me audistis, re experti probare possitis. VOCABULARY ABBREVIATIONS. a. or act. , . active. irr. or irreg. . irregular. abbrev. . . . abbreviation. . masculine. abl ablative. n. or neut. neuter. ace accusative. nom. . nominative. ace. to . . . according to. num. numeral. adj adjective. obsol. obsolete. adv adverb. J opposed,oppos- c = cum . . with. opp. . 1 ite. cf. = confer . compare. ord. . ordinal. comm. gen. common gender. P- page. i comparative P. or part. . . participle. comp. degree. pa. ... . participial adj. conj conjunction. pass. . . . passive. contr. . . . contracted. perf. .... perfect. dat dative. pers. . . . person, personal. deel declension. pluperf. . . pluperfect. def. defect. . defective. plur plural. dem. demonstr. demonstrative. pos positive degree. dep deponent. poss. . . . possessive. desid. . . . desiderative. prep. . . . preposition. dissyll. . . . dissyllable. pres. . . . present. distr. . . . distributive. prob. . . . probably. esp especially. pron. . . . pronou n . etym. . . . etymology. q.v quod vide. f. feminine. rel relative. MM. Ml*. .{ftoXdg. fo1' Sans. . . . Sanscrit. semi-dep. . . semi-deponent. fr from. sing. . . . singular. freq frequentative. subj . ... subjunctive. fut future. gen genitive. gov governing. »p m?„ttive- Gr Greek. Hist. Inf. . Historic Intinitive. trisyll. . . . trisyllable. imperf. . imperfect. t. t technical term. impers. . . . impersonal. uncontr. . . uncontracted. inch. . . . . inchoative. v. a verb active. ind. or indie. . indicative. v. dep. . . . verb deponent. indecl. . . . indeclinable. v. n verb neuter. indef. . . . indetinite. voc vocative. inf. or iniin. . iniinitive. = equal to. intens. . . . intensive. (paragraph. in interj. . . . interjection. Public Schools interrog. . . interrogative. Latin Primer. N.B. — The tigures before v. a., v. dep., and v. n., denote the conjugation of the verb. Where the etymology is not given, the word is of very un certain or unknown origin. Such forms and meanings of words, as do not belong to the text, are not inserted in the Vocabulary. VOCABULARY.

Cicero's treatise entitled Cato Major de Senectute was written towards the close of s.C. 45, or at the beginning of B.C. 44. It is addressed to T. Pomponius Atticus, then in his sixty-eighth year, while Cicero himself was sixty-two or sixty-three years of age. Its plan and design are as follows. Sclpio ^Emilianus and Laslius are represented as visiting Cato the Elder, then in his eighty-fourth year, during the consulship of T. guinctius Flaminmus and M'. Acilius Balbus (i.e. b.c. 15o), and as being greatly struck at his bodily vigour and cheerful frame of mind. Hereupon they beg of him to point out how the weight of increasing years may be most easily supported. He complies with their request, and gives his views on the subject in question. In the older editions of Cicero this work is called Cato Major sive de Senectute. The best modern editors omit trve; whereby the opinions expressed are represented as coming directly from the mouth of Cato himself.

N.B. — For Addenda see p. 187.

ab (a), prep. gov. abl. : 1. abs-tergeo, tersi, tersum, From, away from. — 2. From, tergere, 2. v. a. (also abs- down from. — 3. In time : tergo, tergere, 3. v. a.) [abs After, from. — 4. From, of, a (= ab), "from"; tergeo or person, etc. — 5. To denote the tergo, " to wipe away "] (" To agent : By, by means of [akin wipe away from "; hence) To to Gr. far-6 ; Sans. ap-a~\. wipe out or away ; to remove, ab-eo, ivi or ii, Hum, Ire, obliterate, etc. T. n. [ab, "away"; eo, "to absterserim, perf. subj. of go " j To go away or depart. abstergeo. abs-ens, entis, adj. [abs abs-trabo, traxi, tractum, tam, " to be absent "] Absent. trahere, 3. v. a. [abs (= ab), vM 44 VOCABULARY. " away "; traho, " to draw "] ac-cido, cldi, no sup., cid- (" To draw away "; hence) To ere, 3. v. n. [for ad-cado ; f r. withdraw, remove. ad, " upon "; cado, "to fall"] ab-sum, foi, esse, v. n. [ab, ("To fall upon"; hence) To " away from "; sum, " to be "] fall out, happen, come to pass. 1. To be away from a place or ac-cipio, cepi, ceptum, cip- person; to be absent or distant. ere, 3. v. a. [for ad-capTo ; fr. —2. To be wanting. ad, " to " ; capTo, " to take "] ab-surdus, surda, surdum, (" To take to " one's self ; adj . [ab, in " intensive " force ; hence) 1. To receive. — 2. Ment surdus, " deaf "; hence, " deaf ally : To learn, hear, etc. — or not listening " to a thing ; Pass. : ac-cipior, ceptus sum, hence, " without understand cipi. ing "] In a high degree with ac-commodo, commodavi, out understanding, senseless, commodatum, commodare, 1. stupid, absurd, (jgj" Comp. : v. a. [for ad-commodo ; fr. absurd-lor ; (Sup. : absurd- ad, " to "; commttdo, " to ad issimus). just "] (" To adjust " a thing abund-e, adv. [abund-us, " to " something else ; hence) "copious, abundant"] ("After With Dat. : To fit, or adapt, the manner of the abundus "; to ; to suit to. — Pass. : ac- hence) Copiously, abundantly, commodor, commodatus sum, in abundance. commSdari. ab-und-o, avi, atum, are, accub-itio, Ttionis, f. [ac- 1. v. n. [ab, "from above"; cilb-o, "to lie down"] A und-a, " water "] (" To water lying down, a reclining. from above"; hence, "to over ac-cus-o, avi, atum, are, 1. flow"; hence) With Abl. : To v. a. [for ad-caus-o; fr. 3d, overflow with something ; to "to"; caus-a, "a judicial pro have an abundance, or super, cess "] (" To bring to a judic abundance, of; to abound in. ial process"; hence, "to ac ac ; see atque. cuse"; hence) To complain ac-cedo, cessi, cessum, ced- of or against a person, etc. ; ere, 3. v. n. [for ad-cedo ; fr. to find fault with, blame, ad, " to "; cedo, " to go "] 1. censure, etc. To go to or up to ; to draw acerb-Itas, itatis, f. [acerb- near, approach. — 2. To be us, "harsh"] ("The quality added. of the acerbus " ; hence) acceptus, a, um, P. perf. Harshness, moroseness, sever pass. of accIpTo. ity. 't VOCABULARY. 45 ac-Ies, ISi, f. [ac, root of ducere, 3. v. a. [ad, "to"; ac-iio, " to sharpen "] (" An duco, " to lead "] (" To lead edge or sharp edge "; hence) to"; hence) With ut c. Subj.: Of the eyes: 1. Keen glance To induce one to be, etc. — or look. — 2. Power of vision, Pass. : ad-ducor, ductus sum, sight. duci. AcHins, ii, m. Acilius Adelphi, drum, m. plur. (Manias), surnamed Balbus ; The Adelphi or Brothers; consul with T. Flamininus the name of one of the plays Qninctins, B.C. 150; see Flam of Terence [Gr. aSe\

agr-i, "a field"] 1. Of, or be Phrase : Quod aiunt, Which longing to, the fields or coun they (i. e. men in general) say try ; field-. — 2. Boorish, un = no 1. a. — d. To speak of, cultivated in manners. — 3. etc. [akin to Sans. root ah, or Cruel, savage. agh, "to say, speak "]. agr-i-col-a, a?, m. [ager, Ajax, acis, m. Ajax ; son agr-i, "land"; (i) connecting of Telamon, king of Salamis ; vowel ; cS1-o, " to till "] A one of the Greek heroes in the tiller of the land, a cultivator Trojan War renowned for his of the ground, a husband bravery [Gr. Afas]. man. Albums, i, m. Albinus agr-i-cul-tiira, tares, f. (Spurius), consul B.C. 186. [for agr-i-col-tura ; fr. ager, The principal circumstance agr-i, "a field "; (i) connecting which occurred in his year of vowel; cS1o, "to till"] A office was the suppression of tilling of the land; tillage, the worship of Bacchus at agriculture. Rome. ah, interj. Ah! alas! all- as, adv. [iili-us, "an Ahala, m, m. Ahala (C. other "] 1. At another time. Servilius); master of the — 2. Repeated : alias . . . alias, horse to L. Quinetius Cincin- at one time . . . at another natus. He summoned Moelius time. — 3. With plerumque in (see Mselius) to appear before the place of the second alias : the dictator Cincinnatus, and At one time (sometimes) . . . on his refusal killed him on for the most part (in general); the spot. For this he was xv. 51. subsequently brought to trial, aliqu-ando, adv. [aliqu-i, and only escaped condemnation "some"] ("At some time"; by going into voluntary exile. hence) 1. Sometimes, occasion aio, v. defect. n. and a. : 1. ally.— 2. At length, at last. Neut. : a. To say, speak, utter ali-qni, qua, quod (Gen. speech. — Phrase: Ut aiunt, aliefl jus ; Dat. alien i ; Plur. As they (i. e. men in general) ali-qui, qua?, qua), indef. pron. say, as men say, as the saying adj. [ali-us, "another"; qui is. — b. To say "yes" (opp. to (indefinite pron.), " any "] nego).— 2. Act. : a. With Ace. (" Another be it any"; hence) of thing : To assert, state, Some. say, a. thing. — b. With Ob ali-quis, quid (Gen. ali- jective clause : To assert, etc., cujus; Dat. alicui ; Fem. that something is, etc,—0. I Sing, and Neut. Plur. not VOCABULARY. 5i used), indetfpron. subst. [alius, al-tus, ta, tum, adj. [al-o, " another "; quis, " who "; " to nourish "] (" Nourished, " another be it who it may "] grown great by nourishment"; Someone, somebody, any one; hence) High, lofty, whether something. — Neut. with Gen. actually or figuratively. ggfT of 1st or 2nd decl. : Something (Comp. : alt-ior) ; Sup. : alt- of = some. issimus. aliquo, adv. [adverbial amb-Itio, itionis, f. [nml> nent. abl. of Sliqui, " some "] 1o, " to go round "; hence, Somewhither, to some place. *' to canvass " for an office by al-ius, ia, lud (Gen. alius; going round to the voters] Dat. alii), adj. : 1. Another, (" A canvassing " for votes in other of many. — As Subst. : a lawful manner; hence) A a. Masc. : (a) Sing. : alius, desire or longing for honour ; Another person, another. — ambition. (b) Plur. : alii, Other per Ambivius, ii, m. Ambivius sons, others. — b. Neut. : (a) (Turpio); a celebrated actor Sing. : ftllud, Another thing. in the time of Terence. — (b) Plur.: alia, Other amic-itia, itTao, f. [amic-us, things. — 2. Repeated in any " a friend "] (" The quality of cases, and whether as adj. or the amicus "; hence) Friend subst. : a. Sing. : One . . . an ship. other. — b. Plur. : Some . . . 1. am-Icus, Tea, icum, adj. other. — As Subst. : alii . . . [am-o, "to love"] Loving, alii, some (persons) . . . others friendly, kind. — As Subst. : [akin to Gr. SA-Aos]. amicus, i, m. A friend. ggp allee-to, tavi, tatum, tare, (Comp. : amic-ior) ; Sup. : v. a. intens. [for allac-to ; fr. amic-issimns. allicio, " to allure," through 2. amicus, i ; see 1. iim-icus. verbal root AllAc (= ad; lae, amissus, a, um, P. perf. root of lacio] To allure, en pass. of amitto. tice much or often. a-mitto, mlsi, missum, al-ter, tern, terum (Gen. mittere, 3. v. a. [5, "from"; alterins; Dat. nlteri), adj. mitto, " to let go "] (" To let Sakin to iil-ius, "another"] go from one; to let slip"; . Another, the other, of two: hence) To lose. — Puss. : a- — alter . . . alter, the one . . . m it tor, missus sum, mitti. the other. — 2. As a numerals am-o, avi, atum, are, 1. secundus : The second, the v. a. To love [akin to Sans. next ; see v. 15, etc. root kAM, " to love "]. 52 VOCABULARY.

am-or, oris, m. [am-o, "to nicus (Livius) ; an early Latin love"] Love. poet, born at Tarentum about am-pl-us, a, um, adj. [am B.C. 240 [Gr. 'AvSp6viKos, (= ambi), " around "; pl-eo, " Conqueror of men "]. " to fill "] (" Filled around "; ango, anxi, anctum and hence, "of large extent"; anxum, angSie, 3. v. a. (" To hence) 1. Magnificent, splend draw, or press, tight ; to id. — 2. Noble, distinguished, squeeze "; hence) To vex, tor illustrious. tgJF Comp. : ampl- ment, trouble, distress. — N.B. Tor; Sup.: ampl-issimus. The perf. ind. and sup. act., amputa-tio, tionis, f. [am- and the part. perf. pass. de put(a)o, "to lop off "] A pend on the statements in the lopping off, or pruning, of Grammarians [Gr. &yxa]- branches, etc. anim-osus, osa, osum, adj. am-puto, putavi, piltatum, [anim-us, " courage "] (" Full putiire, 1. v. a. [am, abbrevi of animus "; hence) Courage ated f r. ambi, " around"; piito, ous, bold, spirited. S5F" in force of " to lop or prune " Comp. : animos-Tor ; (Sup. : trees, etc.\ (" To lop, etc , animos-issimus.) around"; hence) To lop off, an-imus, imi, m. : 1. The prune, a tree, vine, etc. rational soul in man, as opp. an, conj. [prob. a primitive to the body and physical life. word] 1. Introducing the — 2. Mind. — 3. Character, second half of a disjunctive disposition, etc. — 4. Courage, sentence : Or ? — utrum . . . spirit, etc. [akin to Sans. root an, whether . . . or? — 2. After an, " to blow or breathe "]. a preceding question, from an-nus, ni, m. (" That which must be supplied the which goes round, a circuit"; first half of a disjunctive sent hence) Of time : A year : — ence : Or not ? — cf. vi. 15, multis annis (ante), many quibus 1 an iis, etc. ; where years (previously), Abl. of time before the clause an Us must " when " [§ 120], ix. 27 [akin be supplied aliisne ? Render : to Sans. root am, "to go"; am- From what (matters ?) (Is it all, " time "; also to Gr. Zv- from others /) Or is it not vos = £v-icivr6s, " a year "]. from those, etc.? This mode ante, adv. and prep. : 1. of construction implies that Adv. : Before, previously: — the answer cannot be doubt ante quam, before that. ful. — 2. Prep. gov. ace. : Be Andronlcus, i, in, Andro- fore, whether in place or VOCABULAR Y. 53 time [akin to Sans, at i, " be hence, " to torment "] (" Tor yond"; Gr. civrI, "over a- mented "; hence) Anxious gainst "]. troubled, solicitous. ante-cedo, cessi, cessum, apex, icis, m. ("A point, cedere, 3. v. n. [ante, " be extremity"; hence, "a diadem, fore"; cedo, "to go"] ("To crown "; hence, in figurative go before "; hence) With re force) A crown, i. e. the high ference to age : To precede, est ornament, etc. be more advanced, etc. a-p-is, is, f. (" The drinker ante-hac, adv. [prob. for or sipper " of the dew, juice ante- banc ; f r. ante, " before " of flowers, etc. ; hence) The in time ; hanc, fem. ace. sing. bee [akin to Sans. root pi, "to of hie, " this "] (" Before this"; drink "; the a is a prefix]. hence, with reference to time Apollo, Iiiis, m. Apollo, the past) Formerly, previously, sun-god, son of Jupiter and before this, etc. ; — at vi. 16, in Latona, and brother of Diana. quotation from Ennius, pro — The oracle of Apollo spoken nounced as a dissyllable. of at xxi. 78 was at Delphi, a ante-pono, pSsiii, pSsitum, city of Pbocis in ancient N. ponEre, 3. v. a. [ante, " be Greece [Gr. 'Air6\\av]. fore "; pono, " to put "] ap-pareo, pariii, parTtum, (" To put, or place, before "; parere, 2. v. n. [for nd-pareo ; hence) To prefer. — Pass.: fr. ad, " at "; pareo, " to ap ante-ponor, positus sum, pear "] (" To appear at " some poni. place, etc. ; hence) To come or antlqui, orum ; see ant- be in sight; to appear, be Iqnus. seen, be visible ; to show one's antiqu-itas, itatis, f. [nnt- self, etc. Iqu-us, " ancient "] (" The ap-pell-o, Svi, atum, are, condition, or quality, of the 1. v. a. [for ad-pell-o; fr. anfiquus "; hence) Antiquity. ad, " towards "; pell-o, " to ant-iquus, Tqua, Iqumn, bring"] (In reflexive force: adj. [ant-e, " before "] (" Be " To bring one's self to " a longing to ante "; hence) person in order to address Former, ancient, old. — . As J him, etc. ; hence) 1. To ad Subst. : antiqui, orum, in. dress, accost, speak to. — 2. : plur. Those of former, or old, a. With second Ace. [§ 99] : time; the ancients. To call a person, or thing, anxius, ia, Tum, adj. [for ang- that which is denoted by sec sTus; fr. ango, " to squeeze"; ond Ace. — b. Pass. with Nom. 54 VOCABULARY.

[§ 87, D, a] : To be called or tive pron., or of a proper name: named. — Pass. : ap-pell-or, At or in the house, etc., of : — atus sum, ari. apud regem Pyrrhum, at the ap-peto, petivi or petii, pet- court of king Pyrrhus, xiii. 43. Itum, petere, 3. v. a. [for ad- — 3. Among, amongst, with per peto; fr. ad, " to or towards"; sons. — 4. Before, in the pre peto, "to seek or go to"] ("To sence of— 5. In an author or seek, or go, to or towards"; work.— 6. At, near, in a place. hence) To seek or strive after; aqu-a, se, f.: 1. Water. — 2. to endeavour to get or obtain. A stream [akin to Sans, op, — Pass. : ap-petor, petltus " water "]. sum, peti. arbitr-OK, atus sum, ari, Appius, li, m. Appius; a 1. v. dep. [arbIter, arbltr-i, Roman prsenomen ; see Claud "an umpire"] ("To act the ius. part of an arbiter"; hence) ap-porto, porta vi, porta tum, To hold as true in one's mind ; portare, 1. v. a. [for ad.porto; to suppose, deem, consider, fr. ad, " to or up "; porto, "to regard, think, etc. carry "] To carry, or bring to, arbor, oris, f. A tree. a person ; to bring up, convey, arbus-tum, ti,n. [forarbos- etc. tum; fr. arbos (= arbor), appropinqua-tio, tlonis, f. arbSs-is, " a tree "; see arbor] [appriipinqu(a)-o, " to ap ("A thing — here, place — pro proach "] An approaching or vided with arbos "; hence, " a drawing near; approach. plantation where vines are aprica-tio, tionis, f. [apric- trained to the trees "; hence) (a)-or, "to sun one's self"] A vineyard ; see vluSa. A sunning one's self, a bask ar-ces-so, sIvi, situm, sere, ing in the sun. 3. v. a. [for ar-ced-so; fr. ar ap-tus, ta, tum, adj. [ob- (= ad), " to"; ced.o, "to go"] sol. ap-To, "to lay hold of"] (In causative force: "To cause ("Laying hold of"; hence, to go, or come, to " one ; hence) "fitted to "something; hence) To call, summon, send for, Suitable, Jit, proper, ap etc. — Pass. : ar-oes-sor, situs propriate. gig?" Comp. : apt- sum, (inf. as if of 4th Conj.) siri. Tor ; Sup. : apt-issimus. Arohytas, al, m. Archytas; ap-ud, prep, gov.acc. [prob. a Pythagorean philosopher of obsol. ap-o, ap-To, " to lay hold Tarentum. Ho is mentioned of]'] 1. With, near to 2. by Horace, Od. i. 28 [Qr. With Ace. of personal or rela JApXvras2. VOCABULARY. 55 areas, us, m. A bow. etc.; hence) To seize upon, ard-or, oris, m. [ard-eo, lag hold of. " to burn, be on fire "] (" A ar-s, tis, f. : 1. Art, skill, burning"; hence) Of the sun: etc. — 2. A profession, calling. Burning heat. — 3. Art, science, etc. — 4. Arganthonius, ii, m. Arg- Morally : a. Cunning, fraud, anthonius ; a king of Gades artifice. — b. Habit, practice, (now Cadiz) and of the Tar- quality [either akin to &p-a, tessii. "to join," and so, "a joining"; argu-mentum, menti, n. or fr. ar-o, " to plough," and [argu-o, " to prove "] (" That so "a ploughing," as the which proves"; hence) Aproof, earliest and most important argument. act of skill]. arista, se, f. : 1. The beard art-Iculus, iciili, m. dim. of an ear of corn. — 2. An ear [art-us, "a joint "] 1. Of per of corn. sons : A small joint. — 2. Of Aristides, is, m.: l.Aristid- trees, plants, etc. : A small es ; an Athenian noted for joint, a knot. his love of justice. — 2. Used arx, arcis, f. [for arc-s ; fr. indefinitely of any Athenian arc-eo, "to enclose"] ("The citizen : An Arislides ; vii. enclosing thing"; hence) A 21 [Gr. 'ApurrelSys]. citadel, fortress. Aristo, onis, m. Aristo ; a a-scendo, scendi, scensum, Stoic philosopher of Chios, scendere, 3. v. a. [for ad-scand- who flourished about B.C. 260 o ; fr. ad, in " augmentative " [Gr. 'Apiara*]. force ; scando, " to mount "] ar-ma, morum, n. plur. Of a horse as Object : To (" Things adapted " to any mount. purpose ; hence) For war, etc.: aspec-tus, tus, m. [aspicTo, Arms, weapons [akin to &p-a, " to look at "; through verbal "to adapt"]. root aspec ( :=: ad ; spec, root of ar-o, avi, atum, are, 1. v. a. specTo)] ("A looking at"; and n. : 1. Act. : To plough. hence) Of things: Appearance, — 2. Neut. : To plough, to look. pursue agriculture, to till the a-spernor, spernatus sum, ground [Gr. ap-6a] spernari, 1. v. dep. [a ( = ab), ar-rlplo, ripiii, reptum, " away from "; spernor, " to ripere, 3. v. a. [for ad-raplo ;" spurn "] (" To spurn away fr. ad, " to "; rapio, "to seize, from " one's self ; hence) To etc.] I" To seize to " one's self, disdain, scorn, despise. 56 VOCABULARY.

a-spicio, spexi, spectum, ancient N. Greece. — Hence, spicere, 3. v. a. [for ad-specio ; Athea-Iensis, iense, adj. Of, f r. ad, " on or upon "; specio, or belonging to, Athens; "to look"] To look at, on, Athenian. — As Subst.: Athen- or upon ; to behold, see. lensis, is, m. An Athenian assen-sus, sus, m. [for as- [Gr. 'ABfivai]. sent-sus ; fr. assent-io, " to as athleta, ao, m . A combatant sent "] An assenting, assent. in the public games ; a wrestl assentior, sensns sum, sent- er, athlete, etc. [Gr. dflA7rri)s]. iri, 4. v. dep. n. [old deponent Atilius, ii, m. Atilius, a form of assentlo, " to assent "] Roman name : 1. see Calatlnus. With Dat. : To assent, or give — 2. Marcus Atilius Segulus, assent to ; to approve of. who, when sent to Rome by as-sequor, siquGtus sum, the Carthaginians to treat for sequi, 3. v. dep. [for ad- an exchange of prisoners and sequor; fr. ad, "up to"; a cessation of arms, dissuaded sequor, "to follow"] ("To the senate from peace. For follow up to"; hence) To gain, this he was cruelly put to obtain. death on his return to Car assid-nns, fia, iiuiu, adj. thage ; xz. 75. [assld-eo, "to sit down"] at-que (contr. ac), conj. (" Sitting down "; hence) 1. [for ad-que ; fr. ad, " in addi Constantly remaining some tion"; que, "wad"] And also ; where ; continually present and. — Particular combina or residing. — 2. Unremitting tions : a. In comparisons : As. as-surgo, surrexi, surrec- — b. With comparative ad tum, surgere, 3. v. n. [for adjectives, or words expressing surgo ; fr. ad, " up "; surgo, dissimilarity, difference, con "to rise"] ("To rise up, lift trariety, etc. : Than. — c. After one's self up"; hence) 1. To adjectives or adverbs of like- rise up to one as a mark of ness, etc. : As, with. respect. — 2. Iuipers. Inf. Pass.: atqui, conj. But yet, and assurgi, To be risen up to ; yet, notwithstanding, never- xviii. 63. theless ; also simply, but. St (ast), conj. But, yet Atticus, i, m. Atticus; a [akin to Suns. atha, Gr. &t- surname given to the Roman dp). knight Titus Pomponius from Athens, arum, f. plur. his long residence amongst the Athens (now Alini); the chief Athenians and his acquaint city of Attica, a country of ance with their literature. VOCABULARY. 57 According to Cornelius Nepos, hence, "a producing" of a he inherited from his father thing; hence) 1. Weight of a moderate fortune, from his character, influence, authority. maternal uncle a very large —2. Political t. t. : The will one. His income appears to or authority of the Senate. — have been spent in acts of 3. Of things : Importance, kindness and liberality, rather weight, etc.; — at i. 3 auctor- than on personal gratification; itatis is Gen. of " thing mea while his house was the resort sured " after parum [§ 131]. of those who preferred intel aucup-ium, ii, n. [auciip- lectual entertaiument to the or, "to go bird-catching luxuries of the table. At or fowling "] Bird-catching, tached to no political party, fowling. his amiability of disposition audac-iter, adv. [audax, and the refinement of his audac-is, "bold"] ("After manners procured for him the the manner of the audax"; favour of all. At different hence) Boldly. periods of his life he was the audeo, ausus sum, audere, friend of Sylla, of Cicero, and 2. v. semi-dep. To dare, or of Augustus. With the latter venture, to do something. of these great men he held a audient-la, i'a\, f. [audiens, daily correspondence, and also audient-is, " hearing "] A became connected with him hearing, or listening to, some by the betrothal of his infant person or thing; attention, granddaughter, the child of etc. : — Phrase : Audientiam his only daughter Pomponia facere, To cause to give atten and M. Agrippa, to Tiberius, tion, to procure a hearing. the adopted son of Augustus aud-io, Ivi or ii, itum, Ire, and his successor in the em 4. v. a. (" To give ear to "; pire. hence) To hear. — Pass. : aud at-tribuo, tribui, tributum, itor, itus sum, Iri [akin to Gr. tribuere, 3. v. a. [for ad-tribiio; ais (= o5s) avr-6s, "an ear"]. fr. ad, "to"; tribuo, "to au-fero, abs-tuli, ab-latum, give "] (" To give to "; hence) au-ferre, 3. v. a. [for av-fero, To ascribe, impute, attribute. for ab-fero ; fr. ab, " away "; attulissem, pluperf. subj. fero, *' to bear or take "] To of affero. carry off or away ; to take auctor-itas, itatis, f. [auc- away, snatch away, etc., tor, "a producer"] ("The whether actually or figura quality, etc., of the auctor "; tively. 58 VOCABULARY. augeo, auxi,auctum, augere, aut-em, conj. : 1. But, on 2. v. a. To increase, augment. the other hand. — 2. Besides, —Pass. : augeor, auctus sum, further, moreover [akin to augeri [akin to Gr. av^Ava]. air-Ap]. auge-sco, no perf. nor sup., avar-itia, Ttise, f. [avar-us, scere, v. n. inch. [auge-o, " to " covetous "] (" The quality increase"] To begin to in of the avarus" ; hence) crease; to become greater, to Covetousness, avarice. grow. av-arus, ara, arum, adj. au-gur, giiris, comm. gen. [av-eo, "to pant after"] [forav-gar; fr. iiv-is,"abird"; ("Panting after"; hence, with GaB, root of gar-rio, "to respect to wealth) Covetous, chatter"] (" Bird-chatterer or avaricious. crier, i. e. one who notes the av-eo, no perf. nor sup., ere, cries of birds "; hence) Masc. : 2. v. a. To desire [akin to Of men : An augur, diviner, Sans. root av, " to desire"]. etc. avid-e, adv. [avid-us, augur-Ium, ii, n. [augiir-or, " eager "] (" After the manner " to augur "] Augury. of the avidus ",. hence) Eager- augiir-itts, la, Tum, adj. ly. [iiugur, " an augur "] Of, or avid-Itas, itatis, f. [id.] belonging to, an augur or to ("The quality of the avidus "; augurs ; augural. hence) Eagerness for some aur-um, i, n. (" The burn thing; longing, desire, avidity. ing thing"; i.e. "the glitter av-Idns, ida, idum, adj. ing or shining metal") 1. [av-eo, "to desire"] With Go-Id, as a metal. — 2. Coined Gen. : Desirous of, longing gold, money [akin to Sans. for or after, longing eagerly root r/sh, "to burn"; Gr. for. avp-ov], a-vl-s, avis, f. A bird [akin auspic-Ium, ii, n. [auspex, to Sans. vi, "a bird"; the a auspic-is, "a bird-inspector," is prob. a prefix]. i. e. one who marks the flight av-Itus, Ita, Itum, adj. and cries of birds, and thence [av-us, " a grandfather "] 1. makes predictions] (" A thing Of, or belonging to, a grand pertaining to an auspex "; father. — 2. Old, ancient. hence) Observation of birds a-voco, vocavi, vocatum, for augury ; auspices. vScare, 1. v. a. [a (=Sb), "a- ant, conj. Or : — aut . . . way "; vSco, " to call "] (" To aut, either . . . or. call away"; hence) To with VOCABULARY. 59 dt'aw, remove, call off from quality of the blandus"; hence) some pursuit, etc. 1. A coaxing. — 2. Plur. : avus, i, m. A grandfather. Flatteries, blandishments, al — By avus at vi. 19 is meaut lurements. Scipio Africanus the Elder, bona orum see bonus. the conqueror of Hannibal. bonus, a, um, adj. : 1. Fos. : It was by his son that Scipio, Good, in the fullest accepta afterwards Africanus the tion of the term : — bona setas. Younger, was adopted out of the good, or pleasant, time of the family of iEmilius Paullus. life, i. e. " youth," xiv. 48.— As Subst. : bona, dram, n. bacca, ae, f. A berry. plur. : a. Good things, ad beat-e, adv. [beat-us, vantages. — ^.Property, goods. " happy "] (" After the man — 2. Comp. : mellor, us, Bet ner of the beatus"; hence) ter. — As Subst. . mellora, um, Happily. n. plur. : Better things; — at bea-tus, ta, tum, adj. xiv. 47 supply dent with [bS(a)-o, " to make happy "] meliora. — 3. Superl. : optim- Happy. (gfComp.: beat-ior; us, a, um : a. Best. — b. Most (Sup. : beat-issimus.) excellent, etc. bell-o, avi, atum, are, 1. brevi; see brSvis. v. n. [bell-um, "war"] To brev-is, e, adj. : 1. Short, wage, or carry on, war; to brief. — 2. Adverbial Abl. : war. brevi: a. Shortly, briefly, b-ellum, elli, n. [old form concisely. — b. In a short time, dii-ellum ; fr. dfi-o, " two "] shortly, etc. [akin to Gr. ("A contest, etc., between two parties"; hence) War, war Brutus, i, m. [brutus, fare. " stupid "] Brutus (Lucius ben-e, adv. [ben-us = bonus, Junius); a relative of Tar- "good"] Well;— at xiv. 47 quinius Superbus, who saved supply dixit with bene. his life by counterfeiting bene-fac-tum, ti, n. [bene, stupidity. After the expulsion "well"; fac-io, "to do"] of the Tarquins, Brutus en ("A thing well done or per gaged Aruns, the son-in-law formed " ; hence) A good or of Tarquin, in a battle fought honourable action, a praise for the restoration of the worthy deed. exiled royal family, and both bland-itia, itTse, f. [bland- combatants fell mortally us,"coaxing, flattering"] ("The wounded. 6o VOCABULARY. C = Cains ; see Statius. Camillus, i, m. CamiUus cad-ucus, ilea, ileum, adj. (Lucius Furius), who was [cad-o, "to fall"] That falls, dictator B.C. 350, and consul has fallen, or fell ; falling, in the following year. fallen. cani, drum ; see canus. Csecllius, 11, m. Cascilius ; Cann-ensis, ense, adj. [Cann see MStellus. ae, " Cannse " (now " Canne "), csecus, a, um, adj. Blind. a village of Apulia, where the Csep-io, ionis, m. [csep-a, Romans were ignominiously " an onion "] (" One having defeated by Hannibal, B.C. ccepa," i. e. prob. a cultivator 216] Of Canna. of onions] Ccepio (Cn.) ; a canorum, i ; see candrus. Roman who was consul B.C. canor-us, a, um, adj. [canor, 169. canor-is, " melody "] (" Per Caius, i, in. Cains ; a taining to c&nor"; hence) Roman prsenomen. Melodious, harmonious. — As Calatmus, i, m. Calatinus Subst. : canor-um, i, n. (" A (Aiilius) ; a Roman who was melodious thing "; hence) twice consul, viz. B.C. 258 Melodious intonation. and B.C. 254; and dictator ca-nus, na, num, adj. B.C. 247. ("Burned"; hence, " ash-col cale-sco, no perf. nor sup., oured "; hence) Of the hair : scere, 3. v. n. inch. [cale-o, Or ay, hoary. — As Subst. : " to be warm "] To become, cani, drum, mi. plur. (sc. or grow, warm or hot. capilli, " hairs ") Gray hairs, cal-or, oris, m. [cal-eo, "to hoary hair [Gr. xd-w, im-iw, be hot "] Heat, warmth, glow. "to burn"]. calx, cuicis, f. (and sts. m.) capio, cepi, captum, capere, (" Lime-stone ; lime," whether 3. v. a. : 1. To take, lay hold slaked or unslaked; hence) of. — 2. To take,capture, catch. The terminus, or goal, of a race — 3. To receive, obtain, etc. — course, which was anciently 4. Of any mental feeling as marked by a line called calx, Object : To feel, suffer, enjoy, and also creta, i. e. " chalk." according to the nature of the It appears to have been a cross feeling specified. — Pass. : cap- furrow, filled with lime or ior, captus sum, capi. chalk, drawn for the purpose caplt-alis, ale, adj. [caput, of marking the end of the capit-is, " the head "; hence, course, or, as we should say, "the life"] ("Relating to " the winuing-post." caput "; hence) 1. Law t. t. : VOCABULARY. 61

Capital, involving the forfeit having been built by Dido, ure of life. — 2. Deadly, dan after she had fled from Tyre. gerous, destructive, etc. fffif It was destroyed by Scipio Comp. : capital-ior. Africanus the Younger at the Capua, ae, f. Capua (now close of the third Carthagin the village of Santa Maria) ; ian War, B.C. 146 [originally the chief city of Campania in Hebrew]. Italy, celebrated for its great ca-rus, ra, rum, adj. Be luxury. loved, dear. Bflp"(Conip.: car- cap-ut, itis, n.: 1. The head. lor); Sup.: car-issTinus [for — 2. Of a vine : A branch cam-rus; akin to Sans. root [akin to Sans. kapala, Gr. kam, " to love "]. CarviliuSi li, m. Carvilius career, eris, m. ("An en (Spurius) ; a Soman consul ; closed place "; hence) The see iv. 11. barrier, or starting-place, in caseus, i, m. : 1. Cheese. — a race-course (opp. to calx); — 2. In collective force : Cheeses. at xxiii. 83 in plur. ; and so ca-sus, sus, m. [for cad- usually [Sicilian nipnap-ov, sus; fr. cad-o, "to fall"] akin to fpK-os, and Lat. arc- ("A falling, a fall "; hence) 1. eo]. Accident, chance. — 2. A mis car-eo, iii, itum, ere, 2. v. n. fortune, calamity. ('' To shear or be shorn "; Cat-o, onis, m. [cat-us, hence) With Abl. [§ 119, 1] : sharp, intelligent"] ("Sharp, 1. To be without or free from. or Intelligent, One "] Calo ; — 2. To be destitute or devoid a ltanau cognomen: 1. Marcus of. — 3. To be deprived of, to Porcius Cato, born B.C. 234, be without, something desirable received the surnameof Censor, [akin to xap, a root of Keip-a, or Censdrinus, from his having " to shear "]. been Censor B.C. 184. Sub car-men, minis, n. (" The sequently he was called Major praising thing "; hence) 1. A (or " Elder ") to distinguish poem, ode. — 2. A poetic in him from his great grand-son scription on a tomb; an Marcins Porcius Cato, sur- epitaph in verse [akin to Sans. named Uticensis from his root cAms, "to praise"]. having killed himself at Utica Carthago, Inis, f. ("New after the battle of Thapsus, Town ") Carthage ; a city of B.C. 46, when Scipio Metellus, Northern Africa, long the rival disregarding his advice, was of Rome, and represented as sianally routed, and all Africa, 62 VOCABULARY. with the exception of Utica, to prevent commnnication be submitted to Csesar. Cato tween their respective occup wrote several works, of which ants. They were severally that De Re Rustics has alone designated prima, media, and come down to our time. From summa or ultima cavea. him Cicero's present work is 1. cedo, cessi, cessum, ced- named Cato Major, in conse Sre, 3. v. n. : 1. To go away, quence of his being introduced depart, etc. — 2. Of time, etc.: as giving his opinion respect To pass away, vanish, etc. ing certain matters connected [akin to xMark Antony, B.C. Epirus [Gr. KiWas]. 43. He was consul B.C. 63 in clt-o, adv. [ci t-us, " quick "] conjunction with C. Antonius, (" After the manner of the and by his prompt and decisive citus"; hence) Quickly, soon, measures saved Rome from speedily. Rgp" Comp. : cTt- the terrible consequences that Tus ; (Sup. : cit-issime.) would have ensued had Cat civ-ilis, He, adj. [civ-is, "a VOCABULARY. 65

citizen"] Of , or pertaining to, When Censor, B.C. 312, he a citizen or to citizens ; civil. built the Appian Aqueduct, clvis, is, comm. gen. ("A and commenced the Appian dweller "; hence) A citizen, as Road leading to Capua. — 2. a dweller in a city [akin to Surnamed Crassus or Crassin- Sans. root KshI, " to dwell "]. us ; a Roman who was dictator clv-Itas, ltatis, f. [cIv-is, B.C. 362, and consul with " a citizen "] (" The condition Lucius Furius Camillus, B.C. of a civis "; hence, " citizen 349. ship " ; hence) 1. A state, clava, so, f. A club, foil, or commonwealth. — 2. The peo staff, used in training recruits. ple of a state, citizens. This they employed instead of clan-dest-inus, Tna, mum, a sword, and attacked with it adj. [prob. obsol. clan-dest-us t he p a his (pale or stake), which (for clam-dest-us) ; fr. clam, was set up for their practising "secretly"] Secret, hidden, how to take a proper aim at concealed, clandestine. an enemy [akin to Sans. cula, clar-eo, no perf. nor sup., " a lance or club "]. ere, 2. v.n. [clar-us, " bright"] clav-Icula, iculse, f. dim. To be morally bright or brilli [clav-is, in etymological force ant ; to be famous, etc. of " a shutting or closing cla-rus, ra, ram, adj. thing "] (" A small clavis "; (" Heard "; hence, " clear," or hence) A tendril of the vine, "distinct," in sound; hence, by which the latter clings of lights, " clear, bright " ; around its props. hence) Of persons : Illustri clavus, i, m. (" The clos ous, famous, renowned. gsgT ing or fastening thing " ; (Comp. : clar-ior) ; Sup. : clar- hence) 1. A peg, nail, spike, issimus [prob. akin to Sans. etc. — 2. A rudder [nkin to root cbit, Gr. K\v-a, Lut. it\tia, " to close," etc/\. clu-eo, " to hear "] Cleanthes, is, m. Cleanthes; classis, is, f. Of persons a Stoic philosopher, born at summoned for sea service : A Assos in the Troad country fleet, comprising both the ships about B.C. 300 [Gr. KA^flr;s]. and the men serving in them cli-ens, entis (Gen. plur. cll- [KaS

refers to the name of Sapiens colleg-Ium, Vi, n. [colleg-a, (" Wise ") which Cato bore in " a colleague "] (" The con his old age, and which would dition of a collega" ; hence, be his cognomen secundum. " colleagueship "; hence) Per co-gnosco, gnovi, gnitum, sons united by the same office gnosclre, 3. v. a. [co ( = cum), or calling ; a guild, fraternity, "n " augmentative " force ; college. gnosco = uosco, " to become col-llgo, legi, lectum, lig- acquainted with"] 1. To be ere, 3. v. a. [for con.lego ; fr. come well acquainted with ; — con (= cum), "together"; in Perf. tenses, to have know lego, " to gather "]. To gather ledge of, to know. — 2. To together, collect. recognite, learn, ascertain, colloqu-ium, ii,n. [colloqu- find out. — Pass. : co-gnoscor, or, "to confer with"] ("A gnitus sum, gnosci. conferring with "; hence) A cogo, coegi, coactum, cogere, conversation, conference, etc. 3. v. a. [contr. fr. co-ago; fr. col-lu-vio, viouis, f. [for co (= cum), " together"; ago, con-lii-vio; fr. con (= cum), "to drive"] ("To drive to " together "; lu-o, " to wash "] gether "; hence) 1. To compel, (" A washing together " ; force, constrain. — 2. : a. With hence, " a collection of filth "; second Ace. : To compel to do hence) A collection of im that which is denoted by purities, impure mixture, vile second Ace. — b. Pass. : With medley ; — at xxiii. 85 = Ace. of neut. pron., etc. : To " hodge-podge of vice." be compelled to do. — Pass. : colo, coliii, cultum, colere, cogor, eiiactus sum, edgi. 3. v. a. (" To abide, or dwell, co-hibeo, hibui, hibitum, in " a place ; hence) 1. To till, hibere, 2. v. a. [for co-habeo; cultivate; — at iii. 9 in figura fr. co (= cum), " together "; tive force. — 2. To reverence, habeo, " to hold "] (" To hold honour, respect, etc. — Pass. : together "; hence) To contain, color, cultns sum, coli. confine, etc. C616n-eus, ea, Sum, adj. col-leg-a, se, m. [for con- [Colon-us, " Colonus "; a di leg-a ; fr. con (= cum), " to strict of Attica in ancient N. gether with " ; leg-o, " to Greece, about ten stadia from choose "2 (" One chosen to Athens, the scene of one of gether with or at the same the tragedies of Sophocles, viz. time with " another ; hence) A the (Edipus Coloneus] Of, or partner in office, a colleague. at, Colonus. F 68 VOCABULARY.

comicus, a, um, adj. Of, or thing"; hence) Advantage, belonging to, comedy ; repre profit, benefit. sented in comedy [Gr. kw/u- com-moror, mSratus sum, mSrari, 1. v. dep. [com (= coui-is, e, adj. ("Loving"; cum), in " strengthening " hence) Courteous, attentive, force ; m3ror, " to delay "] affable, obliging [akin to To stop, stay, sojourn, tarry, Sans. root kam, " to love "]. linger. com-itas, itatis, f. [com-is, com-moveo, movi, motum, " courteous "] (" The quality mfivere, 2. v. a. [com ( = cum), of the comis "; hence) Court- in " intensive " force ; moveo, eousness, courtesy, affability. " to move "] (" To move comita-tus, tus, in. [com- greatly or thoroughly"; hence) it(a)-or, " to accompany, at Mentally : To disturb, affect, tend"] ("An accompanying, disquiet, etc. — Pass. : com- attendmg"; hence) 1. A re moveor, motus sum, mSveri. tinue, train, suite, etc. — 2. A com-munis, miine, adj. company, etc. [com (= cum), "together"; com-memoro, memoravi, perhaps, munis, "serving"] memoratum, memorare, l.v.a. (" Serving together "; hence) [com (— cum), in '* augment 1. Common ; which one, etc., ative " force ; memiiro, " to has in common with another : mention "] To mention, make — quod mihi. tecum commune mention of, recount, relate. est, (which is common to me commerc-ium, li, n. [coni- with you ; i. e.) which is merc-or, " to trade together "] common to me and you, i. 2. ("Atrading together"; hence, — 2t Common, ordinary, etc. "trade, traffic, commerce"; commun-iter, adv. [com- hence) Connexion, inter mfin-is, " common "] (" After course. the manner of the communis "; com-mlnus (co-), adv. hence) In common. [com (= cum), "together"; com-pag-es, is, f. [for com manus, "hand"] ("Hands (= cum), " together "; pango, together"; hence) Hand to " to join or fasten," through hand, in close fight or contest, root pao] ("A joining to at close quarters. gether"; hence) A structure : commod-um, i, n. [com- —in his eompagibus corporis, mfidus, "convenient"; "ad in these bodily structures, xxi. vantageous "] (" A convenient 77. thing ; an advantageous com-paro, piiravi, pSratum,. VOCABULARY. 69

pSrare, 1. v. a. [com (= cum), orned " ; hence) Of mode of " together "; paro, " to bring speaking, etc. : Embellished, or put "] (" To bring, or put, ornate, elegant. together"; hence) To com con-cedo, cessi, cessum, pare. eedere, 3. v. a. [con (= cum), com-penso, pensavi, pens- in " augmentative " force ; atum, pensare, 1. v. a. [com cedo, " to yield "] To grant, (= cum), in "strengthening" allow, yield, concede. force ; penso, in force of " to con-cil-ium, ii, n. [for counterbalance "] To counter con-cal-ium ; fr. con (— enm), balance, compensate, make " together"; cal-o, "to call "] good. (" A calling together "; hence) com-plector, plexus sum, A meeting, assembly, council. plecti, 3. v.dep. [com (= cum), con-crena-tio, tionis, f. "with"; plecto," to entwine"] [con ( = cum ), " together "; (" To entwine one's self with" cosn(a)-o, " to sup "j A sup some person or thing ; hence) ping together. To embrace, clasp. cond-Itio, itionis, f. [cond- eom-pleo, plevi, pletum, o, " to put together "1 (" A plere, 2. v. a. [com (= cum), putting together " ; hence) in " augmentative " force ; State, or condition, of a per pleo, " to fill "] 1. To fill com son, etc. pletely or entirely ; to fill condi-tus, ta, tum, adj. up ; — at xiv.46 folld. by Gen. [condi-o, "to season"; also, [§ 119, 4].— 2. To finish, live " to ornament "] 1. Seasoned, or pass through, complete, a savoury. — 2. Of style: Orna certain time. mented, embellished, polished. com-pota-tio, tionis, f. g3f Comp. : condit-ior. [com (= cum), "together"; con-do, dldi, ditum, dere, pot(a)-o, " to drink "] A 3. v. a. [con (=cum), "to drinking together. gether "; do, " to put "] (" To compres-sus, sfls (only in put together"; hence) 1. To Abl. sing.), m. [for eomprem- build. — 2. Of fruits, corn, etc. : sus ; fr. comprimo, " to press To store up, etc. together," through verbal root confec-tio, tionis, f. [for COMPbEM (= Com; PeEM, confac-tio ; fr. conf Icio, " to root of premo)] A pressing make, prepare," through true together, compression. root confAc] 1. A making, com-ptus, pta, ptum, adj. preparing, composing, etc. — 2. [cOm-o, " to adorn "] (" Ad The composition of a book, etc. 7o VOCABULARY.

confectus, a, um, P. perf. To flock, or herd, together. — pass. of confTcio : — for the Pass. : con-greg-or, atus sum, elision of the final s of con- ari. fret us before quiescit at v. 14 conjunc-tio, tionis, f. [for see plenus. conjung-tio ; fr. conjung-o, con-fero, tuli, (col-)latum, "to join together"] ("A join ferre, v. a. [con (= culn), in ing together "; hence) A con "augmentative" force; fero, necting, union, uniting. "to bear or bring"] ("To con-jungo, junxi, junctum, bear," etc. ; hence) Of a fault, jungere, 3. v. a. [con (= cum), etc., as Object : To attribute, "together"; jungo,"to join"] or ascribe, to ; to lay upon To join together, connect, some person or thing. unite. — Pass. : con-jungor, con-ficio, feci, fectum, fic- junctus sum, jungi. ere, 3. v. a. [for con-facio ; Conor, atus sum, ari, 1. fr. con (=cum), in "augment v. dep. To endeavour, try, ative " force ; facio, " to attempt. make"] ("To make thorough consclent-Ia, iae, f. [eon- ly "; hence) 1. To accomplish, sciens, conscient-is, " being perform, complete, etc. —2. To conscious"] Consciousness. weaken, wear out, disable. — con-scribo, scripsi, scrip- Pass. : con-ficior, fectus sum, tum, scribere, 3. v. a. [con, fici. "together"; scribo, "to conglutiua-tio, tionis, f. write"] (" Towrite together"; [conglutm(a)-o, " to glue to hence) To draw up in writing, gether"] A gluing, or cement compose, write ; — at xxiii. 83 ing, together. without nearer Object. con-gliitlno, glutmavi, glu- con-senesco, sentii, no sup , tInatum, glutmare, 1. v. a. senescere, 3. v. n. [con ( = [con (= cum), "together"; cum), in " strengthening " gliitmo, " to glue "] 1. To force ; senesco, " to grow glue, or cement, together.— 2. old "] To grow, or become, To join, or bind, firmly to old. gether ; to unite, cement. consentiens, ntis: 1. P. con-greg-o, avi, atum, are, pres. of consentio. — 2. Pa. : 1. v. a. [con (= cam), "to Agreeing, accordant, unanim gether "; grex, greg-is, " a ous. flock"] 1. To collect into a con-sentio, sensi, sensum, flock. — 2. Pass. in reflexive sentire, 4. v. a. [con (= cum). force: With plur. Subject: " with "; sentio, " to think "] VOCABULARY. 71 (" To think with " another or con-sido, sedi, sessum, others ; hence) With Objective sidere, 3. v. n. [con (= cum), clause : To agree that some " together " ; sido, " to sit thing is, etc. down "J To sit down together. conseniii, perf. ind. of con- consilium, li, n. : 1. De senesco. liberation, consultation, coun con-sepio, no perf., septum, sel. — 2. A plan, purpose, de seplre, 4. v. a. [con (= cum), sign. — 3. A meeting for de in " augmentative " force ; liberation ; a council, etc. sepio, " to hedge in "] To con-sisto, stiti, stitum, sist- hedge in, or enclose, wholly. — ere, 3. v. n. [con (= cum), it Pass. : con-sepior, septus sum, " strengthening " force ; sisto, sepiri. (neut.) " to place one's self," con-sequor, sequiitus sum, etc.^ ("To place one's self"; sequi, 3. v. dep. [con (= cum), hence) 1. To take up a posi in "augmentative" force; tion, stand. — 2. To be, or re sequor, "to follow"] 1. To main, firm or unshaken. follow; follow, or come, after. consl-tio, tionis, f. [for — 2. To obtain, attain to. consa-tio ; fr. consero, " to con-sSro, sevi, situm or sow, or plant," through satum, serere, 3. v. a. [con verbal root COns A (=con; (= cum), in "strengthening" sA, root of sera)] A sowing ; a force; sSio, "to sow or plant"] planting. To sow, plant. — Pass. : con- consitus, a, um, P. perf. eeror, situs or satus sum, seri. pass. of consero. con-servo, servivi, scrv- consola-tio, tionis, f. [con- at inn, servare, 1. v. a. [con sol(a)-or, "to console"] A (= cum), in " augmentative " consoling ; consolation, com force; servo, "to preserve"] fort. 1. To preserve wholly ; to pre con-solor, solatus sum, sol- serve safe or unhurt. — 2. Of a ari, 1. v. dep. [con (= cum), promise, etc. : To keep faith in "augmentative" force; fully, observe religiously. — 3. solor, "to comfort"] To com Of strength, etc. : To main fort, to console. tain, retain, etc. consta-ns, ntis : 1. P. pres. conses-sus, sus, m. [for of consto. — 2. Pa. : Firm. consid-sus; fr. consid-o, "to sit constant-Ia, ise, f. [con- down together "] (" A sitting stans, constant-is, " firm "] down together"; hence) An (" The quality, or condition, assembly. of the constans "; hence) 72 VOCABULARY. Firmness, steadfastness, con consul-aris, are, adj. [con stancy. sul, " a consul "] Of, or be con-stltuo, sill iii, stitutum, longing to, a consul or the stitiiere, 3. v. a. [for con- consuls ; consular : — hSmo etatuo ; fr. con ( = cum), in consularis, a man who has "augmentative" force; statiio, been consul or of consular " to place "] 1. To erect, set rank. up. — 2. To establish, institute. consul-atus, atus, m. [id.] — 3. To fix, determine. — Pass.: The office of a consul ; consul con-stltuor, stitutus sum, ship, consulate. st i tiil. consulo, ui, tum, ere, 3. v. a. constitutus, a, um : 1. P. With personal Object : To perf. pass. of constituo. — 2. consult, ask the opinion of.— Pa. : Constituted, arranged. Pass. : consulor, tus sum, i. con-sto, stiti, statum, stare, con-sumo, sumpsi, sum- 1. v. n. [con (= cum), in ptum, siimere, 3. v. a. [con " augmentative " force ; sto, (= cum), in " augmentative " "to stand"] ("To stand force ; sumo, "to take"] ("To firm "; hence) Of facts, re take wholly or entirely"; ports, etc. : To be established, hence) 1. Of time : To spend, certain, clear, evident. — Im- pass. — 2. To exhaust, bring pers. : constat, It is evident, to an end, etc. — Pass. : con- etc. ; with clause as Subject sumor, suinptus sum, sumi. CI 157]. con-surgo, surrexi, surrec- con-struo, struxi, structum, tum, surgere, 3. v. n. [con (= struere, 3. v. a. [con (= cum), cum), in " augmentative " in " intensive " force ; struo, force ; surgo, " to rise "] To " to build "] To build, erect, rise, arise, stand up. construct, make. con-temno, tempsi, tem- consue-ico, vi, tum, scere, ptum, temnere, 3. v. a. [con 3. v. n. inch, [consuS-o, " to ( = cum), in " augmentative " be accustomed "] To accustom force ; temno, " to despise "] one's self: — In perf. tenses, To despise greatly ; to disdain, To have accustomed one's self, contemn. — Pass. : con-temnor, i. e. to be accustomed or wont. temptus sum, tennii. consul, iilis, m. A consul; con-templ-or, atus sum, ari, one of the two chief mag 1. v. dep. [con (= cum), istrates of the Roman state, denoting " completeness " ; chosen annually after the ex templ-um, "a place of observa pulsion of the kings. tion "] (" To have, or mark out, VOCABULARY. 73 Tt templum on every side " ; contra, adv. and prep. : 1. hence) To view attentively, Adv. : a. Against, on the survey, contemplate, etc. contrary. — b. On the other contemptus, a, um : 1. P. hand. — 2. Prep. gov. ace. : a. perf. pass. of contemno.— 2. Against. — b. In opposition to, Pa. : Despised, disdained, con contrary to. temptible, contemned. contra-rlus, ria, rTum, conten-tio, tionis, f. [for adj. [contra, " over against "] contend-tio ; fr. contend-o, (" Pertaining to contra "; "to contend"] 1. A contend- hence) Opposed, contrary. ing, striving, exertion, effort. con-venio, veni, ventum, — 2. A contention, contest, venire, 4. v. n. and a. [con ( — dispute, controversy, strife. cum), " together "; venio, " to conten-tus, ta, tam, adj. come "] 1. Neut. : To come [contin-eo, " to restrain," together, assemble. — 2. Act. : through true root contek] To go to one in order to ad (" That restrains himself " ; dress him, etc. ; to meet, etc. hence) Contented, content. con-viv-ium, ii, n. [con continent-Ia, Ise, f. [con- (= cum), "together"; viv-o, tmens, continent-is, " moder "to live"] ("A living to ate "] (" The state, or quality, gether"; hence) A feast, ban of the continens "; hence) quet, entertainment. Moderation. co-p-ia, ise, f. [contr. fr. con-tineo, tmui, tentum, co-Sp-ia; fr. co (= cum), in tTnere, 2. v. a. [for con-teneo ; "augmentative" force; ops, fr. con (= cum), "together"; Sp-is, "means," etc.] ("The teneo, " to hold "] 1. To hold thing pertaining to ops"; together. — 2. To comprise, hence) 1. Abundance, plenty. contain. — Pass. : con-tineor, — 2. Plur. : a. Resources, sup tentus sum, tmeri. plies. — b. Wealth, riches. con-tingo, tTgi, tactum, coplos-e, adv. [copios-us, tingere, 3. v. a. and n. [for " copious "] (" After the man con-tango ; fr. con ( = cum), in ner of the copiosus "; hence) " intensive" force; tango, "to Copiously, fully. touch "j (" To touch on all coq.uo, coxi, coctum, ciiquere, sides "; hence) 1. Act. : To 3. v. a. (" To cook, or dress," take, or get, hold of; to reach, food; hence) 1. To ripen, arrive at. — 2. Neut. : To hap mature. — 2. To vex, harass,tor- pen or chance ; to Jail out, men/, disturb mentally [akin come to pass. to Sans. root pach, " to cook"]. 74 VOCABULARY. corp-us, oris, n. ("That ius Licinius Crassus, consul which is made or formed"; B.C. 171. — 2. Publius Licinius hence) The body [akin to Sans. Crassus, surnamed Dives (or root klip, "to make"]. "the Rich"), appointed Ponti cor-riio, rui, no sup., ruere, fex Maximus, when a very 3. v. n. [for con-ruo; fr. con young man, B.C. 212. He was ( = cum), " together " ; rtio, consul B.C. 205. " to fall "] (" To fall together, cre-ber, bra, brum, adj. fall down"; hence) To break [cbe, root of cre-sco, " to in down, fail, etc. crease "; hence) Frequent, Coruncanius, ii, m. : 1. numerous, many a. Coruncanius (Titus) ; con cre-do, didi, dVtum, dere, sul B.C. 280, and the first 3. v. n. ("To put faith, or plebeian ever created Pontifex trust," in some person or Maximus. He was celebrated thing ; hence) To believe, sup both as a successful general pose, etc. [akin to Sans. prefix and a profound lawyer. He orat, "faith "; do, "to put"]. was, moreover, the first per cred-ulus, iila, tilum, adj. son at Rome who gave regular [cred-o, "to believe"] Be instruction in the laws.- — 2. lieving, easy of belief, cred Plur. : The Coruncanii ; vi. ulous. 15 : — though the word is used cremo, avi, atum, are, 1. in plur., it refers only to the v. a. To burn. — Pass.: cremor, person named above. atus sum, ari [akin to Sans. Corvus, i, m. [corvus, " a root CbA, " to cook "]. raven"] ("Raven") Corvus cre-o, avi, atum, are, 1. v. a. (Marcus Valerius) was a trib (" To create"; hence) 1. With une of the soldiers in the army second Ace. : To make, create, of Camillus, in the campaign appoint, etc., a person that against the Gauls, B.C. 349. which is denoted by the second Having engaged in single Ace. — 2. Pass. : With Nom. : combat with a Gaul, he gained To be made, created, etc. — an easy victory in consequence Pass. : cre-or, atus sum, ari of a crow flying in the face of [akin to Sans. root kill, "to his antagonist, and hindering make "]. him from seeing. Hence creseo, crevi, cretum, cresc- Valerius got his agnomen of ere, 3. v. n. To increase, Corvus or Corvlnus. become greater or larger, etc. Crassus, . i, m. [crassus, cri-men, minis, n. [probably "thick"] Crassus: 1. Publ- akin to cerno, "to separate"] VOCABULARY. 75 ("The separating, or sifting, hence) 1. Cultivation of the thing " ; hence, " a judicial soil. — 2. Cultivation, care, cul investigation " ; hence) 1. A ture. charge, accusation. — 2. A 1. cul-tus, tus, m. [for coi crime, fault, offence. tus; fr. cS1-o, in force of "to Critobulns, i,m. Critobulus; revere, worship," etc.] A re a disciple of Socrates [Gr. vering ; reverence, worship KpiTrfiSouAoy]. paid to the gods. Crotoniates, se, m. A man 2. cultus, a, um, P. perf. of Crotona (now Crotone), a pass. of colo. city founded by the Achaians cum, prep. gov. abl. With ; on the E. coast of Bruttium in — written after relative aud Italy [Gr. Kporwi/tdTT;s]. personal pronouns; e.g. qui- crud-elis, ele, adj.(" Wrath buscum, secum, etc. [akin to ful "; hence) Cruel. BglT Sans. sam ; Gr. (w, air]. Comp. : crudel-ior ; Sup. : cu-nse, arum, f. plur. [for crudel-issimus [probably akin cub-na ; fr. cub-o, " to lie to S.ms. root keudh, " to be down"] ("The things for angry"]. lying down" in; hence) A crud-itas, itatis, f. [criid- cradle. us, in force of " undigested "] cunc-tor, tatus sum, tari, ("The state, or quality, of 1. v. dep. To delay, linger, the crudus"; hence) Indi hesitate, doubt [akin to Saus. gestion, etc. root cAnk, "to fluctuate, crfid-us, a, um, adj . ('* Flow doubt "]. ing with blood"; hence, "raw"; cunctus, a, um (most fre hence) Of fruits : Unripe. quently plur.), adj. [coutr. fr. culmus, i, m. A stalk, conjunctus, P. perf. pass. of stem, esp. of grain. conjungo, " to join together or culp-a, se, f. ("A deed, unite "] (" United together "; action "; hence, in a bad sense) hence) All. — AsSubst.: cunc- A crime, fault [akin to Sans. ta, drum, n. plur. All things. root klip, "to make"]. cupld-e, adv. [cupid-us, cul-tio, tidnis, f. [for col- " eager "] Eagerly, zealous- tio ; fr. cSl-o, " to cultivate "] ly. A cultivating ; cultivation, Cfipld-Itas, itatis, f. [id.] tillage. (" The quality of the cupidus"; cul-tura, tura, f . [for col- hence) 1. Longing, desire, tura; fr. col-o, " to cultivate"] eagerness. — 2. Passionate ("A cultivating, husbandry"; desire, ruling propensity or 76 VOCABULARY. passion. — 3. Covetousness, year he also defeated the cupidity, avarice. Sabines. In B.C. 275, when cup-idus, ida, Tdum, adj. consul the second time, he so [cup-io, "to desire"] With completely defeated Pyrrhus, Gen. [§ 132]: Desirous of, the Epirot king, that that eager for, etc. monarch was compelled to quit ciip-io, Jvi or ii, Itum, ire, Italy. In his third consulship, 3. v. a. : 1. To long, or wish, B.C. 274, he conquered the for; to desire. — 2. In a bad Lucanians and other states sense : To have an eager de that were in arms against the sire for, to covet.— 3. With Republic. He is the person Inf. : To long, or be eager, to to whom the Samnite ambas do, etc. [akin to Sans. root sadors offered a large suni of kup, " to become excited "]. gold as he was taking his cu-r (anciently quo-r), adv. frugal meal in a humble cot [contracted, ace. to some, fr. tage on his small farm. The quare (= qua re); ace. to money he rejected, saying that others, fr. cui rei] 1. Interrog.: he preferred ruling over those For what reason ? why ? who possessed gold, to being wherefore ? — 2. Rel. : For himself the possessor of gold. which reason, wherefore. —2. Plur. : The Curii; vi. cur-a, co, f. [for cser-a ; fr. 15 : — though the word is used cser-o, old form of quser-o, in plur., it refers only to the " to seek "] (" The seeking person named above. thing"; hence, with accessory ciir-o, avi, fi I mn. are, 1. v. a. notion of trouble) 1. Care, [cur-a, " care "] 1. To care carefulness, attention. — 2. for, look or attend to. — 2. To Care, anxiety, solicitude, take care of; to be solicitous trouble, etc. for or about. — 3. To heal, cure. curia, se, f. : 1. The Senate- — Pass.: ctlr-or, atussum, ari. house. — 2. The Senate. curr-Iculum, Tciili.n. [curr- Ciirlus, ii, m. Curius (Jf\) : o, "to run"] ("That which 1. Surnamed Dentatus, from serves for running "; hence) having been born with teeth in A race-ground, race-course. his mouth, who was consul B.C. cur-so, savi, satum, sare, 1. 290; in which year, in conjunc v. n. intens. [for curr-so ; fr. tion with his colleague P. Corn. curr-o, " to run "] To run Rufinus, he defeated the Samn- hither and thither. 'tes, and brought the Samnite cur-sus, sus, m. [for curr- i to a close. In the same sus ; fr. curr-o, " to run "] VOCABULARY. 77 ("A Tunning"; hence) 1. Of a Dat. of person : To owe, or he horse: Thecourse. — 2. Of life: indebted, to one. The course, progress, etc. de-cedo, cessi, cessum, ced- Cyrus, i, m. Cyrus : 1. Sur- ere, 3. v. n. [de, "away"; nameil the "Elder," son of cedo, " to go "] 1. To go away, Cambyses, a Persian noble, or depart. — 2. To go out of and Mandane, daughter of the way, make way, for one. Astyages, king of Media. Upon — Impers. Inf. Pass. : decedi, arriving at man's estate he (That it should be gone out dethroned his grandfather, and of the way for one ; i. e.) That transferred the empire from way should be made for one. the Medes to the Persians, B.C. dec-em, num. adj. plur. 559; ix. 30— 2. Surnamedthe indecl. Ten. — As Subst. : dec- " Younger," second son of em, m. Ten men, ten persons, Darius NSthus and Parysatis. ten [akin to Gr. SeVa ; Sans. He rebelled against his elder dac-an]. brother Artaxerxes, and was dec-et, uit, no sup., ere, 2. killed at the battle of Cunaxa, v. n. (only in third person, and B.C. 401. — At xvii. 59 he is never with personal subject) called " King of the Persians." Is, etc , becoming or proper. He was not, however, a king, de-cido, cidi, no sup., cid- but a Satrap of his brother ere, 3. v. n. [for de-cado ; fr. [jtvpo », " supreme power ;" dp, " down "; cado, " to fall "] akin to Saus. cura, "a hero."] To fall down. Decius, ii, m. Decius ; the de, prep. gov. abl. : 1. Of name of a Roman gens. The place, etc. : a. From, away most famous members of this from.—'b. Down from, out of. family were P. Decius Mus, — 2. Of origin, etc. : Of, from. father and son, who in their — 3. About, concerning, re respective consulships devoted specting. themselves to the Dii Manes de-beo, bui, bitum, here, 2. to save their country; — the v. a. [contr. fr. de-habeo ; fr. former in the Latin War, de, " from " ; habeo, " to B.C. 338, the latter in the have "] (" To have or hold Samnite War, B.C. 296. Cicero from " a person ; hence) 1. To likewise mentions that a owe ; — at vii. 21 without near grandson followed their ex er Object— 2. With Inf. : (I, ample in the war against you, etc.) ought to do, etc. — Pyrrhus, B.C. 280. 3. Without Obj. and folld. by de-claro, claravi, claratum, 78 VOCABULARY. clarare, 1. v. a. [de, denoting ducere, 3. v. a. [de, " away "; " completely " ; claro, " to dDco, "to lead"] 1. To lead make clear "] (" To make away. — 2. To lead out, ac quite clear"; hence) To mani company, conduct a person fest, give proof of, declare, from his house as a mark of etc. respect, etc. — Pass.: de-ducor, decor-o, avi, atnm, are, ductus sum, diici. 1. v. a. [decus, decor-is, " an defatiga-tio, tionis, f. ornament "] To ornament, [defatig(a)-o, "to tire out"] adorn, decorate. i. A tiring, or wearying, out. decor-U3, a, um, adj. [decor, — 2. Fatigue, exhaustion. dScor-i«, " that which is seem defec-tio, tidnis, f. [for ly"] (" Having decor"; hence) defac-tio ; fr. deficio, "to Becoming, fitting, suitable, fail"] 1. A failing, failure ; seemly, decorous. a falling off or away. — 2. Of de-curro, curri or ciicurri, tho heavenly bodies : An cursum, currere, 3. v. a. [de, eclipse. " down " ; curro, " to run "] de-fendo, fendi, fensum, (" To run down " from a fendSre, 3. v. a. [de, "away higher point ; hence) With from "; obsol. fendo, " to beat cognate Ace. : To run through. or strike "] (" To beat or — Pass. : de-curror, cursus strike away from" one ; hence) sum, curri. 1. To ward off, repel, etc. — decursus, a, um, P. perf. 2. To protect, defend.— 3. To pass. of decurro ;— at xxiii. 83 defend a suit in court. — 4. decurso spatio is Abl. Abs. To support, maintain, defend de-decus, decSris, n. [de, [fendo is akin to Sans. root in " negative " force ; decus, hAn, "to strike"]. "honour"] 1. Dishonour, dis de-ficio, feci, fectum, fTcSre, grace, infamy. — 2. Moral dis 3. v. n. [for de-facio; fr. de, honour, vice ; a wicked or " away from " ; facio, " to vicious act. make ] (" To make one's self de-do, dldi, ditum, dere, 3. away from " a thing ; hence) v. a. [de, "away from"; do, Tofail,fall short, be wanting. "to put"] ("To put away de-go, gi, no sup., gere, 3. or remove from" one's self; v. a. [contr. fr. de-ago ; fr. hence) 1. To giv.e up, sur de, in " strengthening " force ; render. — 2. To devote, dedic ago, (of time) " to spend "] ate, yield or give up. Of time : To spend, pass, de-duco, duxi, ductum, etc. VOCABULARY. 79 de-inde (ubbrev. deitf), adv. de-meto, messtii, messum, [de, "from "; inde, "thence"] metere, 3. v. a. [de, " down "; ("From thence"; hence) 1. mSto, " to mow "] To mow, Of succession : Afterwards, or reap, down. .- ' next in order, after that. — 2. Democritus, i,. m. Demo- Of time : In the next place, critus ; a philosopher born at afterwards, after that, then. Abdera (now Polystilo) in delecta-tio, tionis, f. [de- Thrace, about B.C. 460 [Arifi6- lect(a)-o, "to delight"] A itpitos, " One selected from delighting; delight. the commons "]. delec-to, tavi, tatum, tare, de-monstro, moiwtruvi, 1. v. a. intens. [for delac-to ; monstratum, monstrare, 1. fr. delic-io (through true root v. a. [de, in " augmentative " delac), "to allure away"; force ; monstro, " to show "] hence) To delight, please. To show, point out. — Pass. : de-libo, libavi, libatum, de-monstror, monstratus sum, llbare, 1 . v. a. [de, " away "; monstrari. libo, " to take "] (" To take deni-que, adv. [for dein- away " ; hence) To cull, que ; fr. dein, " then "; que, pluck, gather. — Pass. : de- " and "] (" And then "; hence) llbor, libatus sum, libari. 1. At length, at last.— 2. In dellra-tio, tionis, f. [de- fme, in short, at least, etc. lTr(a)-o, "to depart from a de-nuntio, nuntiavi, nuntT- straight furrow "; hence, " to atum, nuntiare, 1. v. a. [de, deviate from a straight line "; "from"; nuntio, "to send a hence, "to be crazy"] Crazi- message "] ("To send a mes ness, absurdity. folly, madness. sage from " ono by means of de-mens, mentis, adj. [de, a messenger, etc. ; hence) Of in " negative " force ; mens, war as Object : To declare. "mind"] ("Deprived of mens"; de-ploro, ploravi, ploratum, hence) Out of one's mind, ploriire, 1. v. a. and n. [de, in mad. " augmentative " force ; ploro, de-mergo, mersi, mersum, "to bewail"] 1. Act.: To mergere, 3. v. a. [de, " down"; weep bitterly for ; to lament mergo, "to plunge, or dip"] over, lament, deplore. — 2. (" To plunge, or dip, down " Neut. : To weep, wail, com into water; hence) To plunge plain ; — at iii. 7 folld. by quse down in figurative force ; xxi. as cognate Ace. ; see 1. qui, 77. — Pass. : de-mergor, mer- no. 1. a. sus sum, mergi. de-porto, portavi, portatum. VOCABULARY. 8o portare, 1. v. a. [de, " away "'' ute, ctc.-Pass. : de-scribor, porto, "to carry"] ("To carry scriptus sum, scribi. descrip-tio, tioms, f. Ltor away or off"; hence) To ac describ-tio ; fr. describ-o, " to quire, get, obtain. depressus, a, um, P. perf . arrange "] An arrangmg ; arrangement, order. pass. of deprimo. de-primo, pressi, pressum, descriptus, a, um, P. pert. pass. of describo. primere, 3. v. a. [for de- de-sero, seriii, sertum, ser- premo; fr. de, "down ; ere, 3. v. a. [de, in " negative " premo, " to press "] To press, force; sero, "to join"] ("To weigh, or sink down.— Pass. : disjoin, or sever," one's con- de-primor, pressus sum,primi. nexion with an object; hence) de-pugno, pugnavi, pugn- To forsake, abandon, desert. atum, pugnare, 1. v. a. [de, desidera-tio, tionis, f. [dein " intensive " force ; pugno, sider(a)-o, "to long earnestly " to fight "] To fight eagerly, for"] A longing earnestly for to fight to the last ; to con tend, or combat, fiercely. something. de-puto, putavi, putatum, deslder-ium, ii, n. [desider- piitare, 1. v. a. [de, in | o, " to long for "] 1. A longing, " strengthening" force ; puto, or ardent desire, for somethmg "to think"] With second not possessed.— 2. Grief, or Acc.: To think, deem, con regret, for the loss or absence of some person or thing. sider an object that which is de-sld-ero, eravi, eratum, denoted by the second Ace. erare, 1. v. a. ("To ook de-scendo, scendi, scensum, greatly at"; hence) 1. To long scendere, -3. v. n. [for de- for, earnestly wish for, desire, scando; fr. de, "down' ; something not possessed.— 2. scando, "to climb"] ("To To miss, to regret the want oj climb down"; hence) 1. To [de, in intensive force; root come, or go, down; to de sid, akin to tfS-«, "to look scend.— 2. To dismount from a horse. at"]. de-sino, sivi or sn, „. situm, „. de-scribo, scripsi, scriptum, sTuere, 3. v. a. [de, "away ; scribere, 3. v. a. [de, "down"; sTno (in literal force), "to- scribo, "to write"] ("To write put"] ("To put away"; hence) down"; hence) 1. To delineate, depict, draw, sketch. — 2. To To leave off or give over; to arrange, set in order. — 3. To cease, etc. mark off, divide, distrib | de-slpio, no perf. nor sup., VOCABULARY. 81 sipSre, 3. v. n. [for ile-s8pio; fr. . de-vinco, vici, victum, vine- de,in "negative" force; sSpio, ere, 3. v. a. [de, in."intensive" " to be wise "] Td be unwise, force; vinco, "to conquer"] to be void of understanding, To conquer wholly or utterly; to be silly ; to act foolishly. to vanquish, subdue. de-spicio, spexi, spectum, de-voveo, vovi, . votum, spicSre, 3. v. a. [for de-specio; vSvere, 2. v. a. [de, " away f r. de, " down upon "; spScio, from"; .viivSo, "to vow"] " to look "] To look down (" To vow away from " one's upon, despise. — Pass. : de- self ; hence) To vow, or devote, spicior, spectus sum, spici. to a deity. de-struo, struxi, structum, dico, dixi, dictum, dicere, struSre, 3. v. a. [de, denoting 3. v. a. : 1.: a. To say, speak, " l-emoval " of the force of the a thing, etc. — b. Without Ob word to which it is prefixed ; ject : To say, speak : — dicunt struo, " to build ''] 1. To pull, (without nearer Object), they, or tear, down that which is i. e. men, say ; the common say built. — 2. To destroy. ing is [Notes to Syntax, p. 133, de-sudo, sudavi, sSdatuui, B, 1, (1)].— 2. To speak of, smlare, 1. v. n. [de, in " in mention, etc. — Z.To say ,affirml tensive " force ; siido, " to assert. — 4. With double Ace. : sweat"] (" To sweat greatly "; To call an object something. hence) To fatigue, or exert, — Pass.: dicor, dictus sum, one's self, etc., greatly. dici [akin to Gr. SelK-pv^t; . detesta-Mlis, bile, adj. [de- Sans. root d19, " to show "]. test(a)-or, "to detest"] To be dicta-tor, toris, m. [dict(a)- detested; detestable, abomin o, in force of " to order "] able. (" He who orders ") A dicta dens, i, m. A god, deity tor ; a supreme magistrate [akin to Gr. 6t6s; and Sans. elected by the Romans only deva, "a pod "]. in times of emergency. His deversorlum, li; see de-- power lasted for six months, versorius. and during its continuance deversor-ius, Ta, film, adj. was absolute. [deversor, '* one who lodges " didici, didicero, perf. and anywhere] (" Of, or belonging fut. perf. ind. of disco. to, a deversor "; hence) For di-es, ei, m. (in sing. some lodging in. — As Subst. : de times f.)A day ..— in dies, day versorlum, li, n. A lodging; by day, daily [akin to Sans. an inn. div, " heaven ; a day "]. Cato Major. (i 82 VOCABULARY.

dif-fero, disttlli, dilatum, dif- dillgent-la, fee, f. [diligens, ferre, v. a. [for dis-fSro; fr. dlligent-is, "diligent"] ("The dis, "apart"; fero, "to carry"] quality of the diligens " ; (" To carry apart" from some hence) Carefulness, attentive- thing ; hence) To put off, de ness, earnestness, diligence. lay, defer. di-ligo, loxi, lectum, ligere, dif-ficllis, ficile, adj. [for 3. v. a. [for di-lego; fr. dl dis-facilis ; fr. dis, in " neg (= dis), " apart "; lego, " to ative "force; facilis, "easy"] choose "] (" To choose, or ("Not easy"; hence) 1. Dif- select, apart " from others ; ficv.lt. — 2. Morose, surly ; hence) To value, or esteem, bitter in feeling, etc., severe fitc. highly ; to love. — Pass. : di- dif-findo,fidi, fissum, fmdere, ligor, lectus sum, ligi. 3. v. a. [for dis-findo; fr. dis, dimensus, a, um, P. perf. of "asunder"; findo, "to cleave"] dimetTor. To cleave asunder. di-metior, mensus sum, dign-e, adv. [dign-us, metlri, 4. v. dep. [dl (= dis), " worthy "] (" After the "apart"; metior, "to mea manner of the digitus "; hence) sure "] (" To measure apart "; In a worthy manner, worthily. hence) 1. To measure out. — 2. dign-Itas, itatis, f . [dign-us, In pass. force: To be measured "worthy"] ("The quality of out : — essent dimensa, xvii.. the dignus"; hence, "worthi 59 ; but dimensus sum, im ness"; hence) Dignity, rank, mediately afterwards, belongs honour. to no. 1. dig-nns, na, num, adj. Diogenes, is, m. Diogenex, ("Shown"; hence) With surnamed " the Babylonian," Abl. [§ 119, a]: Worthy or because he was a native of deserving of [fr. same root Seleucia in Babylonia, received as dico ; see dico]. his education at Athens. In digres-sus, sus, m. [for B.C. 155, he was one of the digred-sus ; f r. dlgrSd-ior, " to ambassadors sent by the Athen depart"] A departing, de ians to Rome. At the time parture, going away. of his death he was about 88 diligen-tor, adv. [for dllig- years old [8r. Aioyevfit, "One ent-ter ; fr. diligens, diligent- sprung from Dis or Zeus"]. is, " diligent "] Diligently, directus, a, um, P. perf. carefully, studiously. US" pass. of dirTgo. (Comp.: diligent-Tus;) Sup.: di-rigo, rexi, rectum, rTgere, diligent-issime. 3. v. a. [for di-rego ; fr. dl VOCABULARY. 83

(= dis), in " strengthening " 78 folld. by Gen. [see Notes to force; rego, " to keep, or put, Syntax, p. 136, -E]. straight"] To put straight, dispiita-tio, tionis, f. [dis- set in a straight line, arrange, ptit(a)-o, "to weigh well in etc. — Pass. : di-rlgor, rectus one's mind " ; hence, " to sum, rigi. argue," etc.] The arguing a dir-Itas, itatis, f. [dlr-us, disputed point ; discussion, "dreadful, dire"] ("The qual debate, dispute. ity, or state, of the dims "; dis-puto, putavi, pfltatum, hence) Of character, etc. : ptitare, 1. v. n. [dis, "much"; Fierceness, cruelty. puto, " to think about "] (" To dis-cedo, cessi, cessum, ced- think much about, to weigh eVe, 3. v. a. [dis, " apart "; well In the mind "; hence) To cedo, "to go"] ("To go argue, debate, dispute. apart"; hence) To go away, dis-sero, serai, sertum, depart, withdraw. serere, 3. v. a. [dis, in disces-sus, sfls, m. [for dis- " strengthening " force ; sero, ced-sus ; f r. disced-o, " to go in force of " to connect, asunder"] ("A going asunder"; interweave "] (" To connect, hence) Separation, removal. interweave"; hence) To dis discipl-Ina, Inae, f. [for cuss, treat of, argue about, a discipiil-Ina ; fr. discipiil-us, matter, etc. " a scholar, learner "] (" A dis-eimilis, simile, adj. thing pertaining to a disc- [dis, in " negative " force ; ipulus"; hence) 1. Instruction, similis, " like "] Unlike, dis teaching. — ?. Learning. — 3. similar. Discipline. dissolutus, a, um : 1. P. disco, didlci, no sup., disc- perf. pass. of dissolvo. — 2. ere, 3. v. a. (" To be shown " Pa. : Of persons : Licentious, how to do, etc., something ; dissolute. hence) To learn [akin to Gr. dis-solvo, solvi, solutum, SelK-vvfii, Sans. root d19, " to solvere, 3. v. a. [dis, "apart"; show "; cf. dico]. solvo, "to loosen"] ("To dlsertus, a, um, adj. Skilful loosen apart "; hence) To in speaking ; fluent, eloquent. disunite, separate, dissolve. — dis -par, paris, adj. [dis, in Pass. : dis-solvor, selutus " negative" force, like English sum, solvi. " nn- "; par, " equal "1 (" Un diu, adv. [old abl. form of equal"; hence) Unlike, dis obsol. dius = dies, " a day "] similar, different ;— at xxi. For a long time, long. 0££~ G 2 84 VOCABULARY. Cotup. : dTQ-tius ; (Sup. : difi- v. a. [dlvIn-us, "inspired"] tissime.) ('* To be divinus " about a di-urnus, urna, urnum, adj. matter; hence) To forebode, [di-es, " day "] Of, or belong presage, foresee. ing to, the day ; daily. div-inus, Ina, Inum, adj. diuturn-itas, itatis, f. [diii- [div-us, " a deity "] (" Of, or tura-us, "of long duration"] belonging to. a divus "; hence) (" The quality of the diuturn- 1. Divine. — 2. Divinely in «*"; hence) Long duration spired. — 3. Admirable, excel or continuance ; length. lent. dJu-turnus, turna, turnum, do, dSdi, datum, diire, 1. adj. [diu, " for a long time "] v. a. : 1. To give, present. — 2. (" Of, or belonging to, diu "; To assign. — Pass. : dor, ilatns hence) Of long duration. long, sum, diri [akin to Gr. Si-S«- prolonged. iu; Sans. root di]. di-vello, velli, vulsuro, vell- doc-eo, tii, tum, ere, 2. v. a. ere, 3. v. a. [di (= dis), *' a- [akin to dic-o, " to say "] sunder "; vello, " to pluck "] 1. To teach, instruct, etc. — To pluck, rend, or tear a- 2. Of a drama or play as sunder. — Pass. : di-vellor, Object, and of the author as vulsus sum, velli. Subject: ("To teach" to the di-vido, visi, visum, vTdere, actors ; i. e.) To produce, or 3. v. a. (" To part asunder "; exhibit, on the stage. hence) 1. To separate, divide. doctr-Ina, Inse, f. [contr. — 2. To distribute, apportion. fr. doctor-ma; fr. doctor, doc — Pass. : di-vidor, visus sum, tor-is, "a teacher"] ("The vidi [di ( = dis), " asunder "; thing, or art, pertaining to a root VId, akin to Sans. Ihid, doctor"; hence, "teaching, "to part or disjoin"]. instruction"; hence) Learning. divin-e, adv. [dlvin-us, doc-tus, ta, tum, adj. [doc- divine"; also, "admirable"] eo, "to teach"] ("Taught"; ("After the manner of the hence) Iearned. divinus" ; hence) 1. Divinely. dol-eo, Di, itum, ere, 2. v. n. — 2. Admirably. To grieve, sorrow, mourn, divin-itas, itatis, f. [id.] etc. : — diilendum est, lit must ("The quality, or condition, be grieved ; i. e.) one must of the divinus "; hence) 1. grieve, xix. 70. Divinity, godhead.— 2. Divine domes-ticns, tTca, tTcum, nature, excellence. adj. [prob. for dSmus-ticus; divln-o. "i, atuni, are, 1. fr. dSmus, " a house "; hence, VOCABULARY. 35 "one's country, or home"] 4. v. n. To sleep [akin to Spa, ("Of, or belonging to, domus"; a root of Gr. SapBavw, and hence) Domestic, of one's own Sans. root dbA or deai]. country. dub-ito, itavi, itatum, Ttare, domi ; nee domus. 1. v. n. intens. [primitive form dom-i-cll-ium, Si, n. [for du-bo, fr. dU-o, " two "] (" To dSm-i-cul-Tum ; fr. dBm-us, move in two directions; to "abode"; (i) connecting vowel; vibrate to and fro"; hence) root CUl = KOA, in KaA-vm

pers. pron. I [akin to Gr. f710; mancipo, "to make over as Sans. aharn]. property " by the net of man- 6-jicio, jeei, jectum, jicere, cipium or purchase] (" To 3. v. a. [for 5-jScio; fr. e ( = make over as property " to ex), " out "; jacio, " to cast "] another "out of" one's own 1. To cast or throw out. — 2. power ; hence) To give up or To eject, expel. — Pass. : e- over; to surrender. — Pass.: jicior, jectus sum, jici. e-manclpor, mancipatus sum, e-labor, lapsus sum, labi, 3. mancipari. v. dep. [e (= ex), "out"; e-meieo, meriii, meritum, labor, " to glide "] (" To glide mfrere, 2. v. a. [e (= ex), " en out"; hence) To slip off or tirely"; mereo, "to deserve"] away ; to escape. ("To deserve-entirely"; hence) e-laboro, laborAvi, labor- Military t. t. : To serve out, atum, laborare, 1. v. n. [e (= complete, one's time of serv ex), " exceedingly "; laboro, ice. — Pass. : e-mereor, m&ri- "to labour"] To labour tus sum, mereri. greatly, to take great pains. e-mergo, mersi, mersum, elegan-ter, adv. [for eleg- mergere, 3. v. n. [e (= ex), ant-ter; fr. elegans, elegant- " out or forth "; mergo, " to is, " elegant "] (" After the plunge "] (" To plunge out or manner of the elegans " ; forth "; hence) To come forth, hence) Elegantly, tastefully, emerge. gracefully, etc. emerilus, a, um, P. perf. elephant-us, i, m. An ele pass. of emereo ; xiv. 49. phant [Gr. i\4pas, i\e

1. To wander, stray, etc. — 2. "out"; vSnio, "to come"] To mistake, err. ("To come out"; hence) To err-or, oris, m. [err-o, " to turn out, issue, happen, occur, wander "] (" A wandering " take place, come to pass. from the right way ; hence) ever-sJo, sionis, f. [for Error, mistake. evert-sio ; fr. evert-o, " to erudit-e, adv. [erudit-us, overthrow "] 1. An over "learned "] ("After the man throwing, overthrow. — 2. Sub ner of the eruditus"; hence) version, destruction. In a learned way or manner ; ex (e), prep. gov. abl. : 1. learnedly, eruditely. ggp" From, away from, out of. — 2. Comp. : erudit-ius; (Sup. : Of persons from whom inform eriidit-issime). ation, etc., is sought : From, e-sca, sese, f. [for ed-sca ; of. — 3. Of a circumstance, etc. : fr. Sd-o, "to eat"] ("That From. — 4. Immediately or which is eaten "; hence) Food. directly after; after. — 5. Of, et, conj. : 1. And: — et . . . et, out of a number, or the both . . . and:—et . . . et . . . material of which a thing is et, both . . . and . . . and. — 2. made [Gr. e'{]. . Also, too. — 3. Even [akin to ex-a-men, mmis, n. [for Sans. ati, " beyond "; Gr. tr-i, exag-men; fr. ex, "out of"; " moreover"]. ag-o, " to put in motion "] et-enim, conj. For. (" That which puts itself in etiam, conj. : 1. Also, too, motion out of" a place; likewise, moreover. — 2. Even hence) Of bees : A swarm. [akin to et]. excell-ens, entis, adj. [ex- et-El, conj. [et, " even "; cell o, "to excel"] ("Excell si, " if"] Even if, although. ing "; hence) Distinguished, e-vado, vasi, visum, vadere, excellent. 3. v. n. [e (= ex), "out"; ex-cldo, cidi, clsutn, cld- vado, "to go "] To go out, or ere, 3. v. a. [for ex-csedo; fr. forth. ex, " out "; eaedo, " to cut "] e-vello, velli and vulsi, (" To cut, or hew, ou.t or off"; vnlsuui, vellere, 3. v. a. [e hence) To raze, demolish, lay (= ex), "out"; vello, "to waste, destroy. — Pass. : ex- pluck"] To pluck out; to cidor, cisus sum, cidi. pluck or tear off. — Pass. : e- ex-clpio, cepi, ceptum, cip- vellor, vulsus sum, velli. ere, 3. v. a. [for ex-capio ; fr. e-venio, veni, ventum, ex, " from"; capio, "to take "] venire, 4. v. n. [e (= ex), 1 (" To take from " one i hence) 9o VOCABULARY. 1. To receive. — 2. In regard to 1 exercise. — Pass. : ex-ereear, time : To prolong, continue. ercitus sum, erceri. excisus, a, una, P. perf. pass. exeroita-tio, tionis, f. [ex- of exeido. ercit(a)-o, " to exercise "] Ex exci-to, tavi, tatum, tare, 1. ercise. v. a. intens. [exci-o, " to call ex-haurio, hausi, haustum, forth"] ("To call forth"; haurire, 4. v. a. [ex, " out "; hence) 1. To produce, cause. haurio, " to draw " water, —2. To excite, rouse up. — etc.] (" To draw out "; hence) Pass.: exci-tor, tatus sum, To empty by drawing. tari. exiguus, a, um, adj. : 1. excur-sio, sionis, f. [for Small, little, whether in size excurr-sio ; fr. excurr-o, " to or quantity. — 2. Of time : run out;" heuee, "to sally Short, little. forth "] A sallying forth, a ex-istimo, istimavi, istim- sally ; an onset, attack. atum, istimare, 1. v. a. [for excusa-tio, tionis, f. [ex- ex-sestnno ; fr. ex, " without cus(a)-o, "to excuse"] An force "; aestTmo, " to think "] excusing ; an excuse. To think, imagine, deem, sup exemulum, i, n. An ex pose, consider. ample, in the widest accepta ex-oro, oravi, oratum, tion ; a pattern, model. orare, 1. v. a. [ex, "effectu ez-eo, Ivi or ii, ituui, Tie, ally"; oro, "to entreat"] v. n. irreg. [ex, " out or (" To entreat effectually "; forth "; eo, " to go "] To go hence) To prevail upon, to out, or forth, from. persuade by entreaty. — Pass. : exercendo, Gerund in do ex-6ror, oratus sum, orari. fr. exerceo ; — at xi. 36 in ap ex-perior, pertus sum, per- parently pass. force, inasmuch Iri, 4. v. dep. [ex, "thorough as it designates the action of ly "; obsol. perior, " to go or the verb generally : by being pass through"; hence, "to exercised = by exercise. try "] ('* To try thoroughly"; ex-erceo, erciii, crcitum, hence) 1. To try, prove, put ercere, 2. v. a. [for ex-arceo; to the test. — 2. In perf. tenses : fr. ex, " out "; arceo, " to en To have tried, etc. ; i. e. to close"] ("To keep or drive find, or know, by experience. out of an enclosure "; hence, expertus, a, um, P. perf. " to drive on ; to keep busy of experior. or at work "; hence, " to em ex-pleo, plevi, pletum, ploy"; hence) To practise, plere, 2. v. a. [ex, in " inten VOCABULARY. 9i sive" force; pleo, "to fill"] To spring, arise, become, pro ("To fill up, fill full"; hence) ceed. To satisfy, appease, sate, a ex-specto, spectavi, apect- longing or one who longs. — atum, spectare, 1. v. a. [ex, Pass. : ex-pleor, pletus sum, "very much"; specto, "to pleri. look out"] ("To look out ex-plico, plicavi and plictii, very much" for a thing; plicatum and plicitum, plicare, hence) To expect. — Pass. : ex- 1. v. a. [ex, "out"; plico, spe:tor, spectatus sum, spect- " to fold "] (" To fold out or ari. asunder"; hence, "to unfold, ex-stinguo, stinxi,stinctum, spread out," etc. ; hence) Of stinguere, 3. v. a. [ex, " with an opinion, etc. : To unfold, out force "; stinguo, " to ex set forth, declare. tinguish"] 1. To extinguish, ex-ploro, ploravi, ploratum, quench, put out. — 2. To de plorare, 1. v. a. [ex, iu " in stroy. — Pass.: ex-stinguor, tensive " force ; ploro, " to stinctus sum, stingui. call out"] ("To call out ex-sto, no perf. nor sup., greatly or aloud "; hence, ns stare, 1. v. n. [ex, "out or a result) 1. To search out, forth " ; sto, " to stand "] seek to discover, ascertain. — (" To stand out or forth " ; 2. P. perf. pass. : Known, as hence) To be extant, to ex certained. — Pass. : ex-ploror, ist, to be. ploratus sum, plorari. exstructus, n, um, P. perf. expugna- tio, tionis, f. j ex - pass. of exstriio. pugn(a)-o, " to storm, capture, ex-struo, struxi, structum, carry " a town, etc.] A storm struere, 3. v. a. [ex, in "in ing, carrying, of a town, etc. tensive" force; struo, "to ex-sequor, sequutus sum, pile, or heap, up"] To pile, sequi, 3. v. dep. [ex, denoting or heap, up thoroughly ; to " to the end or close "; sequor, supply amply. — Pass.: ex- "to follow"] ("To follow to striior, structus sum, strSi. the end"; hence) Tofollow up, exsul-to, tavi, tatum, tare, carry out, execute, accomplish. 1. v. n. intens. [for exsal-to ; ex-sisto, stiti, stihim, sist- fr. exsTlio, " to leap up," ere, 3. v. n. [ex, " out or through verbal root exsAl forth"; sisto, (neut.) "to (= ex; sAl, root of salio)] stand "] (" To stand out or (" To leap up much or great forth"; hence) 1. To come ly"; hence) To rejoice ex forth, emerge, appear. — 2. ceedingly, to exult. 92 VOCABULARY. ex-ter (-terns), tera, t&rum, (Caius), surnamed Luscinus ; adj. [ex, "out "] On the out a Roman, whose conduct in side, outward. ggp" (Comp. : the war with Pyrrhus, B.C. exterior, us). — Sup.: extrem- 278, won from that monarch us (and extimus), a, um : a. the high encomium that " it Outermost, utmost, furthest. was easier to divert the sun — b. The last part of that de from its course, than Fabr noted by the subst. to which icius from honourable con it is in attribution c. In duct :" for he rejected bribes, time : Latest, last. and despised efforts at intimid exter-nus, na, num, adj. ation. He died in such deep [exter, " outward, external "] poverty that his daughters ("Pertaining to exter"; hence) were dowered by the state ; Foreign. — As Subst.: externa, while, to show public respect orum, n. plur. Foreign mat for so great and noble a ters, etc. character, his body was buried ex-tlmesco, timdi, no sup., by the people within the timescere, v. a. [ex, in " in pomoerium, though this was tensive " force ; timesco, " to against the laws of the Twelve fear"] To fear greatly, dread, Tables.— 2. Plur. : The Fabr- be terrified at. icii; vi. 15: — though the ex-torgueo, torsi, tortum, word is used in the plur., it torquere, 2. v. a. [ex, "out"; refers only to the person torqueo, "to twist"] ("To named above. twist out or forth"; hence) fa-biila, bute, f. [f(a)-or, Mentally : To wrest away "to speak"] ("The thing from one. — Pass. : ex-torq.u- brought about by speaking "; eor, tortus sum, torqueri. hence) 1. A narrative, story, extremus, a, um; see exter. tale. — 2. A drama, piny ; see dfieeo, no. 2. facll-e, adv. [facil-is, F, abbrev. of Fabius. " easy "] 1. Easily, with ease, Fab-ius, Ii, m. [fab a, "a without trouble or difficulty. — bean "] (" Oue pertaining to 2. Pleasantly, agreeably, mell. beans "] Fabius ; a Roman tjgHT Comp. : facil-ius ; Sup. : name. facil-lime. Fabr-Iclus, Tcii, m. [faber, fac-inus, inoris, n. [fac-io, f abr-i, " an artificer " in hard " to do "] (" A thing done "; materials] (" One pertaining hence) In a bad sense : A bad to a faber") 1. Fabricius or evil deed; a misdeed; a. VOCABULARY. 93 crime;— at xii. 40 strength plorare). — Pass. : flo, factus ened by malum. sum, fiSri [akin to Sans. root faclo, feci, factum, facere, 3. BhO, "to be," in causative v. a. : 1. To make, in the widest force]. acceptation oftheword.— 2.: a. fac-tum, ti, n. [fac-To, " to With second Ace. [§ 99] : To do "] (" That which is done "; make an object that which is hence) 1. A work. — 2. A deed, denoted by the second Ace. — act. b. In pass. constr. with Nom, factus, a, um, P. perf. pass. of complement : To be made, of facTo. or become, something [§ 87, fal-sus, sa, sum, adj. [for D, a], — 3. With second Ace. fall-sus; fr. fall-o, "to de of part. pres. : To make, re ceive"] ("Deceiving, decept- present a person as doing, etc., ive"; hence) Untrue, false. — something ; i. 3.-4. To bring As Subst. : a. falsum, i, n. to pass, bring about, cause, That which is false, falsehood. effect, etc.— 5. Pass. : a. To — b. falsa, orum, n. plur. be made, to become.— \'. To False things. be made or appointed. — c. fama, se, f. ("That which Impers. pres. : fit, It comes is spoken or said"; hence) to pass ;— at xx. 72 fit has for 1. Report, rumour.— 2. Fame, its Subject the clause ut . . . reputation, renown [Or.

[akin to Sans. root bhO, " to Flamln-Inus, Ini, m. [fla- be," in causative force]. men, flamin-is, " a flamen or fingo, finxi, fictum, fingere, priest" of some particular 3. v. a. ("To form, shape"; deity] (" One pertaining to a hence) Mentally : To imagine, flamen") Flamininus : 1. Titus suppose, conceive, think, etc. Quintius Flamininus; a Roman [prob. akin to 617, root of Biy- consul who conducted the war ydvut, " to touch "]. against Philip of Macedon, fi-nis, nis, m. [prob. for fid- B.C. 198, 197. In B.C. 183 nis ; fr. fid, root of find-o] he was sent to demand of ( " The dividing, or separating, Prusias, king of Bithynia, the thing"; hence, "a bound surrender of Hannibal, who ary, border "; hence) An end, had taken refuge at that termination. monarch's court. What was fio, fieri ; see facio. the grief here alluded to is fixus, a, um, P. perf. pass. not certainly known. It is of figo. generally supposed, however, Flaccus, i, m. [flaccus, to have arisen from the ex *' flabby "; of persons, " flap- pulsion of his brother from cared"] Flaccus. the senate for various acts of flaglti-osus, osa, osum, adj. cruelty while consul ; more [flagiti-um, " a disgraceful especially for having, with his act"] ("Full of flagitium"; own hand, killed a nobleman hence) Very shameful or dis of the Boii, who had sought graceful; infamous, flagitious. protection in his camp — and flagit-ium, ii, n. [flagit-o, that merely at the solicitation "to demand or desire earn of a worthless favourite. — 2. estly "] (" A demanding, etc., Lucius Quintius Flamininus, earnestly some bad thing " ; brother of no. 1 ; see above. — hence) 1. A disgraceful, 3. Titns Quintius Flamininus, shameful, or infamous act. — consul with M'. Acilius Balbus, 2. Shame, disgrace. B.C. 150; v. 14. flag-ro, ravi, ratum, rare, 1. Flamln-Ins, ii, m. [id.] v. n. (" To burn, be on fire" ; Flaminius. hence) Mentally : To burn, flam -ma, rose, f. ("The glow ; to be inflamed, stirred, burning, or blazing, thing "; etc., whether in a good or bad hence) A flame [for flag-nia ; sense [akin to Gr. $\4y-w, fr. flag-ro, "to burn or blaze "; " to burn "; Sans. root bheA j, akin to Gr.

flecto, flexi, flexum, flectSre, fort-as-se, adv. [for fort- 3. v. a. To bend, turn, turn an-se; fr. fort-e, "by chance"; round [prob. akin to t\ck-o,, an, " whether "; sit, " it be "J " to plait or twist "]. (" Whether by chance it be"; fle-tus, tus, m. [fl3-o, " to hence) Perhaps, peradventun weep "] A weeping ; tears. perchance. florens, ntis : 1. P. pres. forte ; see fors. of fldreo.— 2. Pa.: Flourish for-tis, te, adj. : 1. Strong, ing ; in, or at, its, etc., prime. powerful. — 2. Courageons. flor-eo, fii, no sup., ere, 2. daring, bold, brave. gg§ v. n. [flos, flor-is, "a flower"] Comp. : fort-ior ; (Sup. : fort- (" To flower "; hence) To be issimus) [sometimes referred in ajlourishing or prosperous to fer-o, " to bear"; sometimes condition; to flourish; to be to Sans. root dhbish, " to be eminent, distinguished, or con courageous, to dare"]. spicuous. fort-iter, adv. [fort-is, flos, Boris, m. ( 'That which "brave"] ("After the manner expands or blossoms "; hence) of the fortis "; hence) Brave A flower [akin to Sans. root ly, boldly, with courage or phal or phull, "to burst bravery. or expand " as a flower ; "to fort-ana, finse, f. [fors, fort- blossom "]. is, "chance"] ("That which fluo, fluxi, fiuxum, fliiSre, 3. belongs to fors"; hence) v. n. To flow [akin to Sans. Fortune, whether good or root put, "to flow"]. bad. focus, i, m. A fire-place, fortuna-tus, ta, tum, adj. hearth. [fortun(a)-o, "to make fortun foed-ns, fris, n. [for fid- ate "] (" Made fortunate " ; us ; fr. fid-o, " to trust "] hence) Happy, lucky, fortun ("A trusting"; hence) A ate. league, covenant, agreement, for-ns, i, m. (" That which treaty, compact. is passed through "; hence) A fore, fut. inf. of sum. gangway of a ship [akin to for-s, tis, f. [probably for (Jr. root irop, found in rtp-ia, fer-s; fr. fer-o] ("A bring " to pass through "; ir6p-ot, ing "; — " that which brings "; " a way "]. hence) Chance, casualty, hap. fos-sio, sionis, f. [for fod- —Adverbial expression : Forte sio; fr. ffld-io, "to dig"] A (abl.), By chance ox accident; digging.^ perchance. frag-Ilis, Tie, adj. [frango. VOCABULARY. 97

"to break," through root To enjoy, delight in [root fbag] (" That which may, or l'uu or fki'o, akin to Sans. can, be broken " ; hence) root Bhtl j, " to enjoy "]. Perishable, weak, frail, etc. frnstra, adv. [akin to '"nud- frango, f regi, fractum, frang- o, " to deceive "] (" In i. de Sre, 3. v. a. : 1. To break.— -2. ceived manner"; hence) In To break down, weaken, im vain, to no purpose. pair, destroy, the strength, frux, frugis (mostly plur.), etc. — Pass. : frangor, fractus f. [for frug-s; fr. petrg, a sum, frangi [akin to Gr. root of friior, " to eat"] (" The /W;-yyv/u, and Sans. root Bhatfj, thing eaten"; hence) Fruits of " to split, break "]. the earth,produce of the fields. frater, tris, m. A brother fuglo, fugi, fugitum, fug- [akin to Sans. bhrdtri, "a ere, 3. v. n. and a.: 1. Neut. : brother "]. To flee, flee away, take to frequens, ntis, adj. : 1. Of flight.— 2. Act.: a. To flee persons : Often, frequent, or from. — b. To shun, avoid. — o. constant in doing, etc., some To escape, escape from [akin thing; also, rendered adverb to

hence) To bring forth, pro glabr-i, " without hair "] duce. — Pass. : gener-or, atus ("One without hair") Olabrio sum, ari. (Manius Acilius) ; consul B.C. geniciil-atus, ata, atum, 181 ; see Thermopylae adj. [geniciil-um, "a little gladiUs, ii, m. A sword. knee"; hence, "a joint or glor-ia, ise, f. [akin to clar- knot" of plants, rfc.] ("Pro us, " illustrious "] Olory, re vided with, or having, genicul- nown, fame. um"; hence) Having knots glorl-or, atus sum, Sri, 1. or joints ; geniculate/!. v. dep. [glori-a, " boasting "] gen-s, tis, f. [gen-o, "to To glory, boast, vaunt, pride beget"] (" A begetting ; that one's self, brag. which is begotten"; hence) Gorglas, se, m. Oorgias ; a 1. A race of persons. — 2. A philosopher of Leontini in nation. — 3. At Rome : A clan, Sicily, born about B.C. 480 or rather house, containing [Gr. ropyias]. within it several families, i. e. Graeci, orum, m. plur. The families or branches. Greeks. — Hence, a. Grac-us, gen-us, eris, n. ("Birth, a, um, adj. Of, or belonging to, descent, origin "; hence) 1. A the Greeks ; Greek, Grecian. race, stock. — 2. A sort, kind — b.GraDC-ia, ise, f. The coun [gSn-o (= gigno), "to bear, try of the Greeks, Greece produce "; and so, " a bearing [Gr. TpaiKoi]. or producing"; cf. Gr. ytmi]. Grsecla, se; Graecus, a, um; gero, gessi, gestum, gerere, see Grseci. 3. v. a. : 1. To bear, carry, a grandis, e, adj. : 1. Great, thing. — 2. To administer, large. — 2. Of persons : Old, manage. — 3. Of war as Object: aged : — grandis natu, (old To carry on, wage. — 4. To with respect to birth; i.e.) carry on, conduct. — 5. Of a advanced in years, of advanced magistracy or other public age; xviii. 63 [§ 116]. office as Object: To bear, granum, i, n. A grain, seed. have, be invested with. — Pass. : 1. grat-la, ise, f. [grat-us, geror, gestus sum, geri. " pleasing "] (" The quality of Gigantes, um, m. plur. The the gratus"; hence) 1. Favour, giants; the fabled sons of esteem,regard,kindness,sho\va Tellus and Tartarus, who by another to one's self: — in made war upon the celestial gratiam redire cum, (to return gods [Gr. riyamfs]. into favour with ; i. e.) to be Glabr-io, lonis, m. [glaber, reconciled to. — 2. Gratitude, H 2 IOO VOCABULARY. thanks, thankfulness: — grat- guberua-tor, toris, m. iam habere, to have gratitude, [gfibern(a)-o, "to steer"] A i. e.toie grateful or thankful ; steersman, pilot. to thank. — 3. Adverbial Abl. : gusta -tus, tus, m. [gust(a)- With Gen. or Gerund in di : o. "to taste"] ("A tasting"; For the sake, or purpose, of. hence, the sense of " taste "; 2. gratia ; see 1. gratia, hence) Taste, or flavour, of a no. 3. thing. gratus, ta, tum, adj. Dear, pleasing, delightful. jgy hab-eo, iii, itum, ere, 2. v. a.: (Comp.: grat-ior); Sup.: grat- 1. To have, in the widest ac lsslmus [prob. akin to xaiPa ceptation of the term : — ser- (root xap), "to rejoice"]. nitmem habere, £o have, or hold, gravis, e, adj. : 1. Heavy, a conversation : — for gratiam ponderous. — 2. Heavy, burden habere see 1. gratia, no 2. — some, oppressive, disagreeable. 2. With Adj. as second Ace. : .— 3. Weighty, important, To have, hold, keep an object grave. — 4. With respect to in the state denoted by such character : Of weight, author Adj. — 3. With personal pron. ity, or influence [akin to Gr. as Object, in reflexive force : fiafi-is; Sans. gur-u, for origin To have, or hold, one's self or al gar-u]. itself in a certain state ; /. e. grav-Itas, itatis, f. [grav to be; xviii. 65, etc. — 4. To is, " weighty "] (" The state, reckon, deem, consider, hold, or quality, of the gravis"; account. — Pass.: hab-eor, Vlus hence) 1, Weight, importance. sum, eri [prob. akin to &r- — 2. Gravity, seriousness. TOiuai, " to lay hold of "; also, grav-Iter, adv. [grav-is, to ap-io, ap-o, " to seize or " heavy ; severf "] (" After the grasp "]. manuer of the gravis "; hence) hab-ito, itavi, itatum, itare, 1. : a. Heavily, severely. — b. 1. v. n. intens. [hab-eo, "to Comp. as modified Sup. : Very have"; hence, "to hold, or heavily ; i. 1 : — but at xix. 67 inhabit," a place] To have an gravius is used as an ordinary abode; to dwell, reside, live comp. — 2. Impressively, in an anywhere. impressive manner ; with pro hsedus, i, m. : l. A hid. — 2. priety or dignity. 4S" Comp.: In collective force : Kids. giav-ius; Sup.: grav-issime. Hannibal, «lis, m. Hannibal; grSmlum, H, n. The lap, the commander of the Carthag the bosom. inian armies in the second VOCABULARY.

Punic War [Hebrew or Phoen of both numbers): This person ician word : " The favour of or thing, etc. — Adverbial Abl. : Baal"]. hoc, On this account [akin hasta, se, f. A spear, jave to Sans. pronominal root I, lin. aspirated ; with c (= ce), de hand, adv. Not at all, by monstrative suffix]. no means, not. 2. hie, adv. [1. hie] Here. herb-esco, no perf. nor sup., h-in-c, adv. [for h-im-c ; fr. escere, 3. v. n. [herb-a, " a hi, base of hi-c; im, locative green stalk "] To grow into suffix; c (= ce), demonstra green stalks or blades. tive suffix] ("From this very" herciile ; see Hercules. thing, etc. ; hence) 1. From Hercules, is, m. Hercules; this place. — 2. From this the son of Jupiter and Aicmena, cause, hence. — 8. After this. a celebrated hero of antiquity, Hispani, drum, m. plur. who, after having performed a The Hispani or Spaniards. — series of wonderful exploits on Hence, Hispan-Ia, Tse, f. The earth, was ranked among the country of the Hispani, Spain : celestial deities. He was the — a. Hispania Ulterior, Fur god of strength and the ther Spain, or Spain beyond guardian of riches ; and also the Iberus (Ebro). — b. Hispan the president or guide of the ia Citerior, Hither Spain, or Muses. The poplar was sacred Spain on this side the Iberus to him. — Adverbial expression : (Ebro)._ herciile, By Hercules [Gr. histrio, onis, m. A stage- 'HpaKAf;s]. player, an actor. Hesiodus, i, m. Hesiod; a ho-die, adv. [contr. fr. hoc Greek poet born at A sera in die ; i. e. hoc, masc. abl. sing. of Bceotia. His principal poem hie, "this "; die, abl. sing. of is entitled " Works and Days." dies, " a day "] On this day, According to Herodotus he to-day. was contemporary with Homer Homerus, i, m. Homer; an [Gr. 'HitioSos]. old Greek epic poet, the hib-ernus, erna, ernum, adj. author of the Iliad and [for hiein-ernus; fr. hiems, Odyssey. Of his age and hieui-is, " winter "] Of, or be birth not even the ancients longing to, winter ; winter-. themselves had any certain 1. hie, ha»c, hoc (Gen. hujus; knowledge. Modern investiga Dat. huic), pron. dem. This. — tion leads to the supposition As Subst. (of all genders, and that he was an Achaian Greek, Tr,2 VOCABULARY. living before the Dorian force, " the one sought for tha conquest of the Peloponnesus purpose of eating or being en (about B.C. 1104), and probably tertained"; hence) 1. A visitor, about fifty years after the fall guest. — 2. An entertainer ; a of Troy, which took place host. — 3. = Gr. JeW: A guest- B.C. 1184, [Gr. "Oimpos]. friend ; i. e. a person between homo, luis, comni. gen. : 1. whom and one's self there Sing. : A person, or man exists a bond of hospitality, generally; a human being. — which extends also to the 2. Plur. : a. Persons, men. — families and descendants of b. Mankind, men. each. This tie was held most honest -e, ml v. [hSnestus, sacred ; and to violate it was "honourable"] ("After the regarded as the greatest im manner of the honestus " ; piety. — 4. A stranger [perhaps hence) Honourably. for hos-pit-s; akin to Sans. h5nes-tus, ta, tum, adj. root GhA8, "to eat"; pSt-o, [for honor-tus ; fr. hSnor, " to seek "]. " honour "] (" Provided with hospit-ium, ii, n. [hospes, honor"; hence) Noble, di hospit-is, "a stranger"] ("The stinguished, honourable. ggp" thing pertaining to a hospes"; (Comp. : hSnest-ior) ; Sup. : hence) A place where strangers hBneat-issimus. are entertained; a lodging, honor, oris, m.: 1. Honour. inn, etc. .— 2. Public honour, official hog-til, tis, com ui . gen. (" The dignity ; an office, or past, of eating one; the eater"; hence) honour. — 3. Of burial, etc. : 1. A stranger or foreigner, as Honour ; mark, or token, of one who is entertained as a respect. "guest." — 2.: a. A public honora-tus, ta, tum, adj. enemy ; a foe. — b. Plur. : The [honor(a)-o, "to honour"] enemy, in collective force 1. Honoured, respected. — 2. [perhaps akin to Sans. root Honourable, distinguished. GhAs, "to eat"]. B3J" Comp.: hSnorat-Tor; (Sup.: human-Itas, itatis, f. [hum- honorat-issimus). an-us, " humane " ; also, hora, ae,f. Anhour[OtT. Spa]. "polished, refined"] ("The hortus, i, m. A garden, in quality, or condition, of the the widest sense of the term humanus"; hence) 1. Humane, [x Idem, n. The same thing. — 2. atum, lacrimare, 1. v. n. [for When something new is added in-lacrimo ; fr. m, "on account respecting a person or thing of, over"; lacrimo, "to weep"] already mentioned : Likewise, (" To weep on account of, or also, too, moreover. — As over"; hence) To shed tears, Subst. : Idem, m. lie also ; — lament, bewail. Plur. : They also. il-le, la, lud (Gen. illius ; io4 VOCABULARY.

Dat. illi), pron. adj. [for is-le; Weak, feeble, whether ptysic- fr. is] 1. That— As Subst. (of ally or mentally. gap" Gomp. : all genders and both numbers): imbecill-ior ; (Sup. : inibecill- That person or thing; he, issimus.) she, it, etc. — 2. Of some imber, bris, m. A heavy person, etc., commonly known: rain; a pelting slower or That well-known or famous ; storm [akin to Gr. 2f.i/8pos]. — at i. 1 the term Ille vir is im-itor, itatus sum, itari, usually considered to mean 1. v. dep. (" To make like "; Ennius (see Ennius). By hence) To imitate [root IM, some, however, it is considered akin to Gr. fiifi-eo/mi]. to mean Sextus iElins Paetus, immis-sio, sionis, f. [for who endeavoured to console immitt-sTo; fr. immitt-o, "to his colleague Flamininus when let in"] ("A letting in"; alarmed at the prodigies hence) An engrafting. which occurred just before his im-moderatus, mSderata, setting out for the Macedonian mSderatum, adj. [for in-miid- War. eratus; fr. m, "not"; mSd- illec-Sbra, ebrse, f. [for eratus, " moderate "] (" Not illae-ebra; fr. illicio, "to moderatus"; hence) Excessive, entice," through its root immoderate. IllAc] ("That which brings im-mortalis, mortale, adj. about the enticing "; hence) [for in-niortalis; fr. in, "not"; Enticement, allurement. mortalis, " mortal "] Immort illuc, adv. [adverbial neut. al, undying. of illic, "that"] To that immortal-itas, Tt litis, f. place, thither. [immortal-is, " immortal "] il-ludo, lusi, lusum, ludere, ("The quality, or state, of 3. v. a. [for in-Iudo; fr. m, the immortalis"; hence) Im " at "; ludo, in force of " to mortality. jeer "] To jeer, or mock, at ; im-ped-io, Ivi or li, Ttum, to ridicule.— Pass. : il-ludor, Ire, 4. v. a. [for in-pSd-To ; fr. lusus sum, ludi. in, " in "; pes, pSd-is, " the il-lustr-is, e, adj. [for in- foot"] ("To get the foot lustr-is; fr. m, "greatly"; in " something ; hence, " to lustr-o,"to illumine"] ("Great shackle," etc. ; hence) To ly illumined "; hence, " clear, hinder, prevent, impede.— bright " ; hence) Renowned, Pass.: im-ped-ior, Itus sum, famous, illustrious. iri. imbecillus, a, um, adj. im-pello, puli, pulsum, pell VOCABULARY. 105

ere, 3. v. a. [for in-pello; fr. the case of. — 2. With Ace. : In, "against"; pello, "to a. Into.— b. Of time: To, drive "] (" To drive, or push, unto, till [Gr. iy\. against"; hence) To impel, in-certus, certa, certum, urge on, instigate. — Pass. : adj. [In, "not"; certus, im-pellor, pulsus sum, pelli. " sure "] Not sure, uncertain. im-pendeo, no perf. nor —As Subst. : iucertum, i, n. sup., pendere, 2. v. n. [for An uncertainty. in-pendeo ; fr. In, " over "; 1. in-cldo, t-uli, casum, pendeo, "to hang"] ("To cidere, 3. v. n. [for in-cadn ; iiang over"; hence) To be fr. m, " into"; cado, " to fall "j imminent ; to impend. To fall into, in the fullest impera-tor, toris, m. [im- meaning of the term. per(a)-o] A commander, esp. 2. in-cido, cidi, cisum, cid a commander-in-chief. ere, 3. v. a. [for in-caxlo ; fr. imper-ium, li, n. [imper-o, in, "into"; csedo, "to cut"] " to command "J 1. A com (" To cut into "; hence) To mand, order. — 2. Authority, engrave, inscribe, etc. — Pass. : 'power. — 3. The right, or pow in-cidor, cisus sum, cidi. er, of commanding ; authority, inclsus, a, um, P. perf. control, over one's family, etc. pass. of incido. (sts. called domesticum im- in-clto, citavi, citatum, cit- perium). — 4. Dominion, sway, are, 1. v. a. [in, " without rule, sovereignty. — 5. A dom force "; cito, "to set in rapid inion, realm, empire. motion "] 1. To set in rapid im-pero, peravi, peratum, motion, to urge forward. — 2. perare, 1. v. n. [for in-paro; To urge or spur on ; to incite, fr. In, " upon "; paro, " to stimulate, etc. — Pass. : in put "] (" To put (a matter, clter, citatus sum, citari. etc.) upon " one ; hence) With in-clm-o, avi, atum, are, Dat. [§ 106, 4] : To command, 1. v. n. [m, "towards"; clin-o rule over, etc. (found only in compound and importun-itas, itatis, f. derivative words), " to lean "] [importun-us, in force of "un ("To lean towards"; hence) civil, rude "] (" The quality, To be disposed, or inclined : or condition, of the importun- to incline. us "; hence) Incivility, rude in-cludo, clusi, cliisum, ness, insolence. cludere, 3. v. a. [Tn, " in "; In, prep. gov. abl. and ace. : cludo (= claudo), " to shut "] 1. With Abl. : a. In. - b. In To shut in or up ; to confme, io6 VOCABULARY. enclose. — Pass. : in-cludor, in), " in, within "; S1-esco, " to clflsus sum, cludi. grow "] (" That which grows inclusus, a, uiu, P. perf. in, or within," one ; hence) 1. pass. of includo. Natural abilities, talent, or inc51-a, se, m. [inco1-o, " to genius. — 2. Natural disposi inhabit "] An inhabitant. tion or character. inconstant-Ia, ia?, f. [in- industrl-a, se, f. [industrT- constans, inconstant-is, " in us, " industrious "] (" The consistent "] (" The quality of state, or condition, of the in- the inconstans"; hence) 1. dustrius"; hence) Diligence. Inconsistency. — 2. Change- assiduity, industry. ableness, fickleness. ih-go, lvi or li, itum, ire, incredibil-Iter, adv. [in- v. n. [In, " into "; Ho, " to credibil-is, " incredible "] go "] (" To go into "; hence) ( " After the manner of the 219 begin, commence. incredibilis"; hence) Incred in-ers, crtis, adj. [for In- ibly. ars ; fr. in, " not " ; ars, incre-mentum, menti, n. " art "] (" Not having, or [incre-sco, " to grow, increase without, ars," in any employ in size "] (" That which ment; hence) 1. Unskilled, grows "; hence) Growth, in unskilful. — 2. Inactive, idle, crease in size. indolent, sluggish, inert. in-curro, curri and cucurri, m-exe.rcita.tus, exercitata, cursum, currere, 3. v. n. [in, exercitatum, adj. [m, " not "; " into "; curro, " to run "J exercitatus, " exercised "] To run into. (" Not exercised "; hence) Un in-dico, dixi, dictum, dicere, trained, uupractised. 3. v. a. [m, in "augmenta infirm-itas, itatis, f. [in- tive " force ; dico, " to say "] firm-us," weak"] ("The qual 1. To declare publicly ; to ity, or state, of the infirm- proclaim, appoint. — 2. With us"; hence) Weakness, feeble bellum as nearer Object, and ness. Dat. of remoter Object : To in-firmus, firina, firmum, declare war against ; — at adj. [m, " not " ; firmus, xiv. 46 in figurative force. " strong "] 1. Not strong, in-doctus, docta, doctum, weak,feeble, infirm. — 2. Comp. adj. [m, "not, un-"; doctus, as modified Sup. : Very weak. " taught "] Untaught, un- fir/FComp. : infirm-Tor; (Sup.: instructed, unlearned. infirm-issimus). ind-51-es, is, f. [ind-u ( = in-gen-Ium, ii,n. [in, " in"; VOCABULARY. 107 OBn, root of gigno (pass.), adj. [for In-amicus ; fr. In, "to be born"] ("A being " not "; amicus, " friendly "] born in " one ; " that which is Unfriendly, hostile, inimical ; inborn " ; hence) Natural —at xii. 40 folld. by Dat. abilities, talents or genius. [§ 106, (3)]. in-gTavesco, no perf. nor In-Iquus, Iqua, Iquum, adj. sup., gravescere, 3. v. n. [m, [for In-iequus ; f r. In, " not "; " without force "; gravesco, sequus, " even "; hence, ment " to become heavy ] 1. To ally, " calm, composed "] grow, or become, heavy. — 2. In ("Not eequus"; hence) Not a bad sense : To increase, grow calm or composed, disturbed, worse or more oppressive. — 3. agitated, troubled. Bgy To become troubled, wearied, (Comp. : Inlqu-Tor) ; Sup. : inconvenienced, etc. Iniqu-issimus. in-gredior, gressus sum, ml-tium, tii, n. [ineo, " to gredi, 3. v. dep. [for in-gradior; go into " a place ; hence, " to fr. m, "into"; gradior, "to enter upon, begin," through step"] C To step into"; hence) root ini] A beginning, com 1. To go into, enter. — 2. To mencement. enter upon a journey, etc. — 3. in-jus-sus, sus (only found To begin, commence. in Abl. Sing.), m. [for in-jub- Inhuman- Itas, 1 Litis, f. sus; fr. In, "not"; jiib-eo, [Inhuman-us, "discourteous"] " to command "] (" A not (" The quality, or state, of the commanding "; hence) With inhumanus " ; hence) Dis out command : — injussu Im- courtesy ; churlishness, surli peratoris, w ithout the general 's ness, incivility. command or order, xx. 72. In-humanus, humana, hum- in-numerabilis, numerablle, anum, adj. [m, " not " ; adj. [In, " not "; numerabilis, humanus, in force of " court " to tie counted "] Not to be eous"] ("Not humanus"; counted, countless, innumer hence) Discourteous, churlish, able. surly, uncivil. Inop-la, Ise, f. [Inops, InSp- Iniens, InSuntis, P. pres. of is, " without means "] (" The Ineo. quality, or state, of the in lnimic-i tia, itue, f. [InimTc- ops "; hence) Need, indigence, us, " unfriendly "] (" The poverty. state of the inimicus "; hence) inquam (inquio), v. dcf. To Unfriendliness, enmity. say. in-Imicus, TmIca, Imicum, in-scribo, scrips!, scriptum, io8 VOCABULARY. scribSre, 3. v. a. [in, " upon "; in-stitiio, siTiiii, stitutum, scribo, "to write"] ("To stituSre, 3. v. a. [for in-statuo ; write upon " ; hence) Of a fr. m, " without force"; statiio, book as Object : To give a "to set"] ("To set, put, title to ; to entitle. — Pass. : place " ; hence, " to raise, in-scrlbor, scriptus sum, erect "; hence) 1. To found, scribi. institute. — 2. To train up, in-slplens, sipientis, adj. rear, educate. — Pass. : in- [for in-sapfens ; f'r. m, " not "; stituor, stitutus sum, sti't iii. sapiens, " wise "] Not wise, institu-tum, ti, n. [institu- unwise, foolish, senseless.- — o, " to found or institute "] As Subst. m. : An unwise, (" That which is instituted "; foolish, etc., person. hence) 1. Custom, habit, etc. insiplen-ter, adv. [for in- — 2. A regulation, ordinance, sipient-ter ; fr. insipiens, in- institution, law. sipient-is, " unwise"] (" After in-struo, struxi, structum, the manner of the insipiens"; struere, 3. v. a. [m, " without hence) Unwisely, foolishly. force "; st riio, " to build "] insi-tio, tionis, f. [for insa- ("To build"; hence) To tio; fr. insero, "to engraft," build up in anything; to. through verbal root insA teach, train, instruct. (— in ; sA, root of sero)] An in-tSg-er, ra, rum, adj. [for engrafting, grafting. in-tag-er ; fr. m, " not " ; in-sole-ns, ntis, adj. [in, tango, " to touch," through "not"; selS-o, "to be accus root tAG] (" Untouched " ; tomed"] (" Not accustomed "; hence) Of the mind: TJnim. hence, " contrary to custom "; paired, uninjured, sound. hence, " too great, excessive "; intel-ligo(intel-lego), lexi, hence) Haughty, insolent. lectum, ligere, 3. v. a. [for insomn-ia, v.v, f. [insomn- inter-lego ; fr. inter, " be is, " sleepless "] (" The state tween "f lego, " to choose "] of the insomnis " ; hence) ("To choose between"; hence) Sleeplessness, want of sleep ; 1. To see, perceive, compre — at xiii. 44 in plur. to denote hend, understand. — 2. To see, the frequent recurrence of the mark, perceive by the under state. standing, etc. — Pass. : intel- in-stillo, stillavi, stillatum, llgor, lectus sum, ligi. stillare, 1. v. a. [m, " into "; in-temperans, tempSrantis, stillo, " to drop "] To drop adj. [m, "not"; temperans, into ; to pour into by drops. " moderate "] (" Not moder VOCABULARY. 109 ate " ; hence) Incontinent, inter-eo, ivi or ii, itum, ire, profligate, debauched. v. n. [inter, " among "; eo, inton-tus, ta, tum, adj. "to go"] ("To go among" [for intend-tus ; fr. intend-o, other things, etc., so as to be "to bend"] 1. Of a bow: no longer perceived; hence) Bent, stretched. — 2. Of the To perish. mind: Bent, strung, prepared, inter-ficio, feci, fectum, ready. ficere, 3. v. a. [for inter-facio ; inter, prep. gov. ace. : 1. fr. inter, "between"; facTo, "to Between, among : — inter se, make"] ("To make" some among themselves,i.e. mutual thing to be "between" the ly, one with another. — 2. Of parts of a thing, so as to separ things : Among, in the midst ate and break it up; hence) of. — 3. Of time : During, etc. To destroy; esp. to kill, slay. inter-dico, dixi, dictum, — Pass. : inter-f Icior, fectus dicere, 3. v. a. and n. [inter, sum, f ici. "between"; dico, "to speak"] inter-imo, emi, emptum, (" To speak, or pronounce," a lmere, 3. v. a. [for inter-emo ; decision, etc., " between " two fr. inter, " between "; emo, parties; hence, "to make a " to take "] (" To take that decree," etc. ; hence) 1. To which is between, i. e. to take forbid, prohibit, interdict. — from between"; hence) To 2. With Dat. of person and destroy, kill, slay. Abl. of thing : i To issue an interl-tus, tus, m. [intereo, edict, or prohibitory order, to " to perish," through root in- some person in some matter. tebi] (" A perishing "; hence) — Impers. Inf. Pres. Pass. : Of persons : Death, destruc interdici, that a prohibitory tion, etc. order be issued ; vii. 22, where inter-sum, fui, esse, v. n. the clause male . . . interdici [inter, " between "; sum, " to forms the Subject of solet. — be "] Of time : To be, or pass, Pass. : inter-dlcor, <1 ictus sum, between ; to elapse, intervene. dici. in-tueor, tiiitus sum, ttieri, inter-dum, adv. [inter, " at 2. v. dep. [m, " upon "; tdeor, intervals " ; dum, prob. = "to look"] To look upon, ilium, ace. of obsol. dius towards, or at ; to behold, see. (whence diu) = dies, " a day"] in-tus, adv. [in, "in"] 1. (" At intervals during the Within, in the inside. — 2. day "; hence) Sometimes, oc Within, in one's family or casionally. household. no VOCABULARY. in-venio,veni,ventum, ven- b. Of 3rd person : Himself, Ire, 4. v. a. [in, " upon "; herself, itself. venio, "to come"] 1. To come ira-cundus, cunda, cundum, upon, light upon, find, meet adj. [ira-scor, "to be angry"] with. — 2. To light upon, dis Very angry or wrathful ; full cover. — Pass. : in-venior, of rage or passion. ventus sum, venlri. ir-rideo, risi, risum, ridere, inven-tum, ti, n. [inven- 2. v. a. [for in-rideo; fr. In, io, "to discover"] ("That " at "; rideo, "to laugh "] To which is discovered"; hence) laugh at, ridicule, mock; to A discovery, invention, etc. jeer or scoff- at. in-vSter-o, avi, atum, are, irriga-tio, tTouis, f. [irrig(a). 1. v. a. [in, " without force "; o, " to irrigate "] An irrigat vStus, veter-is, "old"] ("To ing ; irrigation. make vetus "; hence) 1. Pass. is, Sa, id (Gen. ejus ; Dat. in reflexive force : (" To make Si), pron. dem. : 1. This or one's self, etc., vetus "; hence) that person or thing. — As- To endure, continue, or re Subst. of all genders and both main, for a long time. — 2. numbers : The person, or P. perf. : Of long standing, thing, just mentioned; he, deeply rooted, firm, etc. she, it ; those persons, those, inviolat-e, adv. [inviolat- they ; those things. — As Abl. us, in force of " inviolable "] of Measure [§ 118] : eo, By ("After the manner of the that, i. e. by so much : — eo . . . inviolatus"; hence) Inviol quo, by so much . . . by how ably. much. — 2. Folld. by ut c. invito, avi, atum, are, 1. Subj.: Such as, etc.; of such v. a.: 1. To invite.— 2. To a kind as, etc. [akin to Sans. summon, call. — 3. To allure, pronominal root i]. entice, attract, tempt. Isocrates, is, m. Isocrates, in-vi-tus, ta, tum, adj. one of the ten great Attic (" Not desiring "; hence) Un orators, was born B.C. 436. willing, reluctant, against After the unfortunate issue of one's will [in, "not"; Sans. the battle of Chseronea he root vt, " to desire"]. destroyed himself, in his 98th i-pse, psa, psum, pron. dem. or 99th year [Gr. 'ISparta ful, joyous, glad. — 2. Pleas (now Misitra), the capital of ing, pleasant, agreeable, de Laconia, a country of the lightful. — 3. With Abl. : Peloponnesus (now the Morea) Abounding, or rich, in. ggp" in Southern Greece. — Hence, Comp. : lset-ior ; (Sup. : Iset- Lacedsemon-ius, Ta, ram, issimus) [prob. akin to Sans. adj. Of, or belonging to, root las, "to shine"; also, Lacedcemon ; Lacedemonian. "to delight"]. — As Subst. : Lacedsemonli, lamentum, i, ii. A bewail orum, m. plur. The Lace- ing, lamentation; a cry of dcemonians [Gr. AaKeSalfiav]. grief or sorrow ; — at xx. 73 lacertus, i, m. ("The upper in plur. part of the arm "; hence) The langue-sco (trisyll.),langui, arm. no sup., languescere, 3. v. n. lacrima, se (old form dacri- inch. [languS-o, "to be faint" j ma), f. ("The biting thing"; 1. To grow or become faint, hence) A tear [akin to Gr. weak, or feeble.— -2. To be Zdnpv; Sans. root BASIC or come inert, to grow inactive. da9, " to bite "]. langu-idus, Ida, idum, adj. Lselius, n, m. Lcelius[Caius), [langu-eo, " to be languid "] surnamed Sapiens or " The 1. Languid, faint, weary. — 2. Wise," the intimate friend of Feeble, weak. Scipio Africanus the Younger, lap-sua, sus, m. [for lab- was consul B.C. 140. Al sus ; fr. lab-or, " to glide "] though not devoid of military (" A gliding "; hence) Of the talent, he was more of a shoots of the vine, etc. : A statesman than a general. spreading, or growing, here He seems to have been a man and there. highly esteemed by all his larg-ior, itus sum, Iri, 4. contemporaries; and Seneca v. dep. [larg-us, "large"; is found urging a friend to hence, "bountiful"] ("To " live like Lselius." give bountifully "; hence) To Laertes, se, m. Laertes ; bestow, impart, grant, confer. a king of Ithaca, and father of laturus, a, um, P. fut. of Ulysses [Gr. liaiprns]. fero. lset-or, atus sum, ari, 1. lfttus, eris, n. ("The ex- Catp Major. I 114 VOCABULARY. tended thing "; hence) 1. A lego, legi, lectum, legere, side, whether of persons or 3. v. a. (" To lay, or put, to things. — 2. Of orators : The gether "; hence) 1. To collect, lungs [prob. akin to latus, gather together. — 2. To read " broad, extended"]. [Gr. A.eya]. lauda-tlo, tionis, f. [laud(a)- len-io, ivi or li, Itum, Ire, o, "to praise"] ("A praising"; 4. v. a. [len-is, "moderate, hence, " praise, commenda gentle"] ("To moderate"; tion "; hence) A funeral ora hence) To soothe, alleviate. tion, in which the virtues, lenis, e, adj. (" Soft, etc., of the deceased were smooth"; hence) 1. Moderate, made the subject of praise. not violent. — 2. Mild, easy, lauda-tus, ta, tum, adj. gentle. [id.] Praised, commended, Leontln-us, a, um, adj. excellent. [Leontm-i, " Leontini " (now laud-o, avi, atum, are, 1. Lentini), a town in the E. of v. a. [laus, laud-is, " praise "] Sicily] Of, or belonging to, To praise, commend, extol, Leontini ; Leontine. — As laud. Subst. : Leontinus, i, in. A laus, laudis, f. Praise [prob. man of Leontini; a Leontine. akin to Gr. K\v-o,, and to Sans. Lepidus, i, m. [lepidus, root CBu, "to hear"; and so, " agreeable, charming "1 "that which one hears" of Lepidus (Marcus) was consul one's self, in a good sense]. B.C. 187 and 175, and pontifex lax-o, avi, atum, are, 1. maximus B.C. 180. He died v. a. [lax-us, " loose "] (" To B.C. 152, or two years before loosen "; hence) With AM. : the time at which the present To set loose or free from ; to dialogue is supposed to have relieve or deliver from. — taken place. Pass. : lax-or, atus sum, iiri. levasso, for leVavero, fut. lect-iilus, uli, m. dim. [lect- perf. of lSvo. us, " a couch "] A little, or levis, e, adj. ("Light-mov small, couch ; a little bed. ing "; hence) 1. Light, as lega-tus, ti, m. [leg(a)-o, opposed to "heavy." — 2. " to send with a legal com Light, trifling, insignificant, mission "] (" One sent on a trivial. — 3. Empty, vain. — 4. legal commission "; hence) 1. Mild, gentle. grg" Comp. : An ambassador. — 2. Milit. leV-Tor ; (Sup. : lSv-issimus) t . t . : A lieutenant-general ; a [akin to Gr. 4-\&x-ii; Sans. lieutenant. lagh-u]. VOCABULARY. "5

lev-o, avi, Stum, are, 1. (" The desired or loved ones"; v. a. [lev-is, " light "] (" To hence) Children [akin to Sans. make light "; hence) Of care, root luBh, " to desire or etc., as Object : To lighten, love"]. alleviate, mitigate. liber-o, avi, atum, are, 1. lex, legis, f. [ = leg-s ; fr. v. a. [liber, "free"] 1. To leg-o," to read"] (" That which set free, to free. — 2. To ac is read"; hence, "a bill," i. e. a quit in a court of justice. — proposition reduced to writing Pass. : liber-or, atus sum, ari. and read (to the people) with Hbidin-osus, osa, osum, a view to its being passed into adj. [libido, libidln-is, " sens law ; hence) A law. ual desire"] ("Full of libido"; Hben-ter, adv. [for libent- hence) Sensual, voluptuous, ter ; fr. libens, libent-is, " will licentious. ing"] (" After the manner of lib-Ido, Tdmis, f. [lib-5o, the libens "; hence) Willingly, "to please"] ("A pleasing" cheerfully, with pleasure, etc. one's self; hence) 1. Desire, B3P Comp. : libent- Tus ; (Sup.: eagerness, longing, inclina libent-issime). tion. — 2. In a bad sense : De lib-eo, ui, itum, ere (usually sire, passion, lust. found only in 3rd pers. sing. licent-ia, Tse, f. [llcens, and inf. mood), 2. v. n. : 1. To licent-is, " acting according please ; to be pleasing or to one's own will "] (" The agreeable. — 2. Impers. : libet, condition, or state, of the etc., It pleases or is pleasing ; licens"; hence) The acting it is agreeable, etc. [akin to according to one's own will or Sans. root luBh, "to desire"]. pleasure; licence. 1. lib-er, ri, m. (" The inner lic-eo, ui, Itum, ere (usually bark, or rind, of a tree"; hence, only in 3rd pers. sing. and as this bark was employed for inf. mood), 2. v. n. (" To be writing upon) A book. allowable or permissible "; 2. lib-er, era, ("rum, adj. hence) Impers. : llcet, etc., (" Doing as one desires or (It) is permitted or allowed. pleases, pleasing one's self"; licet ; see Uceo. hence) Free, unrestricted, un Licinius, ii, m. Licinius ; a fettered, unimpeded [akin to Roman name ; see Crassus. Sans. root ittBh, "to desire"; ling-ua (dissyll.), uie, f. Gr. l-\ei6-epos, "free"]. [ling-o, "to lick"] ("The lIb-eri, erorum, m. plur. licking thing "; hence) A (the sing. only in late Lat.) tongue. I n6 VOCABULARY.

litera, se, f. : 1. A letter of long-issTmus) [akin to Sans. the alphabet. — 2. Plur. : Liter dirgha, "long"]. ature, learning, letters. loqu-ax, acis, adj. [lfiqu-or, Iavius, ii, m. Livius ; a " to talk "] 1. Prone to talk, Roman name ; see, also, talkative, loquacious. — 2. Andromens, xiv. 50. Comp. : a. Too talkative. — b. 16cu-ple-s, tis, adj. [for As a modified Sup.: Very loco-ple-ts; fr. locus, (uncontr. talkative. gen.) loco-i, "landed proper 16qu-or, utus sum, i, 3. v. ty "; ple-o, " to fill "] (" Full dep. : 1. Neut. : To speak, of landed property"; hence) talk. — 2. Act.: To speak of Sich, wealthy, opulent. or about; to say [akin to loc-us, i. m. (plur. loci, m. Sans. root lAp, " to speak "]. and 16ca, n.) ("That which Luc-ius, ii, m. [lux, lucis, is put, placed, or situate " ; "light"] ("One belonging to hence) 1. A place, spot, etc. — lux "; i. e. prps. " one born 2. A topic of discussion ; a at day -break ") Lucius ; a matter, subject, point [prob. Roman praenomen. akin to Gr. root \ fx, " to Pu'"]- lii-dus, di, m. : 1. Play, long-e, adv. [long-us, sport. — 2. Plur. : Public "long"] 1. : a. Far off, at a games. — 3. As a proper name : great distance. — b. Comp.: The Ludus; the title of a Further.— 2. In time; Long, work of the poet Nsevius for a long time. BgJ" Comp.: [prob. akin to Sans. root iAs, long-Tus ; (Sup. : long-issime). '. to sport "]. long-inqu-us (trisyll.), a, 2. Lud-us, i; see 1. ludus, nm, adj. [for long-hinc-vus ; no. 3. fr. long-us, "long"; hence, lugeo, luxi, no sup., lfigere, "far off"; hinc, "hence"] 2. v. n. and a. : 1. Neut. : To (" Belonging to that which is mourn, sorrow, grieve. — 2. far off hence"; hence) Of Act. : To mourn, sorrow, or time : Long, long continued, grieve for ; to bewail [prob. of long duration. akin to Gr. \v(a, " to sob "; long-us, a, um, adj. : 1. \vjpis, "sorrowful"]. Long in extent or space. — 2. lu-men, minis, n. [for luc- In time: a. Long, of long men ; fr. luc-eo, " to shine "] duration or continuance. — b. ("That which shines"; hence) Comp. : (a) Too long. — (b) As 1. Light.— 2. A lamp.— 3. Of a modified Sup. : Very long. persons : A light or luminary; ggj" Comp. : long-ior ; (Sup. : an ornament, glory. VOCABULARY. ii7

lu-na, noe, f. [fur luc-na ; fr. and sold it to the poor at a luc-So, "to shine"] ("The low price. He was accused of shining one"; hence) The aiming at royal power, and moon. was killed by the master of liio, liii, luitum or latum, the horse, Ahala ; see Ahala. WSre, 3. v. a. (" To wash, mag-is, comp. adv. [akin lave"; hence) To wash out, to mag-nus] More, ina greater i. e. to atone for, expiate, a degree. crime, etc. mag-ister, istri, m. [root lii-sxo, sionis, f. [for lud- mag ; see magnus] (" He that sio ; fr. lud-o, " to play "] A is great or mighty"; hence, playing, play, sport. "a master"; hence) 1. A lux, lGcis, f. [for luc-s ; fr. master : — Magister equitum, luc-eo, "to shine"] ("That Master of the horse; the which shines or is bright"; title of the commander of hence) 1. Light.— 2. The light the Roman cavalry under a of day, daylight. — 3. The dictator, next to whom he sight of all men, the public held rank. — ?. A teacher or view, the world. instructor. Lysander, dri, m. Lys- magister-ium, ii, n. [mag ander ; a Lacedsemonian, who ister, magist(e)r-i, in force of by his natural abilities became " master of a feast "] (" A one of the most distinguished thing pertaining to a mag diplomatists and generals of ister "; hence) The office, or his native land [Gr. Aiiir- post, of master of a feast. aySpos, " Man-looser"]. The ancient Romans used to Lysimachus, i, m. Lysi- appoint one of the company to machus ; used indefinitely of preside at their revels. This any Athenian citizen; vii. 21 was done by a throw of the [Av

mane, adv. In the morning, goddess was brought from early. PessTnus in Phrygia to Italy, man-eo, si, sum, ere, 2. v. n. B.C. 205 [akin to Gr. ju^-tl;p ; To stay, or remain, anywhere Sans. md-tri; fr. root ma, in [akin to Gr. fitv-a]. meaning of " to produce "; Manlus (abbreviated M'), and so " the producer "]. ii, m. Manias; a Roman matiir-e, adv. [matiir-us, prsenomen. in force of " speedy, quick "] ma-nus, nus, f. (" The mea (" After the manner of the suring thing"; hence) A hand: maturus "; hence) Speedily, — esse in manibus, to be in quickly, in good time. (everybody's) hands, i. e. to miitur-itas, ltatis, f. [matur be well known [akin to Sans. us, " ripe, mature "] (" The root ma, " to measure "]. quality, or state, of the matur Marcel-Ins, li, m. [for us "; hence) Ripeness, matur Marcul-lus ; fr. marciil-us, ity. "little hammer"] Marcellus matur-o, avi, atum, arc, (Marcus), who conquered and 1. v. a. [id.] 1. To ripen, took Syracuse. When consul make ripe, bring to maturity. for the' fifth time B.C. 208, he — 2. Pass. in reflexive force : imprudently proceeded to re To become ripe, arrive at connoitre the Carthaginian maturity. — Pass. : matur-or, camp, in the neighbourhood of atus sum, ari. Vennsia, and falling into an maturus, a, um, adj. : 1. ambush was slain. Hannibal Sipe, mature. — 2. Seasonable, generously restored his dead timely. body. maxim-e, sup. adv. [max Karens, i, in. [marcus, imus, "greatest"] In the "a hammer"] ("Hammer") greatest or highest degree; Marcus; a Roman prsenomen. very greatly, especially, chief Masinissa, re, m. Masinissa, ly- BsJ* Comp. : magis. a king of Numidia, a faithful 1. maximus, a, um, sup. and important ally of the adj. ; see magnus. Romans in their wars with 2. Maxlmus, i, in. | maxim the Carthaginians. us, " greatest "] 1. Maximus ma-ter, tris, f. A mother : (Quintus Fabius) ; a descend — Magna Mater, The Great ant of the only member of the Mother ; i. e. Cybele or Ops. Fabian clan who survived the By order of the Sibylline slaughter of his kinsmen by books the image of this the Tuscans. He had three 120 VOCABULARY. agnomina (see cognomen), viz. In a better way, better; — at Verrucosus, from a wart on viii. 25 supply dlcit with his upper lip ; Ooicula, from mSlius. the mildness of his temper; memento, mementote, im- Cunctator, from the cautious perat. of mSmini. delay he exercised in the me-min-i, isse, v. defect, conduct of the war against [for men-men-i, reduplicated Hannibal. He was consul fir. Lat. root men ; see mens] five times : B.C. 233, 228, 215, To bear in mind, remember, 214, 209. It was in the latter recollect. year that he retook Tarentum, memor-ia, ise, f. [mSmor, which had revolted to Hannibal " mindful "] (" The state, or B.C. 212. — 2. Such a person quality, of the memor"; hence) as Maximus ; a Maximus ; 1. Memory, recollection, re v. 13. membrance. — 2. Memory, i. e. medita-tlo, tionis, f. a time of recollection or re [mSdTt(a)-or, "to meditate"] membrance. A meditating, meditation, men-s, tis, f. (" The think contemplation. ing "; hence) The mind, as med-itor, itatas sum, itari, being tbe seat of thought. — 1. v. dep. : 1. To think or N.B. The expression mentes reflect upon; to muse, or dementes in the quotation meditate, about. — 2. P. perf. from Ennius at vi. 16 is an in pass. force : Thought upon, instance of oxymoron — a witty meditated, contemplated, con saying, the more pointed from sidered ; xx. 74 [akin to Gr. its being absurd or paradoxical fie'5-ouai, " to care for "]. [Lat. root men ; akin to Sans. med-ius, fa, mm, adj. : 1. man-as, "mind"; fr. root Middle, mid. — 2. The middle man, "to think"; cf. also Gr. of that denoted by the subst. fixv-os]. with which it is in attribution men-sa, sse, f. [root men, [akin to Gr. fiia-os ; Sans. whence men-sus, part. perf. of madh-yas]. metior, "to measure"] ("The medulla, se, f. Marrow. measured thing"; hence) -1 mel, mollis, n. Honet/ [akin table of any kind. to Gr. fit\t]. men-sis, sis, m. [root men, melior, us, comp. adj. ; see whence men-sus, part. perf. of bSims. metTor, "to measure"] ("The melius, comp. adv. [adverb measuring thing"; hence) A ial neut. '-" »lior, "better"] month, as a measure of time. VOCABULARY. 121

men-tio, tionis, f. [men, milit-aris, are, adj. [miles, root of memini, "to call to milit-is, " a soldier "] (" Per mind"] ("A calling to mind"; taining to a miles"; hence) hence, as a result) A men Military, pertaining to war. tioning, making mention, milit-la, iae, f. [milit-o, mention : — mentionem facere " to serve as a soldier "] (" A (t'olld. by Gen. or de and its serving as a soldier"; hence) case), to make mention (of or 1. Military service : — militise about). [§ 121, B. J], on service, Metellus, i, m. Metellus abroad, in the field. — 2. War (Lucius Ccecilius) ; consul fare. B.C. 251, and again B.C. 247. Milo, onis, m. Milo ; a He was appointed Pontifex celebrated athlete whose bodily Maximus B.C. 243 ; and died strength seems to have been B.C. 221. In B.C. 241 he lost of a most extraordinary kind. his sight in rescuing the He is said to have carried a palladium from the Temple live ox on his shoulders along of Vesta when on fire. As the stadium at the Olympic Cato was horn B.C. 234, he games, and afterwards, his would have been thirteen appetite being in proportion years old when Metellus died. to his strength, to have Hence the term he uses of eaten the whole of it in one himself — puer — at ix. 30. day. He was invested by his metior, niensus sum, metiri, fellow-citizens with the com 4. v. dep. To measure [root mand of their forces, and met or MEn, akin to Sans. overcame and destroyed the root mA, " to measure "]. Sybarites about B.C. 511 — 51Q metu-o, mStui, mStiitum, [Gr. Mia

1. A manner, method, way, dishearten, castdown. — Pass.: mode. — 2. Limit, hound, etc. moll-ior, itus sum, iri. — 3. Moderation. — 4. A due, mol-lis. le, adj.: 1. Soft. — or proper, measure or degree. 2. Agreeable, pleasant, etc. — 5. With Gen. of pron., [akin to Saus. mrid-u, "soft"; either separately or as one fr. root MbId, "to rub, to word : Sort, kind : — hujus- crush"]. modi, of this sort or kind; moll-Iter, adv. [moll-is, hu juscemodi, of this sort here, " soft"; hence, " calm, gentle"] of this very kind ; istiusmodi, ("After the manner of the of that sort or kind [akin to mollis"; hence) Calmly, gent Sans. root mA, "to measure "; ly, mildly, placidly. whence also /te-rpov, " a mea mon-eo, iii, itum, Ere, 2. sure"]. v. a. ("To cause to think"; molest-e, adv. [mBlest-us, hence) To warn, advise, ad " troublesome "] (" After the monish. — Pass. : mon-eor, manner of the molestus " ; itus sum, eri [akin to Sans. hence) In a troublesome way ; root mAn, " to think "]. with trouble, annoyance, etc. ; mon-umcntum, iimenti, n. — for moleste ferre see fero, [mSn-eo, "to remind"] ("The no. 4. thing serving to remind " ; molest-Ia, no, f. [molest hence) A monument or memor us, " troublesome "] (" The ial of any kind. quality of the molestus"; mor-atus, ata, alum, adj. hence) Trouble, annoyance^ [mos, mor-is, "manner"] 1. etc. Provided, or furnished, with mol-estus, esta, cstum, adj. certain manners ; having cer Troublesome, annoying [akin tain morals. — 2. Provided to Gr. fioy-(p6s, "trouble with, or possessing, a certain some "1. character or nature; con mol-Ior, itus sum, Iri, 4. v. stituted, circumstanced. dep. [mol-es, " power, might"] mor-bus, bi, m. Sickness, (" To put forth moles about " disease [prob. akin to Gr. a thing ; hence) To undertake, Iiip-Fos, "disease"]. engage in, employ one's self more ; see mos, no. 1, b. about. mor-Ior, tuus sum, i, 3. v. moll-Io, iri and ii, itum, dep. To die [akin to Sans. ire, 4. v. a. [moll-is, " soft "] root Mei, " to die "]. (" To render mollis "; hence) moros-Itas, itatis, f. [moros- 1. To soften.— 2. To dispirit, us, '* morose "1 C The quality 124 VOCABULARY. of the morosus" ; hence) | moveo, movi, motuni, mov- Moroseness, peevishness, caut ere, 2. v. a. (" To cause to iousness. go"; hence) 1. To move. — 2. raor-osus, osa, osum, adj. Mentally, etc.: To move, affect [mos, mor-is, in force of [akin to Sans. root Mt, "to "self-will"] ("Full of, or go"]- abounding in, mos "; hence) mult-I-plex, plicis, adj. In a bad sense : Self-willed, [for mult-i-plic-s ; fr. mult-us, peevish, captious, morose. " much "; (i) connecting vow mor-s, tis, f. [mBr-ior " to el ; plic-o, "to fold"] ("Much die"] ("A dying"; hence) folded"; hence, "that has Death. many folds "; hence) 1. That mor-sus, sus, m. [for mord- has many windings; xv. 52. sus; fr. mord-eo, "to bite"] —2.: a. With Sing. Subst. (" A biting "; i. e. " the act of in collective force : Manifold, biting"; hence) A bite. many, numerous. — b. Abund mort-alis, ale, adj. [mors, ant, very great, repeated. mort-is, " death "] (" Pertain mult-Itudo, itudlnis, f. ing to mors "; hence) Subject [mult-us, " much, many "] to death, perishable, mortal. (" The quality of the multus"; mortuus, Da, tium : 1. P. hence) 1. A great, or large, perf. of morior. — 2. Pa. : number; a quantity of things. Dead.— As Subst. : mortuus, — 2. Of persons : A multitude, i, m. A dead person; — Plur. : a large body, etc. The dead. mult-tun, adv. [adverbial m-os, oris, m. [prob. for neut. of mult-us] 1. Much, me-os; fr. me-o, "to go"] abundantly, greatly. — 2. Oft ("The going" one's own way; en, frequently. hence, " the will " of a person ; mul-tus, ta, tum, adj. : " self-will," etc. ; hence) 1. : 1. Sing. : Much. — As Abl. of a. Usage, habit, custom, measure [§ 118] : multo, by practice, etc. — b. More (abl.) much, by far.— 2. Plur.: with Gen. : After the manner Many ; — at xvii. 59 raultse is of= like, as.— 2. Plur.: Char folld. by Gen. of "thing acter, conduct, manners, be distributed" [§ 130].— 3. In haviour, morals, whether in time : Far advanced, far gone: good or bad sense. — ad multam noctem, (up to mo-tus, tus, m. [for mov- far advanced night, i. e.) till tus ; fr. mSv-eo, " to move "] late at night, or till the night A moving, motion. was far advanced, xiv. 46. — VOCABULARY. 125 As Subst. : a. multi, orum, na(n)c-iscor, nactus and m. plur. Many persons, many. nanctus sum, nancisci, 3. v. — b. multa, orum, n. plur. dep. : 1. To get, obtain. — 2. Many things ; — - at xxi. 78 To meet with, find [akin to supply commemorem ("should Sans. root nA9, " to attain "]. I relate") or dicam ("should na-scor (old form gna- I say ") with quid multa. scor), tus sum, sci, 3. v. dep. : B®" Comp. : plus ; Sup. : 1. To he bom.— 2. With Abl. plurimus [perhaps akin to of origin, or with ex : To be iroA-us]. born, sprung, or descended mun-io (old form moen-io), from. — 3. Of abstract things Tvi or ii, itum, Ire, 4. v. a. as Subject : To arise, origin. [mcen-ia, " walls "] ("To ate, be produced [root GnA, wall"; hence) 1. To build a another form of root Gen = wall, or raise fortifications, yev, akin to Sans. root JAn, in around ; to fortify. — 2. To intransitive force, " to be defend, protect, secure, guard. born"]. — Pass. : miin-ior, Itus sum, nata-tio, tionis, f. [niit(a)- Iri. o, " to swim "] A swimming. munus, eris, n. : 1. An office, na-tura, turse, f. [na-scor, duty. — 2. A gift, present. "to be born"] ("A being mu-to, tavi, tatum, tare, born"; hence, "birth"; hence) 1. v. a. freq. [for mov-to ; fr. 1. Nature, in the fullest sense mov-eo, "to move"] ("To of the term. — Adverbial Abl. : move much " from its place ; natura, By nature, naturally. hence) 1. To change, alter. — — 2. Nature, i. e. natural dis 2. To change, transform. position, temper, character. n actus (nanc'tus), a, um, P. natur-alis, ale, adj. [natur- perf. of nanciscor. a, " nature "] Of, or belonging Naevius, ii, m. Nonius ; to, nature ; natural. one of the earliest dramatic 1. na-tus, tus (found only writers of Rome. Having in Abl. sing.), m. [na-scor, "to given offence to a powerful be born "] (" A being born "; Roman family, he was driven hence) 'Birth. into exile, and died at Utica 2. natus, a, um, P. perf. of B.C. 202. nascor; — at v. 14 folld. by nam, conj. For. Ace. of " Duration of time " nam -que, conj. [nam ; que] [§ 102, (1)];— at xxiii. 84 An emphaticconfirmative part I supply esse with natum. icle : For, for indeed, for truly. I nav-alis,. ale, adj. [nav-is, 126 VOCABULARY.

" a ship **] ('* Of, or belonging him instruction in the tenets to, a ship or ships"; hence) of the Pythagorean philosophy Naval, sea-. [Gr. Neopxos, "New Ruler"]. naviga-tio, tionis, f. [nav- nee ; see neque. ig(a)-o, "to sail "] A sailing; ne-ces-se, neut. adj. (found i. e. the act of sailing ; nav only in Nom. and Ace. sing. ; igation ; a voyage. sometimes used as a sub nav-igo, igavi, igatum, stantive, and in connexion with Tgare, 1. v. a. and n. [na-vis, sum or habeo) [for ne-ced-se ; " a ship "] 1. Act. : To sail fr. ne, " not " ; ced-o, " to over, navigate. — 2. Neut. : yield"] ("Not yielding or To sail. giving way"; hence) 1. Un navis, is, f. A ship, vessel avoidable, inevitable, not to [akin to Gr. vavs ; Sans. be avoided. — 2. Needful, re nans, " a ship"]. quisite, necessary. 1. ne, adv. and conj. : 1. necess-itas, itatis,f. [necess- Adv.: a. Not: — ne quidem, not e, " necessary "] (" The state even. — b. (= nedum) Much of the necesse "; hence) Need, less. — 2. Conj. : a. That not, necessity, urgency, unavoid lest [§ 152, I, (2)].— b. After able force of circumstances. verbs of hindering : That not, no-fas, n. indecl. [ne,"not"; from. — c. After words denot fas, "divine law"] ("That ing fear : That [prob. akin to which is contrary to fas "; Sans. na, "not"]. hence) An impious, or wicked, 2. ne, enclitic and inter deed; wickedness; — at v. 13 rogative particle : 1. In direct folld. by Supine in u [§ 141, questions with verb in Indie. 6]. it throws force and emphasis neg-lego (rieg-llgo), lexi, on the word to which it is lectum, legere, 3. v. a. [for attached, pointing it out as nec-lego ; fr. nee, " not " ; the principal one in the clause lego, " to gather "] (" Not to or sentence; in this force it gather"; hence) 1. To over has no English equivalent. — look, neglect, disregard. — 2. 2. In indirect questions with To be heedless of, to pay no Subj. : Whether: — ne . . . an, attention to, to be careless whether . . . or whether. about. — Pass. : neg-legor Nearchus, i, m. Nearchus; (neg-ligor), lectus sum, ligi. a Tarentine, the intimate ne-g-o, avi, atum, are, 1. v. friend of Onto, who resided in n. and a. : 1. Neut. : To say his ho;ise and derived from " no "; to decline. — 2. Act. : VOCABULARY. 127

a. To deny or refuse a thing. through three generations of — b. With Inf. : To deny that men [Gr. NeVrwp, " He who something is, etc. ; to say, goes or departs"]. maintain, or affirm, that neutiquam, By no means, something is, etc., not [akin in no wise. to Sans. root Ah (h = gh), "to ni, adv. Not. say"; with Lat. ne, "no," nl-hll (contr. nil), n. indecl. prefixed]. [apocopated fr. ni-hilum, for nemo, mmis, comm. gen. ne -hi In m ; fr. ne, " not "; [contr. fr. ne-bomo; fr. ne, hilum (= filum), " a thread "] " not "; homo, "a person"] No ("Not a thread"; hence) 1. person, no one, nobody. — As Nothing ;— at ii. 4 folld. by Adj.: No, not any. Gen. — 2. In adverbial force : ne-quaquam, adv. [ne, In no respect, not at all. " not "; quaquam, adverbial nil ; see nihil. abl. fem. of quisquam, "any"] nimis, adv. Too much, too. Not by any means, by no nimlus, a, um, adj. : 1. Too means. much, too great. — 2. In adverb ne-que (contracted nee), ial force : Too much, too conj. [ne, "not"; que, "and"] greatly. Andnot,nor:— neque(nec) . . . ni-si, conj. [ni (= ne), neque (nee), neither . . . nor. "not"; si, "if"] If not ; i. e. ne-queo, quivi or quii, unless, except. quituni, quire, v. n. [ne, 1. nitor, nlsus and nixns "not"; qu&;, "to be able"] sum, niti, 3. v. dep. : 1. To 1. Not to be able, to beunable. bear, rest, or lean upon some — 2. With Inf.: I, etc., cannot. thing. — 2. To exert one's ne-scio, scivi or scii, scitum, self, labour, make efforts, scire, 4. v. a. [ne, "not"; endeavour, strive, etc. scio, "to know"] 1. Not to 2. nit-or, oris, m. [nit-eo, know, to be ignorant. — 2. In "to shine"] ("A shining"; combination with quis in all hence) Brightness, lustre. cases and both numbers (I splendour. know not whom or what) = nixus, a, um, P. perf. of 1. aliquis, Some. nitor. Nestor, oris, m. Nestor ; no-bilis, bile, adj. [no-sco, son of Neleus and king of " to know "] (" That can be, Pylos in Triphylia, famed for or is, known "; hence) High- his wisdom and eloquence. born, of noble birth, noble. He is said to have lived nohil-Itas, itatis, f. [nobil- 128 VOCABULARY. is, "noble"] ("The state, or name, call, or term an object quality, of the nobilis"; hence, that which is denoted by the "nobleness"; hence) 1. Cele second Ace. — b. Pass. with brity, fame, reputation, re Nom. as complement : To be nown. — 2. Excellence, super named, called, or termed iority. something. — Pass. : nomin-or, nobil-Ito, itavi, itatum, atus sum, ari. Itare, 1. v. a. [nobil-is, " re non, adv. Not.— Particular nowned"] To render renowned uses : a. Non when prefixed or celebrated; tomajce famous. to words in order to qualify —Pass.: nobil-itor, itatus them often imparts to the ex sum, itari. pression a simple meaning ex noctU, f. [abl. of obsolete actly the reverse to that which noctus = nox, "night"] By it had before : non facile, (not night ; in the course of the easily, i. e.) with difficulty; night. non gravis, (not heavy, i. e.) noct-urnus, urna, urnum, light; non beatus, (not adj. [nox, noct-is, "night"] happy, i. e.) unhappy. — b. Of, or belonging to, the night; Non placed before a negative nocturnal. word forms, in connexion with noenum, old form of non; it, a slight affirmative : non see non. nunquam, or as one word, n-61o, olui, olle, v. irreg. nonnunquam, (not never, i. e.) [contracted fr. ne-volo : ne, sometimes ; non nullus, or as " not "; volo, " to wish "] 1. one word, nonnullus, (not To not wish, to be unwilling. — none, i. e.) some [akin to Sans. 2. Noli, nolite (imperat.),with na or no]. follg. Inf. : (Be thou, or you, nonag-esimus, esima, esTm- unwilling to do, etc. ; i. e.) um, num. adj. [contr. fr. Do not do, etc., that denoted nonagint-esimus; fr.nonagint- by the Inf. a, " ninety "] Ninetieth. no-men, mInis, n. [no-sco, non-a-ginta, num. adj. " to know "] (" That which plur. indecl. [non-us, "ninth"; serves for knowing " an object (a) connecting vowel; ginta by ; hence) A name. (= kovto), " ten"] (" Ninth- aomJn-o, avi, atum, are, ten "; i. e.) Ninety. 1. v. a. [nomen, nomin-is, " a non-dum, adv. [non, " not"; name"] 1. To name, to dum, " as yet "] Not as yet, specify or mention by name. — not yet. % : a. With second Ace. : To non-ne, interrog. adv. : 1. VOCABULARY. 129 In direct interrogations: Not? novi, perf. ind. of nosco. — 2. In indirect interrogations : nov-us, a, um, adj. New, If not, whether not [non, fresh [akin to Sans, nav-a ; " not "; ne, akin to Sans. na, Gr. W-os]. a negative particle]. nox, noctis, f. Night [akin norat, for noverat, 3. pers. to Sans. nakt-a; Gr. vii{]. sing. pluperf. ind. of nosco. nuga-tor, toris, m. [nug(a)- no-sco, vi, tum, scere, 3. or, " to jest, trifle "] A jester, v. a. : 1. In Present tense and trifler. its derivatives : To come to n-ullus, ulla, ullum (Gen. know, to become acquainted nulllus; Dat. nulli), adj. [for with. — 2. In Perfect tense and ne-ullus ; fr. ne, " not "; ullus, its derivatives : To have be- " any "] 1. Not any, none, no. come acquainted with, i. e. to — 2. Of no account or moment ; know. — Pass. : no-scor, tus trifling, insignificant. — 3. zr sum, sci [old form gno-sco ; fr. non : Not, not at all ; xxii. root GnO, akin to Sans. root 79. J&A ; Gr. yi-yyd,-ffKa]- mm, interrog. particle : 1. nos-ter, tra, tram, pron. In direct interrogations with poss. [nos, plur. of ego, " I "] out any English force. — 2. 1. Our, our own, ours. — As In indirect interrogations : Subst. : nostra, drum, n. plur. Whether. Our own things. — 2. For nunc, adv. Now, at this mens : Ml/, mine. time : — nunc . . . nunc, now not-Itla, ltTse, f. [not-us, . . . now, at one time . . . at (in active force) "knowing"] another lime [akin to Gr. vvv ( " A knowing "; hence) 1. (fr. Sans. nu or ntf), with c (for Knowledge.— -2. With Gen. : ce), demonstrative suffix]. Knowledge of, acquaintance n-unquam, adv. [for ne- with. unquam ; fr. ne, " not "; un- not-o, avi, atum, are, 1. v. a. quam, " ever "] Not ever, at [nSt-a, "a mark"] 1. To mark no time, never. in any way. — 2. To brand mmti-o, avi, atum, are, 1. with disgrace, etc. v. a. [nunti-us, "a message"] no-tus, ta, tum, adj. [no 1. To carry or bring a message sco, "to know"] 1. Known, or intelligence about; to re well-known. — 2. Senowned, port, announce. — 2. Impers. celebrated, famous. perf. pass. : nuntlatum est, It novem, num. adj. indecl. was announced; xvi. 56, where Nine [akin to Sans. navan\. the Subject of the verb is the Cato Major. K 130 VOCABULARY. clause eum . . . factum. — Pass. : " without force "; root LI or mmti-or, atus sum, ari. ltv, akin to Sans. root ll, uu-per, adv. [for nov-per; "to melt"]. fr. nSv-us, "new"] Newly, ob-mutesco, mutfli, no sup., lately, recently, not long ago. miitescere, 3. v. n. [Sb, " with n-usquam, adv. [for ne- out force "; late Lat. mutesco, usquam; fr. ne, "not"; us- " to become dumb "] (" To quam, " any where "] Not any become dumb"; hence) To where, nowhere. hold one's peace ; to become nu-tus, tus, m. [nii-o, " to or be silent. nod "] (" A nodding "; hence) ob-repo, repsi, reptum, A nod of the head, etc. repere, 3. v.n. [Sb, "towards"; repo, " to creep "] (" To creep 0! interj. 0/ towards " one ; hence) 1. To oblecta-mentum, menti, n. creep up. — 2. To steal gradu [oblect(a)-o, "to delight"] ally up. (" That which delights "; ob-ruo, riii, rutum, ruere, hence) A delight, pleasure, 3. v. a. [Sb, " without force "; etc. riio (in active force), " to ob-lecto, tavi, tatum, tare, throw down "] (" To throw 1. v. a. [for oh-lacto; fr. Sb, down, overthrow"; hence) 1. "towards"; lacto, "to allure"] To cover or cover over. — 2. ("To allure towards" one; To bury, conceal in the earth, hence) To delight, please, etc. etc. — Pass. : ob-lector, lectatus ob-servo, servavi, servatum, sum, lectari. servare, 1. v. a. [Sb, " without oblitus, a, um, P. perf. of force"; servo, "to watch," obliviscor ; — at vii. 21 supply etc.] To observe, mark. — esse with oblitum. Pass. : ob-servor, servatus oblivi-osus, osa, osum, adj. sum, servari. [contr. fr. oblivTdn-dsus ; fr. ob-sisto, stiti, stitum, oblivTo, oblivlon-is, " forget- sistere, 3. v. n. [Sb, " over fulness "] (" Full of oblivio "; against"; sisto (neut.), "to hence) Very forgetful, that stand "] (" To stand over easily forgets, oblivious. against"; hence) With Dat. ob-H-viscor, tus sum, visci, [§ 106, a]: To resist, op 3. v. dep. ("To be melted pose. away " from the mind ; hence) ob-struo, struxi, structum, To forget;— at vii. 21 folld. struSre,3. v.a. [Sb, "towards"; by clause as Object [prob. ob, struo, "to build"] ("To build VOCABULARY. 131 towards"; hence) To block, oc-curro, cum (rarely or close, up. — Pass. : ob- cucurri), cursum, currere, 3. struor, structus sum, striii. v. n. [for ob-curro; fr. Sb, obta-sus, sa, sum, adj. [for " towards "; curro, " to run "] obt ii(n)d-sus ; fr. obtu(n)do, ("To run towards" one: in force of "to blunt"] hence) Mentally: To occur to (" Blunted, dull "; hence) one. Of the sight : Impaired, octingent-eslmus, esima, weak, dim. gaP" Comp. : esimum, num. adj. [octingent- obtus-ior. i, "eight hundred"] Eight oc-cseco, csecavi, csecatum, hundredth. csecare, 1. v. a. [for ob-cseco ; octog-esimus, esima, esim fr. ob, "without force"; ctrco, um, num. adj. [contr. fr. "to blind"] ("To blind"; octogint-esimus; fr. octoginta, hence, " to darken "; hence) " eighty "] Eightieth. To hide, conceal. — Pass. : 00- octo-ginta, num. adj. plur. cascor, csecatus sum, csecari. indecl. [octo, "eight"; ginta occa-tio, tionis, f. [occ(a)- (= Kovra), " ten "] (" Eight o, " to harrow"] A. harrow tens "; i. e.) Eighty. ing. oc-Uus, uli, m. ("The oc-cldo, cidi, casum, cid- seeing thing"; hence) An ere, 3. v. n. [for ob-cado ; fr. eye [akin to Gr. SK-os, Sans. Sb, intensive; cado, "to fall"] aksh-a ; prob. fr. a lost verb ("To fall down"; hence) Of aksh (= Iksh), " to see "]. studies, pursuits, etc.: To odi-osus, osa, osum, adj. perish. [SdT-um, "hatred"] ("Full occupatus, a, um : 1. P. of odium"; hence) Very hate pcrf. pass. of occupo. — 2. Pa. : ful, offensive, annoying, odious Busy, engaged, occupied. od-or, oris, in. In good oC-ciip-o, avi, atum, are, 1. sense : A scent, odour [root v. a. [for ob-cap-o; fr. Sb, Od, akin to t£a (= tS-aa), " without force "; CaP, root of "to have, or emit, a smell"]. clp-io, " to take "] To take, (Economicus, i, m. The seize, or lay hold of: — oc- (Economicus ; a work by cupatum interemit, (slew . . . Xenophon on domestic ec having been laid hold of; i. e.) onomy [Gr. OIKovofmK6s, laid hold of and slew, or " Practised in the manage- slew . . . after he had seized mentof a house; economical"]. him ; xvi. 56. — Pass. : 0C- (Edipus, odis and i (Ace. cup-or, Stus sum, Sri. CEdlpum, vii. 22), m. (Edipusl 2 Jj2 VOCABULARY. king of Thebes in Boeotia, in only prize was a garland of wild N. Greece, and son of Laius olive ; v. 14 [Gr. 'OAu/uiria]. and Jocasta [OiSiirour, 2. Olympia, drum; see 1. "swollen-foot"]. Olympia. offen-sio, sionis, f. [for 6-mit to, misi, missum, mitt- offend-sio; fr. offend-o, in ere, 3. v. a. [for ob-mitto ; fr. force of "to annoy "] ("An an Sb, " without force "; mitto, noying"; hence) Annoyance, " to let go "] (" To let go "; vexation. hence) To pass over, leave out, of-fic-ium, ii, n. [for op- omit. fac-ium; fr. (ops) Sp-is, "aid"; omn-mo, adv. [omn-is, fac-io, "to perform," efc] " all "] Altogether, wholly : — (" The performing, or ren non omnlno, not at all. dering, of aid;" hence) 1. omnis, e, adj. : 1. Sing. : A service incumbent on one ; a. Of a class : Every, all. — b. a duly, office, etc. — 2. An The whole of; all.— 2. Plur. : official duty ; service, employ All. — As Subst. : a. onmes, ment, office. Kum, comm. gen. plur. All ole-aiius, aria, arium, adj. persons, all. — b. omnia, um, [ole-um,"oil"] Of, or belong n. plur. All things, every ing to, ojl ; for oil ; oil-. thing. oleum, i, n. Olive-oil, oil onus, eris, n. A burden, [Gr. lAaioy]. load ; — at i. 2 in figurative 51Iv-etum, eti, n. [ollv-a, force [prob. akin to Sans. " an olive-tree "] (" That is anas, " a cart"]. provided with oliva "; hence) 6per-a, se, f . [Sper-or, " to An olive-yard. work"] ("A working"; hence) 1. Olympia, ss, f. Olympia; Work, labour, etc. : — Spera a sacred region in K lis, a mea, by my agency; by my country of Peloponnesus (now means or assistance. the Morea) in S. Greece; x. 33. 8-per-Io, ui, tum, Ire, 4. It was here that the Olympic v. a. To cover, to cover over. Games, the greatest of the .— Pass. : 8-per-Ior, tus sum, national festivals of Greece, iri [for ob-per-io; fr. Sb, were held every four years.— "without force"; root pee, Hence, Olympi-us, a, um, adj. akin to Sans. root TbI or ve!, Of, or belonging to, Olympia ; "to cover"]. Olympic. — As Subst.: Olympi- oper-osus, osa, osum, adj. a, drum, n. plur. The [Sper-a, " labour "] (" FuU of, Olympic &ames, in which the or abounding in, opera " ; VOCABULARY. 133 hence) Active, busy, pains opta-bilis, bile.adj. [opt(a)- taking, laborious. o, " to desire "] That may or opertus, a, um : 1. P. perf. can be desired; to be wished pass. of uperio. — 2. Pa. : Hid for or desired ; desirable. den, concealed. optim-e, sup. adv. [optim- 5pin-io, uinis, f. [Spm-or, us, " best "] In the best Way ; "to think"] (" A thinking "; best; very or exceedingly well. hence) 1. Opinion, supposi optimus, a, um, sup. adj. tion, impression, expectation, Best. ggp" (Pos. : bonus; belief. — 2. The good opinion Comp. : melior). which one entertains of an op-to, tavi, tatum, tare, 1. other. v. a. intens. : 1. To wish for, dport-et, tiit, ere (only in desire.— 2. With Inf.: To 3rd person and Inf. mood), 2. wish, or desire, to do, etc. — 3. v. n. (It) is necessary, fit, To choose, select. — Pass. : op- proper, or becoming ; it be- tor, tatus sum, tari [akin to Sans. root Ap, in desiderative oppidum, i, n. A town. force, " to desire to obtain "]. op-primo, pressi, pressum, 1. 8pus, eris, n. : 1. Work, primere, 3. v. a. [for ob- labour. — 2. A work as the re premo; fr. Sb, "against"; sult of labour [akin to Sans. premo, "to press"] ("To apas]. press against"; hence) 1. Of 2. opus (only in Nom. and fire : To extinguish, put out, Acc.), n. indecl. Need, ne smother. — 2. To destroy. — 3. cessity. — In connexion with Of personal Objects : To come some tense of sum used as an suddenly or unexpectedly Adj. : Needful, necessary. upon; to surprise. — Pass.: ora-culum, culi, n. [or(a)- op-prlmor, pressus sum, o, " to speak "] (" That which primi. serves for speaking"; hence) op-s, is (Nom. Sing. does An oracle, whether as a divine not occur, and the Dat. Sing. announcement or the place is found perhaps only once), where such announcement is f. [probably for ap-s, fr. root declared. AP, whence ap-iscor, " to ob ora-tio, tTonis, f. [dr(a)-o, tain "] (" The thing obtained"; " to speak "] 1. A speak hence) 1. Mostly plural : ing, speech, language. — 2. A Means of any kind ; wealth, speech, harangue, oration. riches, resources. — 2. Sing. : ora-tor, toris, m. [id.] A Help, aid, assistance. speaker, orator. 134 VOCABULARY. orb-o, avi, Stum, are, 1. v. a. or tentum, tendere, 3. v. a. [orb-us, "deprived"] ("To [for obs-tendo ; fr. obs (= ob), make orbus"; hence) With " before or over agninst "; Abl. [§ 119, 6] : To deprive tendo, "to stretch out "] ("To of. — Pass. : orb-or, atus sum, stretch out before" one ; hence) Sri. To show, exhibit, display. ord-o, mis, m. [ord-Tor, " to otl-osus, dsa, osum, adj. weave "] (" A weaving " ; [dtT-um, "leisure"] (" Full of hence) 1. Arrangement, order. otium" ; hence) At leisure; — 2. Due, or regular, order ; unoccupied, unemployed. succession. — 3. A row, line. Br-Igo, IgTnis, f. [Sr-Tor, "to P., abbrev. of Publius. rise, or spring up"] ("That pabula-tio, tidnis, f. [pa- which is produced by spring biil(a)-or, "to forage"] A ing up," etc. ; hence) 1. Birth, foraging, collecting of fodder. origin, descent. — 2. Plur. : Or- pa-bulum, biili, n. [pa-sco, Igines, n, f. The Origines ; "to feed"] ("That which the title of a work composed effects the feeding"; hence) by Cato. Food,nourishment, sustenance. 8r-Ior, tua sum, Iri, 3. and pac-tum, ti, n. [pac-iscor] 4. v. dep. : 1. To rise. — 2. (" That which is covenanted "; To be born. — 3. Of things: hence, " a covenant," etc. ; To spring, grow up, etc. [root hence) Manner, method, way, OB, akin to op -vvfiai |. means. 1. orna-tus, ta, tum, adj. psenc, adv. Nearly, almost. [orn(a)-o, "to adorn"] Ad palma, te, f. : 1. A palm, orned, ornamented. Bgp" palm-branch. — 2. A token, or Comp. : ornat-ior ; (Sup. : badge, of victory ; the palm, ornat-issTmus). prize. 2. orna-tus, tus,m. [orn(a)- pamplnus, i, m. and f. : 1'. o] ("An adorning"; hence) A tendril, or shoot, of a vine. 1. An ornament, decoration. — 2. A vine leaf ; the foliage — 2. Splendid dress or attire. of a vine. 1. ortus, a, um, P. perf. of Fanathenalcus, i, m. The Srior. Panathenaicus ; the name of 2. or-tus, tiis, m. [Sr-Tor, a speech delivered by Isocrates " to be born from "] (" A being at the Panathenrca, festivals born from "; hence) Origin, in honour of Athene (or descent. Minerva), as the guardian os-tendo, tendi, tensum deity of Athens. These festiv VOCABULARY. 135 als were of two kinds, the —at i. 3 folld. by Gen. of Greater and the Lesser. The "thing measured" [§ 131].— former took place once in four 2. With Adj. or Adv. in ne years, in the third year of gative force : Not, un-. each Olympiad; the latter parv-ulus, iila, ilium, adj. was celebrated annually. The dim. [parv-us, " small "] prize in the several contests ("Very small"; hence) Slight, was a vase containing some trifiing, petty. oil made from olives taken par-vus, va, vum, adj. from the ancient olive-tree in [prob. akin to par-s] 1. Small, the Acropolis sacred to the little. — 2. Of things : Little, goddess. unimportant, trivial, etc. par, paris, m. [par,"equal"] Gg* Comp. : minor ; Sup. : ("One who is equal"; hence) mmimus. An equal, fellow. pas-tus, tus, m. [for pasc- par-eo, ui, Ttum, ere, 2. v. n. tus; fr. pasc-o, "to feed"] (" To come forth "; hence, "to ("A feeding"; hence) A feed appear" at a person's com ing-place, feeding -ground. mand ; hence) To obey ; — pa-ter, tris, m. (" A pro sometimes with Dat. [§ 106, tector "; also, " a nourisher ") (4)]- 1. A father, as one who pro par-1O, peperi, partum, piir- tects, etc. — 2. Plur.: Fathers, ere, 3. v. a. : 1. Of women : forefathers [akin to Gr. ira- To bring forth, bear. — 2. To r^p ; Sans. pi-trb, fr. root pa, obtain, procure, acquire, etc. " to protect, to nourish "]. — Pass. : par-lor, tus sum, i pater-nus, na, num, adj. [akin to Gr.

hence) To perish, to be de often"] Very often, very stroyed. frequently. perfec-tus, ta, tum, adj. per-sequor, sequutus sum, [for perfac-tus ; fr. perficio, sequi, 3. v. dep. [per, in "aug " to complete," through verb mentative" force; sequor, "to al root peepAo (= per; pAc, follow"] 1. To follow persever- root of fac-io)] ("Completed"; ingly, to continue to follow, to hence) Complete, excellent, pursue. — 2. To obtain. — 3. Of perfect. a course of life : To pursue, per-fungor, functus sum, follow. — 4. To set forth, treat fungi, 3. v. dep. [per, in of, relate, recount, etc. " augmentative " force ; Persicus, a, um ; see Persse. fungor, "to discharge"] ("To perspic-uus, iia, uum, adj. discharge quite or complete [perspic-io, "to see through"] ly"; hence) With Abl. [§ 119, (" Seen through " ; hence, a] : To fulfil, perform, " transparent "; hence) Clear, execute, etc. evident, manifest, perspicuous. pSrlturus, a, um, P. fut. of per-studiosus, studiosa, pereo. studiosum, adj. [per, in " aug per-maneo, mansi, mansum, mentative" force; studiosus, manere, 2. v. n. [per, " to the in force of "zealous"] With end "; maneo, " to stay "] To Gen. [§ 132] : Very zealous stay to the end, to continue, of, very attentive to, very fond remain. °f- per-muiceo,mulsi, mulsum, per-suadeo, suasi, snasum, muicere, 2. v. a. [per, "all suadere, 2. v. a. [per,"thorough- over"; muiceo, "to stroke"] ly"; suadeo, "to advise"] ("To ("To stroke all over "; hence) advise thoroughly "; hence) To charm, please, delight. 1. With Ace. of neut. pron. per-multus, multa, multum, and Dat. of person : To bring adj. [pSr, in " augmentative " conviction to a person about force; multus, "much, many"] something; to convince, or Very much ; very many. persuade, a person of, or about, Persae, arum, m. plur. The something; — at xiii. 43 in Persians. — Hence, Pers-Icus, pass. constr. — 2. Impers. Pres. ica, leum, Of, or belonging to, Inf. Pass. : To be persuaded. the Persians; Persian [Gr. — Pass.: per-suadeor, suasus Tlep

These were termed : a. Follis others, receiving back two in ("Air-ball or wind-ball"); this return. was inflated, and of about the piscis, is, m. A fish. size of a bladder. The players Pisistratus, i, m. Pisistrat had the right arm covered us, an Athenian, the son of with a guard from the elbow Hippocrates, was born about to the wrist; aud with this B.C. 612, and possessed him they struck the ball when self of supreme power at thrown by one of those Athens [Gr. TleurlBTparos, engaged in the game. — b. " Persuader of the army"]. Harpastum (Gr. itpTtaariv = plac-eo, ui, Itum, ere, 2. " That which is seized or v. n. : 1. To be pleasing or snatched ") ; this was smaller agreeable ; to please. — 2. Im- than the preceding. The pers.: placet. It p leases; seems game in which it was used good or agreeable [perhaps was played by two parties, akin to Sans. root pbI, "to each of which endeavoured to please," also "to love"; whence seize the ball and throw it out Gr.

1. plus, pluris (Plur. pliires, poen-Itet, ail, no sup., Ttere, plura), comp. adj. [contr. and 2. v. a. impers. [pcen-io = pun- changed f r. ple-or ; PIE, root 1o, "to punish"] ("It pun of ple-o, " to fill "; compara ishes," etc. ; hence) 1. With tive suffix, " or "] (" Fuller " ; Ace. of person and Gen. of hence) 1.: a. More; — at xviii. thing [§ 134] : It repents 65 folld. by Gen. of " thing one of something ; i.e. I, distributed" [§ 131].— b. etc., repent of; I, etc., grieve, pluris, of more worth, or or am sorry, for something ; — value [§ 128, a]; xvii. 61.— at xxiii. 84 poenitet has me vix- 2. Plur. : a. More. — As Subst. : isse for Subject. — 2. With Ace plura, n. More things ; — at i. of person alone : It repents one; 3 plura is dependent on pro- I, etc., repent, grieve, am sorry. ferre, " to adduce"; or dicere, poeta, se, m. A poet [Gr. "to say." — b. Several, very TTOliJT^s]. , many. — As Subst. : pliires, pol-liceor, ITcitus sum, lic- Tum, m. plur. Several, or very eri, 2. v. dep. [for pot-liceor ; many, persona. fr. inseparable prefix pfit, 2. plus, adv. [1. plus.] More. " much " ; liceor, " to bid " p5-culum, culi, n. (" That at an auction] (" To bid much which serves for drinking " ; or largely "; hence) 1. Act. : hence) A cup, goblet [akin to To hold forth, or promise, a Sans. root PA, " to drink"]. thing. — 2. Neut. : To make a Pceni, orum, m. plur. The promise, to promise. Pseni, or Carthaginians. — pomari-um, i, n. [pomari- Pun-Icus (for Pcen-icus), ica, us, " of, or belonging to, fruit icum, adj. Of, or belonging to, or fruit-trees "] A fruit-gar the Pceni or Carthaginians; den, or orchard. Punic, Carthaginian : — Pun- pomum, i, n. : 1. Fruit of icum bellum, Punic or Car any kind. — 2. An apple. thaginian war; that named pond-us, Kris, n. [for perni at x. 32 is the second, which os ; fr. pend-o, " to weigh "] continued from B.C. 218 to (" A weighing thing "; hence, B.C. 201. The first lasted " a weight " used in a scale ; from B.C. 264 to B.C. 241; hence) A weight, burden, load, the third and last began B.C. mass. 150, and issued in the total pono,piisui, posi'tum, ponere, destruction of Carthage and 3. v. a. [usually regarded as the Carthaginian power B.C. contracted f r. posmo (i. e. po, 146 : see Scipio, no. 1. inseparable prefix with aug- VOCABULARY. 143 mentative force; sino, "to let gratitude. When this advice down "), " to let down quite "; was not followed, he next but rather fr. a root POs] To urged hinvto kill every man. put, place, lay, or set. — Pass. : so that the power of Rome ponor, positus sum, poni. might be weakened. This pontifex, ficis, m. A ponti course was also rejected. The fex, i. e. a Roman high-priest, general followed his own plan apontiff: — Pontifex Maximus, and sent the Romans under The Chief Pontiff, the title of the yoke, whereby the bitter the head of the college of the est feelings of hostility were pontiffs. He was created by excited, and a resolution en thepeople,whiletheothers.were gendered of fully and speedily chosen by the college [prob. wiping out this disgrace upon for punt-i-fac-s ; fr. punt the Roman arms. This was (contr. fr. pUnant, part. pres. done in the following year of Sans. pu, "to -purify"), (B.o. 319), when the Samnites " purifying "; (i) connecting were themselves forced to pass " vowel"; fac-To, " to do"; and under the yoke, xii. 41. — 8. so, literally, " He who does the Pontius (Titus); a centurion purifying," i. e. " the puri mentioned x. 33. fier"]. p6-pul-us, i, m. ("The pontiflc-Ius, ia, Tum, adj. many "; hence) 1. Apeople. — [pontifex, pontific-is, " a 2. The Roman people [prob. pontiff"] Of, or pertaining to, for pol-pol-us, fr. iro\-is, a pontiff or the pontiffs; " much "; plur., " many "]. pontifical. porcus, i, m. : 1. A hog, pig. PontIus, ii, m. : 1. Pontius; —2. In collective force : Hogs, the father of the Samnite pigs, swine. general, C. Pontius, by whom porro, adv. (" Forward, fur- the Roman army was entangled thor on "; hence) 1. Further in a defile called the "Caudine more, moreover. — 2. Afore Forks " (in the neighbourhood time, formerly [Gr. ir6fya]. of Beneventum), and reduced por-tus, tus, m. A harbour, to the necessity of surrender haven, port, whether actual ing, B.C. 320. Pontius ad or figurative [prob. akin to vised his son to dismiss the irtp-da, " to pass through "; whole of his prisouers without ir6p-os, "a way"]. ransom, by which the Romans possum, pOtui, no sup., posse, would be bound to the Samn- v. n. irreg. [for pot-sum ; fr. ites by the strongest ties of pot-is, " able "; sum, " to be "J H4 VOCABULARY. 1. To be able, or powerful ; to ask, demand, request, require, have power to do, etc., some desire. thing ; (I, you, he, etc.) can, Postiimlus, ii,m. Postumius etc. ; — at xx. 72 possis (the (Spurius); one of the Roman second person sing. of^subj. consuls defeated at the " Caud- pres.) is used indefinitely, in ine Forks "; see Pontius, no. 1. the force of the English pot-lo, lonis, f. [pot-o, " to " one," etc. ; and French drink "] 1. A drinking. — 2. "on," etc. — 2. To avail, etc. A drink, draught. post, adv. and prep, [per pot-lor, Jtus sum, iri, 4. v. haps contracted from pone, dep. [pdt-is, " powerful "] "behind"; est, "it is"] 1. (" To become potis ";' hence) Adv. : Of time : Afterwards, With Gen. : To become mas after, later, etc. : — post quam, ter of; to have, or get, pos i after that. — 2. Prep. gov. Acc.: session of. a. Of place : After, behind. — potlundum, Gerund in dum b. Of time : After, subsequent fr. pStTor. to. pot-ius, comp. adj. [ad post-ea, adv. [probably for verbial neut. of potTor, " pre post-eam; i.e. post, "after"; ferable "] (" In a preferable Eam, ace. srag. fem, of is, way " ; hence) Sather, by pre "this," "that"] After this ference. or that; afterwards, sub prsecep-tum, ti, n. [for sequently, later. — In combina prsecap-tum ; fr. prsecTpTo, " to tion with quam, or as one order," through verbal root word : After that. PB.ECaP ( = pra ; CaP, root poster-itas,itatis,f. [poster of capTo)] 1. An order, com ns, "coming after"] ("The mand, injunction, etc. — 2. A state of the posterns"; hence) rule, precept. Future time, after ages, post pra;-cldo,cidi, cisum, clderc, erity. 3. v. a. [for prse-csedo; fr. post-erus, era, erum, adj. prse, " before "; ctedo, " to cut [post, " after, afterwards "] off"] (" To cuT^ff before or Coming after, following next. at the end ; to cut 6Jf the ex — As Subst. : posteri, drum, m. tremity of" a thing)-henee) plur. (Those who come after, In speaking : Without nearer i. e.) Posterity. Object : To settle a matter postulo, avi, a turn, are, 1. shortly, to be concisey—tt v. a. [usually considered akin xvi. 57 strengthened by all- I to posco, "to require"] To brSvi. ~'- VOCABULARY. HS

prae-ciplo, cepi, ceptum, d-o, " to give "] (" Gifted be cipere, 3. v. a. and n. [for fore or above" others, with prse-ciipTo ; fr. prse, " before something ; hence) With Abl. hand"; capTo, "to take"] [§ 119, a, (2)] : Endued, en ("To-take beforehand"; hence) dowed, provided with. 1. Act. : a. To enjoin, direct, prse-m-Ium, ii (Gen. prse- order, bid, command. — b. To mt, i. 1), n. [for prse-em-mm; give rules, or precepts, about. f r. prse, " beyond or above "; — 2. Neut. : To give rules or Sm-o, " to take "] (" A tak precepts. ing beyond or above " others ; prseclar-e, adv. [prseclar- " that which is taken beyond ns, in force of "excellent"] or above" others; hence) 1. (" After the manner of the Profit, advantage, benefit. — 2. praclarus"; hence) Excel Reward, recompense, etc. lently, right well, admirably. prss-scribo, scripsi, scrip- prse-clarus, clara, clarum, tum, scribere, 3. v. a. [prse, adj. [prse, in "augmenta "before"; scrlbo, "to write"] tive" force; clarus, "bright"] (" To write before or in front; (" Very bright or clear " ; to prefix in writing "; hence) hence) Splendid, noble, re 1. To order, appoint, ordain. markable, distinguished, il — 2. To direct, prescribe. — lustrious, admirable, famous, Pass. : prss-scrlbor, scriptus glorious. — As Sr.bst. : prse- sum, scrlbi. clara, dram, n. plur. Noble, or prse-ser-tim, adv. [prae, admirable, things. " before "; ser-o, " to ar 1. pra-dico, dixi, dictum, range "] (" By an arranging dicere, 3. v. a. [prae, " before before "; hence) Especially, hand"; dlco, "to speak"] particularly. (" To speak beforehand " ; preesid-Ium, ii, n. [prse- hence) To foretell, predict. sid-eo, " to sit before "; hence, 2. prse-dlco, dicavi, dicatum, " to guard "] ("A guarding "; dlcare, 1. v. a. [prse, "public hence) 1. Protection, de ly "; dico, " to proclaim "] fence. — 2. A protecting force, 1. To proclaim publicly ; to garrison, etc. declare, publish, state, an prsesta-lrilis, bile, adj. nounce. — 2. Without nearer [pra?st(a)-o, in force of " to be Object : To vaunt, boast, make superior, to surpass"] Super boast. ior, surpassing, excellent, di prse-d-Itus, ita, Itum, adj. stinguished. ggp" Comp. : [prre, "before or above"; prsestabfl-Tor. Caf Major. L 146 VOCABULARY.

prsesta-ns, ntis, adj. [id.] pratum, i, n. A meadow. Superior, distinguished, excel prim-arius, aria, arium, lent. 89S" Comp. : priestant- adj. [prim-us, " first"] ("Of, ior; (Sup.: prsestant-issimus). or belonging to, primus"; prae-sto, stiti, stitum and hence) Of the first rank, chief, Ttatum, stare, 1. v. n. [prse, principal. "before"; sto, "to stand"] prim-o, prim-um, adv. ("To stand before"; hence) [prim-us, "first"] 1. Firstly, To be superior, to surpass, at first, in the first instance, excel, etc. in the first place.— 2. For the prse-stringo, strinxi, stric- first time. tuni, stringere, 3. v. a. [prae, prim-um ; see prime "in front"; stringo, "to pri-mus, ma, mum, sup. bind "] (" To bind, or fasten, adj. [for prae-mus; fr. prse, in front"; hence, "to bind "before"; with sup. suffix around"; hence) To obscure, mus] ("Most before"; hence) dim, render dull. 1. First,thefirst.— 2. : a.First, prae-sum, fiii, esse, v. n. foremost. — b. The first, or [prse, "before"; sum, "to foremost, part of that de be"] ("To be before" a thing noted by the subst. to which or person ; hence) With Dat. it is in attribution. — 3. The [§ 106, (4); § 107, 4]: To first who or that does, etc., a be set over; to have the thing, etc. — 4. First, chief, charge, or command, of. principal, especial. — Adverb praeter-ea, adv. [forprseter- ial expression : in primis, Sam; fr. prater, "beyond"; especially. BalT Comp.: pri Sam, ace. sing. fem. of pron. is, or. "this"] ("Beyond this"; hence) 1. prin-cep-s, cip-is, adj. Besides, moreover, further. [for prim-cap-s; fr. prim-us, prseter-eo, ivi or li, itum, " first "; cap-io, " to take "] ire, v. n. [prater, " beyond or ("Taking the first "place or past"; eo, "to go"] To go " taken first"; hence) 1. First, beyond or past ; to pass by. whether in order or time. — S. praeteri-tus, ta, tum, adj. Of rank, etc.: The first, prin. [pratereo, "to go by," cipal, chief.— As Subst. : prin- through verbal root pe^teei ceps, Ipis, m. A chieftain ; a (= prseter; I, root of eo)] chief person, leading man. Oone by, past. — As Subst. : 2. princeps, ipis; see 1. prin- praeterita, orum, n. plur. ceps. Vast things. princip-atus, atus, m .rprin rin- VOCABULARY. 147

ceps, princip-is, "chief"] ner of the probus "; hence) (" The state, or condition, of Well, properly, thoroughly. the princeps "; hence) 1. The pr8b-o, avi, atum, are, 1. first or chief place; the pre v. a. [prub-us,. "good"] To eminence. — 2. Chief authority, esteem, or regard, as good; tc chieftainship, the chief or be satisfied with, approve of, first rank. etc. — Pass. : pr8b-or, atus princip-ium,ii,n. [princeps, sum, ari. princip-is, "first"] ("That prSbrum, i, n. : 1. Disgrace, which belongs to the prin shame, dishonour. — 2. A dis ceps"; hence) A beginning, graceful act ; disgraceful. or commencement. shameful, conduct. pris-tinus, tina, tmum, pro-bus, ba, bum, adj. [pro, adj. [obsol. pris, " before "] "before"] ("That is before" Former. other persons or things; hence) priva .. tus, tum, adj. 1. Good. — 2. Upright, virtu [priv(a)-o, " to make privus," ous, modest. i.e. "single"] ("Made single" pro-cedo, cessi, cessum, ced- from others ; hence, " of, or ere, 3. v. n. [pro, "forth"; belonging to, an individual cedo, "to go"] 1. To go forth person"; hence) Private, in or out ; to go forwards, ad dividual. — As Subst. : priva- vance, proceed. — 2. To ad tus, i, m. A private person; vance in age.* i. e. one not in any public office, procer-Itas, itatis, f. etc. [procer-us, "lofty"] ("The priv-o, avi, atum, are, 1. state, or quality, of the v. a. [priv-us, " single "] ("To procerus"; hence) Loftiness, make privus"; hence) With height; — at xvii. 59 in plur. AM. [§ 119, 4]: To bereave — When a quality common to or deprive of. — Pass. : priv- several things or persons is or, atus sum, ari. mentioned, the plural of abs pro, prep. gov. abl. ("Be tract nouns is sometimes used fore "; hence) 1. For, instead as above. of. — 2. For, as. — 3. For, in pro-creo, creavi, creatum, return for.— 4. For, in behalf creare, 1. v. a. [pro, " forth "; of. — 5. For, in accordance ereo, "to bring forth"] To teith. — 6. In proportion to bring forth, produce. [Gr. -Kpi\. procul, adv. [peocul, a root prob-e, adv. [prSb-us, of procello, "to drive for " good "] (" After tl»e man wards "] ("Driven forwards"; 2 148 VOCABULARY. hence) Of place : At a dist prii-fSc-iseor ; fr. pro, " for ance, far off, a great way ward "; f ac-To, " to make "] off. (" To begin to make one's self prod-itlo, itionis, f. [prod- to he forward"; hence) Of D, " to betray "] A betraying, persons : To set out, go, pro betrayal. ceed. pro-do, didi, dTtum, dere, pro-fiteor, fessus sum, fit- 3. v. a. [pro, " forth or for eri, 2. v. dep. [for pro-ffitSor ; wards "; do, " to put "] (" To fr. pro, " openly "; fateor, " to put forwards"; hence) 1. To own"] 1. To own, avow, or betray perfidiously. — 2. To declare publicly or freely ; to hand down, transmit : — pro- acknowledge. — 2. To profess. ditum est, it has been handed pro-fuglo, fugi, fiigitum, down, etc., xviii. 63, where the fugere, 3. v. n. [pro, " forth"; narrative quum Athenis . . . fugTo/'toflee"] To flee forth sessum recepisse is its Subject. or away ; to escape. t — Pass. : pro-dor, ditus sum, pro-gredior, gressus sum, di. grtdi, 3. v. dep. [for prd-grad- pro-dlico, duxi, ductum, Tor ; from pro, " forth or for ducere, 3. v. a. [pro, "for ward "; gradTor, " to step or wards "; diico, " to lead "] go "] (" To step, or go, forth ("To lead forwards"; hence) or forwards "; hence) Of time : To draw out, prolong. To advance, proceed. proelium, ii, n. A. battle, propaga-tio, tionis, f. engagement, fight. [prSpag(a)-o, " to set or pro-fect-o, adv. [for pro- plant "] A setting, or plant fact-o; fr. pro, "for"; fact ing, of shoots, etc. um, "a deed"] ("For a deed"; pro-pag-o, lnis, f. [pro, hence) Actually, certainly, " forwards "; pango, " to fast doubtless, without doubt. en," through root pag] (" That profectus, a, um, P. perf. which fastened, or pegged, of prSficiscor. forwards"; hence) Of trees, pro-fero, tuli, latum, ferre, etc. : A layer, setting. v. a. [pro, " forwards "; fSro, pr8pe, adv. [adverbial nent. "to hear"] ("To hear for of obsol. adj. propis, " near "] wards"; hence) To bring for 1. Near, nigh. — 2. Comp.: wards in speaking, etc. ; to Nearer :— propius absum, (/ quote, mention. am distant from it the nearer; pro-fic-iscor, fec-tus sum, i. e.) I am less distant from fic-isci, 3. v. dep. n. inch, [for it, or the closer to it. VOCABULARY. 149

Comp. : prup-ius ; Sup. : prox- venire, 4. v. n. [pro, " forth "; Xme (= prop-sime). venio, "to come"] To come propius, comp. adv.; see forth or forward. prope. pro-verb-ium, ii, n. [pro, proprius, a, um, adj. One's, " in former times "; verb-um, etc., own ; peculiar, proper. in force of "an expression"] prop-ter, adv. and prep. : ("A thing pertaining to a [prSp-e, " near "] 1. Adv. : ver bum used in former times "; Near, nigh at hand. — 2. Prep. hence) An old saying, adage, gov. Ace. : On account of. proverb. prosient = prosint, 3. pers. prozim-e, sup. adv. [prox- plur. pres. subj. of prosum. im-us, "nearest"] 1. Nearest, pro-spicio, spexi, spectum, very near. — 2. Very closely, spicere, 3. v. n. and a. [for most nearly. — 3. Very recent pro-spScio ; fr. pro, " before "; ly, shortly before. specio, " to see "] (" To see proximus, a, um, sup. adj. before" one; hence) 1. Neut. : [for prop-simus ; fr. obsol. With Dat. [§ 107] : To look prup-is, " near "] The nearest, out for, to provide for.— 2. next, whether preceding or Act. : a. To foresee. — b. With following. Acc.: To look out for, provide priidens, ntis, adj. [contract for. ed fr. pro-videns; fr. pro, "be pro-sum, fui, desse, v. n. fore "; videns, " seeing "] [pro, "for"; sum, "to be"] (" Foreseeing"; hence) 1. Wise, ("Tobefor" aperson orthing; prudent. — 2. Intelligent, hence) With Dat. [§ 106, (3)] : clever, talented. — 3. Cautious, To be useful or of use to; to circumspect. do good to ; to profit, benefit. priiden-ter, adv. [for provectus, a, um, P. perf. prudent-ter; fr. priidens, pass. of provSho. prudent-is, " prudent "] pro-veho, vexi, vectum, ("After the manner of the vShere, 3. v. a. [pro, "for prudens"; hence) Prudently, wards"; veho, "to carry"] wisely, discreetly. 6gp"Comp.: 1. To carry forwards, or on prfldent-Tus ; (Sup. : prudent- wards, whether actually or issime). figuratively. — 2. Pass. in re prudent-Ia, te, f. [prud flexive force : In time : To ens, prudent-is, " foreseeing "] advance. — Pass. : pro-vehor, (" The quality of the prud vectus sum, vShi. ens"; hence) 1. A foresee pro-venio, veni, ventum, ing, foresight. — 2. Discretion, ISO VOCABULARY. prudence. — 3. Good seme, etc. pul-cher, chra, chrum, adj. — 4. Acquaintance with a [for pol-cher ; fr. pol-To, " to thing; knowledge of, or skill polish"] ("Polished"; hence) in, a matter. 1. Beautiful, beauteous. — 2. Pseu-dolus, i, m. Pseudolus Excellent, noble, glorious, or "The Liar"; the title of illustrious. ggp Comp. : one of the comedies of Plautus pulchr-ior ; (Sup. : pulcher- [Gr. i|'f uS-^js, " lying "]. rimus). pub-esco, ili, no sup., escere, pulchr-Itudo, ltutllnis, f. 3.v.n. [pubes, "of ripeage"] [puleher, pulchr-i, "beautiful, (" To become pubes "; hence) excellent "] (" The quality of Of plants, etc. : To grow up, the puleher "; hence) 1. Beau ripen. ty. — 2. Excellence. publ-Icns, Tea, icum, adj. Pun-Icus, Ten, icum [for [contracted and changed fr. Poen-Tcus ; fr. Poen-i, " the popul-icus; fr. popul-us, "the Pceni or Phoenicians "] (" Of, people "] Pertaining to the or belonging to, the Poeni "; people; public (as opposed to hence) Of colour : Purple ; "private"]. deep-red. Publlus, ii, m. Publius; a puppis, is (Acc. and Abl. Roman prsenomen. mostly puppim and puppi), f. : pii-er, e>i, m. ('' The nour 1. The hinder part of a ship; ished one "; hence) A boy, lad the poop or stern.— 2. A ship, [prob. akin to Sans. root push, vessel. " to nourish "; and to irilp, piir-e, adv.[pur-us, " pure"] the Spartan form of irais]. (" After the manner of the piier-Itla, Ttise, f. [piier, purus;" hence) Purely, with " a boy "] (" The state of the out evil, etc. puer"; hence) Boyhood, child- purpura, a3, f. (" The pur hood. ple-fish "; hence, " purple pug-na, nse, f. [fug, root colour, purple "; hence) A of pungo, " to stab," etc.] purple garment [Gr.iropipvpa\. ^"The stabbing thing"; hence) pu-rus, ra, rum, adj. A fight, battle, engagement, ("Pure"; hence) 1. Of the contest. soil : Clean, i. e. free from pug-n-o, Svi, atum, are, 1. weeds, etc. — 2. Morally : Pure, v. n. [pugn-a, "a fight"] 1. spotless [akin to Sans. root To fight. — 2. Pugnandum pO, " to purify "]. (est), It mutt be fought, i. e. piit-o, avi, a turn, are, 1. one must fight or contend. v. a. [put-us, " clean, clear "] VOCABULARY. I51

("To make clean or clear "; was killed at Argos in Greece, hence, "to clear up, or settle," while attempting to make accounts ; hence, "to reckon "; himself master of the town hence) 1. To deem, consider. [nitfos, "Red or Red- — 2. To suppose, imagine, haired "]. think; — at ii. 4 there is an Pythagoras, se, m. Pyth ellipse of earn obrepturam agoras ; a celebrated Greek fuisse after piitassent. philosopher, born at Samos, Pyrrhus, i, m. Pyrrhus,king who flourished between B.C. of Epirus, a country of an 540—510. The date of his cient N. Greece. When the birth is uncertain. — Hence, Romans declared war against Pythagor-ei, eorum, m. plur. the Tarentines, B.C. 281, the Thefollowers of the Pythagor latter sent an embassy to ean philosophy, the Pythagor Pyrrhus, begging his aid. eans [Gr. Uv6ay6pas^. Pyrrhus complied with their request, and crossed over into quadr-a-ginta, num. adj. Italy in the following year. indecl. (" Four tens "; i. e.) After defeating the Romans Forty [contr. fr. quatuor-a- on the bank of the Siris, he ginta ; fr. quatiior, " four "; attempted to make peace with (a) connecting vowel ; ginta = them ; but his offers, conveyed Kovra = " ten "]. through Cineas, were rejected. quadrienn-ium, ii, n. In B.C. 279 a battle took place [quadrienn-is, " pertaining to near Asculum between Pyrrhus four years "] (" A thing per and the Romans, in which taining to quadriennis "; Decius Mus, one of the Roman hence) A space of four years ; consuls, devoted himself to four years. the Dii Manes for his country. qusero, qusesTvi, qusesitum, The Romans claimed the ad quserere, 3. v. a. : 1. To seek, vantage in the contest, though in the fullest meaning of the Pyrrhus seems to have been term. — 2. To ask, inquire. — . the real victor. After this he Pass. : quseror, qusesitus sum, passed into Sicily to protect its quseri. inhabitants against their own quseso, v. def. I pray ; pri rulers and the Carthaginians. thee. He then renewed hostilities quees-tor, toris, m. [qua?ro, with the Romans, but was "to seek," through root q,vms ] defeated by Curius Dentatus (" A seeker ") A qutsstor. — B.C. 274. Two years later he The Qusestors were Roman 1 52 VOCABULARY. magistrates, originally employ as was assigned to him, and ed in attending solely to the generally supplied the place of public revenues. At first they his chief, when the hitter left were two in number, and their his province. functions were confined to qua-lis, le, adj. : 1. Inter Rome itself; but in B.C. 420 rogative : Of what sort or their number was increased to kind. — 2. Relative : Of such four. Of these, two remained a sort, or kind, as ; such op at Rome, and were called Prse- [akin to Sans. ka-s, " who ? "]. tores Urbani; two attended quam, adv. [adverbial ace. the consuls, or other govern, fem. of quis] 1. In what man ors, in their provinces, and ner, how. — 2. After words de hence were named Prsetores noting comparison : Than. — Provinciates or Militares. (In 3. In comparisons: As: — quam either case, however, the dis maxime, asmuch as possible. — tinctive appellation is not usu 4. To augment the force of an ally expressed.) The principal adj. : How, how very. — 5. lu charge of the Qusestores designatious of time : That : — Urbani was the care of the pes'; qmim, after that. treasury (which was kept in quam-quam, conj. [quam, the temple of Saturn) and "as" repeated] ("As as") the management of all affairs hence) Though,although[^ 152, connected with it. They, II, (3)]. also, had the custody of the qnam-vis, conj. [quam, military standards, entertained " as "; vis, 2. pers. sing. indie, and lodged foreign ambassa pres. of volo, "towillor wish"] dors, and arranged for the (" As you will ") 1. Although, funerals of those who were albeit. — 2. How much soever, buried at the public expense. however, however much : — . To each Qusestor Proviucialis quamvis senex, however old or Militaris, when on service (he may be). in a province, it appertained quando, adv. and conj. : 1. to attend to the provisioning Adv.: a. When. — b. Indefinite : and payment of the soldiers, Ever, at any time : — si quando, to exact the tribute due to if at any time. — 2. Because, Home, to sell spoils taken in since [akin to Sans. kddd, war, and to make a return of " once"]. all receipts and payments to quantum, adv. [adverbial the Treasury. Beyond this ncut. of quantus, " as much he exercised such jurisdiction as"} 1. As much as. — 2. In VOCABULARY. 153

distance : As far as. — 3. As a quem-ad-modum (or separ correlative to tantam : As. ately quem ad modum), adv. qua-ntus, nta, ntum, adj. [ad, " after or according to "; [akin to qua-lis] 1. : a. How with the ace. sing. of qui, great. — b. With, or without, " who, which"; and of modus, tantus: As great, as. — 2. Of " manner "] After what man value, number, amount, etc. : ner, as, how. a. How much, how many: — queo, quivi or quii, quitum, qnanti [§ 128, a], of how quire, v. n. To be able. much value, etc. : — quanto quer-ela, else, f. [quer-or, [118], by how much. — b. As " to complain "] A complain a correlative to tantus : As ing, complaint, lamentation. many, as. — 3. With Superl. : 1. qui, quse, quod (Gen., a. As great as possible. — b. cujus ; Dat., cui), pron. : 1. As much as possible. Relative : a. Who, which ; — in qua-re, adv. [Abl. fem. of querelis . . . qua at iii. 7, quse quis, and res, respectively] 1. is referred logically, instead of Interrogative : Why ? where grammatically, to its substan- fore? — 2. Relative : a. By what tive ; for quai regards querelis means,whereby . — \1.From1vhat here as mere matters, whence cause or reason ; wherefore. the use of the neuter gender ; quartum, adv. [adverbial otherwise we should have neut. of quartus, " fourth "] found quas, in concord with For the fourth time. the gender of querelis, i. e. the quar-tus, ta, tum, num. feminine. — b. With Subj. : (a) adj. [coutr. fr. -quiituor-tus, To point out a purpose, etc. : fr. quatiior, "four"] ("Pro For the purpose of, that, in vided with four"; hence) order that, to, in order to. — Fourth. (b) As, because, since. — (c) qua -si, conj. [for quam-si; After dignus, indignus, idone- fr. quam, "as"; si, "if"] us (and sometimes aptus) to [§ 152, 1, (6)] As if, as though, point out that "of" which just as if, as it were. one is " worthy," etc. — c. quatuor, num. adj. indecl. With omission of demonstr. Four [akin to reVirop-es, pron. : He, or she, who ; that Ttrrap-ss ; also to Sans. chatur which, etc. — d. quo, neut. abl. (for chatvary]. sing. as Abl. of measure [118], que, enclitic conj. And: — with comparative words: By que . . . que, both . . . and (what, i. e.) how much : — So . . . [akin to re'j. quo, by so much . . . by how *54 VOCABULARY. much ; — quo. . .eo, by howmuch quidem, not even: — in ne . . . Iii/ so much. — e. When em quidem, quidem is generally phasis is intended, the relative separated from ne by only one clause at times precedes the intervening word; but when demonstrative clause. — f. Qui two words (as at xi. 34), or sometimes attracts the suhst. more, together form a com from the demonstrative clause pound idea, quidem follows into its own case. — g. At the after them. beginning of a clause in place quie-sco, vi, tum, scere, of a demonstrative pron. and 3. v. n. [for quiet-sco; fr. a conj.: And this, etc. — 2. quies, quiet-is, "rest"] ("To Interrogative : Who ? which ? be in a state of quies"; hence) what ? — 3. Indefinite : Any 1. To rest, repose. — 2. Politic [akin to Sans. Mnf\. ally : To keep quiet, remain 2. qui, adv. [adverbial neut. neutral, etc. abl. sing. of 1. qui, " who," quiet-e, adv. [quiet-us, etc.'] In what manner, how. " quiet "] (" After the manner qui-a, conj. [adverbial old of the quietus"; hence) ace. plur. of qui] [§ 152, II, Quietly. (1)] Because. qulet-us, a, um, adj. [quie- quicquid ; see quisquis. sco, " to rest," through root qui-cumque, quse-cumque, quiet; see quiesco] 1. At quod-cumque, pron. rel. [qui, rest, enjoying rest; tranquil, with indef. suffix cumque] calm, quiet. — 2. In adverbial Whoever, whosoever ; what force : Quietly, etc. ever, whatsoever. qui-n, cofij. [for qui-ne; 1. quid, adv. [adverbial fr. qui, abl. of relative pron. neut. of quis] 1. Why ? how ? qui, " who, which "; ne = —2. Why. non, " not "] (" By which 2. quid ; see quis. not") 1. With Subj.: That qui-dam, quae-dam, quod- not, but that, without, from. dam, pron. indef. [qui, in "in 2. For corroboration : But definite" force; suffix dam] indeed, verily, etc.: — quin Some indefinite person or etiam (or as one word, quin- thing; a certain or particular etiam), yea indeed. person. — As Subst. : a. qui- Quinctius, Ti, m. Quinctius; dam, m. A certain person, a a Koman name. certain one. — b. quoddam, quin-cunx, uncis, m. [ = Something. quinqu-unc-s ; fr. quinqu-e, quidem, adv. Indeed : — ne "five"; unc-Ta, "a twelfth VOCABULARY. 155 part of an as"] ("Five piam, pron. indef. [qui (indef.), twelfths of an as"; hence, "any"; (s) epenthetic; indef. " five spots " on a dice ; hence) suffix piam] Any, some. — As Of trees, troops, etc. : The Subst. m.: Any one, some one. form of the five spots on a quis-quam, quse-quam, dice; i.e. oblique lines. quic-quam or quid-quam, qumetiam ; see quin, no. 2. pron. indef. [quis, " any one "; quinque, num. adj. indecl. suffix quam] Any, any what Five [akin to Gr. ireVre, Sans. ever. — As Subst.: a. quisquam, panchan]. m. Any one. — b. quidquam, n. quinquenn-ium, 11, n. Anything. [quinquenn-is, " pertaining to quis-que, quavque, quod- five years "] (" A thing per que, pron. indef. [quis, "any"; taining to quinquennis " ; suffix que] 1. Each, every, hence) A space office years ; any. — As Subst. m. : Each five years. one, each. — 2. With Superla 1. quin-tus, ta, tum, num. tives to express universality : adj. [for quinqu-tus; fr. quin- Every most . . . all the most : qu-e, " five "] (" Provided — optimus quisque, all the with five "; hence) Fifth. best. 2. Quintus, i, m. [quintus, quis-quis, no fem., quic- "fifth"] Quintus; a Roman quid, quid-quid or quod-quod, prsenomen. pron. indef. Whatever, mhat- 1. quis, quse, quid, pron. soever. — As Subst. : a. quis- interrog. : 1. In direct ques quis, m. Whoever, whosoever. tions : What ? i. e. what sort — b. quic-quid, n. Whatever, of a person or thing. — 2. In or whatsoever, thing. indirect clauses: Who or qui-vis, quse-vis, quod-vis, what ; i. e. what person or pron. indef. [qui, " who "; vis, thing. — 3. As Subst. : a. qnis, 2. pers. sing. of volo, "to m. What person, who; — at vii. will"] Who, or what, you 21 folld. by verb in Subj. in please or will ; any whatever. an indirect question [§ 149]. — As Subst. : qui vis, m. Any — b. quid, n. What thing, one you will, any one whatever. what [Gr. rfr]. 1. quo, adv. [for quo-m, 2. quia, quid, pron. indef. old form of que-m, ace. masc. Any one, anybody, anything ; sing. of qui, "who"] ("To some one, somebody, something what place"; hence) 1. Whi [Gr. Tis]. ther, where. — 2. To what end, quis-piam, quse-pTam, quod- for what purpose, wherefore, i56 VOCABULARY.

why ? — 3. To the end that, in formerly. — 2. At some time, order that, so that, that. at any time, sometimes. 2. quo ; see qui. quon-iam, conj. [for quom- quo-ad, adv. [forquom-ad; jam; fr. quom = quura, fr. quota, old form of quem, " since"; jam, "now"] [§ 152, ace. masc. sing. of qui, " who, II, (1)] Since now, seeing that, which," etc.; ad, "to"] ("To because, inasmuch as. which" time, etc. ; hence) 1. 1. quoque, conj. Also, too .- Till, until. — 2. As far as. — placed after the word to be quo -circa, adv. [for quom - emphasized. circa ; fr. quo-m, old form of 2. quoque, masc. and neut. quem, masc ace. sing. of qui ; abl. sing. of quisque. circa, "respecting"] ("Re quo-rsum (quo-rsus), adv. specting what thing "; hence) [contr. fr. quom-versum or For which reason, wherefore, versus ; fr. quo-m ( = quem), on which account. masc. ace. sing. of qui, quod, conj. [adverbial ace. "who, which"; versum (or neut. sing. of qui] 1. In that, versus), "towards"] 1. To because that, inasmuch as. — wards which or what place ; 2. That.— 3. If so be that, as whither. — 2. To what purpose respects that, with respect to. or end ? with what view ? — at — 4. With other conjunctions : v. 13 with quorsum hsec sup But : — quod si, but if. ply narro or dIco. quod si ; see quod, no. 4. quot-I-die, adv. [quot, "as quo-mlnus (or, as two words, many " ; of time, " each, quo minus), conj. [1. quo, every "; (I) connecting vow no. 3 ; mmus, no. 2] With el; die, abl. of dies, "day"] Subj. after verbs of hindering, On each or every day ; daily. preventing, etc. : That . . . quot-Ies, adv. [quot, " how not; but that; from doing, many "] 1. How many times ; etc. how often. — 2. : a. As many quo-modo, adv. [adverbial times, as often. — b. As many ablatives of qui, " what " ; times as, as often at, modus, "manner."] In what quum (old form quom), manner, how. relative adv. and causal conj. quou-dam, adv. [for quom- [for quom = quem, fr, qui, dam; fr. quom, old form of " who "] 1. Relative Adv. : quem, ace. of 1. qui ; suffix ("To the time which"; hence) dam] 1. At a certain time; a. When [§ 153] :— quum . . . at one time. once upon a time, tum, while . . . so too ; not VOCABULARY. 157 only . . . but also ; both . . . rS, "back again "; capio, "to and ; — (in a climax) both . . . take"] 1. To take or get and especially ; not only . . . back again; to retake, re but more particularly: — quum cover. — 2. To receive, admit, maxime, at the very moment allow ; — at xviii. 63 f olid. by or instant. — b. Sometimes supine in um. wth imperf. ind. to point out re-clto, citavi, citatum, cit- some action as simultaneous are, 1. v. a. [rS, " without with another : At the time force "; cito, in force of " to that, while; vi. 15. — 2. Causal call out, announce "] (" To Conj.: ("To the end that or announce "; hence) To read which"; hence) Seeing that, out or aloud; to recite. — since, as, inasmuch as [§ 152, Pass. : re-cltor, citatus sum, I. (»)]. citari. re-coquo, coxi, coctum, ra-mus, mi, m. (" The cSquere, 3. v. a. [rS, " again "; growing, or increasing, thing"; coquo, " to cook "] To cook, hence) A branch, bough [akin or boil, again. to Sans. root VRIdh, "to recorda-tio, tionis, . f. grow, increase"]. [record(a)-or, "to call to ra-tio, tionis, f. [reor, " to mind "] A calling to mind ; reckon," through root eA] recollection, remembrance. 1. A reckoning, account : — re-cord-or, atus sum, ari, rntionem habere cum terra, 1. v. dep. [rS, " again "; cor, (to have an account with the cord-is, "the heart"] ("To earth, i. e.) have to do, have bring again from the heart, dealings with the earth, xv. or mind "; hence) To call to 51. — 2. Relation, reference, mind, remember, recollect. respect, regard, to a thing. — rect-e,adv. [rect-us," right"] 3. Mode, method, manner, ("After the manner of the means. — 4. Judgment, under rectus"; hence) Rightly, prop standing, reason. erly. re-cedo, ccssi, eessum, ced- rec-tns, ta, tum, adj. [for ere, 3. v. n. [rS, " away "; reg-tus; fr. reg-o, "to lead cedo, " to go "] To go away, straight "] (" Led straight "; withdraw, depart. hence, " straight, direct " ; recens, ntis, adj. Fresh, hence) Upright; — at vi. 16 recent. in figurative force. re-clpio, cepi, ceptum, cip- rS-cus-o, avi, atum, are, 1. Sre, 3. v. a. [for re-cipio ; fr. v. a, [for rS-caus-o; fr. rS, i58 VOCABULARY.

"against"; cans-a, "a cause"] " again "; facio, " to make **] ("To bring forward a cause, (" To make again "; hence) or pretext, against"; hence) To restore, refresh, recruit, To refuse, decline. invigorate anew. — Pass. : re- red-do, dldi, ditum, dere, ficior, fectus sum, fici. 3. v. a. [red (= rS with d for refrigera-tio, tiouis, f. de, demonstrative), " back "; [refriger(a)-o, " to cool **] do, " to give "] To give hack, ("A cooling"; hence) Coolness. return, restore. re-frigero, frigeravi, frTgSr- red-eo, Ivi or li, itum, Ire, atum, frigerare, 1. v. a. [rS, v. n. [red (see red-do), " back"; " without force "; frigero, " to So, " to go"] To go, or come, cool"] 1. To cool.— 2. Pass. back ; to return. in reflexive force : To cool rediens, redeuntis, P. pres. one's self, etc. ; xvi. 58. — of redeo. Pass.: re-frigeror, frigeratus re-duco, duxi, ductum, sum, frigSrari. ducere, 3. v. a. [re, " back "; reg-alis, ale, adj. [rex, reg duco, "to lead"] Alone (or is, "a king"] Of, or belonging with dumuni) : To lead, or to, a king ; royal, regal. conduct, back to one's house ; regn-o, Svi, atum, are, 1. to conduct, or accompany, v. n. [regn-um, "a kingdom''^ home ; xviii. 63. — Pass. : re- (" To have a regnum "; hence) ducor, ductus sum, duci. To rule, reign. re-fercio, fersi, fertum, reg-num, ni, n. [reg-o, " to f ercire, 4. v. a. [for re-farcio ; rule"] ("That which rules"; fr. re, in " intensive " force ; hence) 1. Royalty, royal farcio, "to stuff"] To stuff pomer. — 2. A kingdom. — 3. completely ; to cram, fill up. Domain, territory, etc. —Pass. : re-ferclor, fertus rego, rexi, rectum, regere, sum, ferclri. 3. v. a. : 1. To rule, govern. — re-fero, tuli (and ret-tiili), 2. To guide, direct [akin to latum, ferre, v. a. irreg. [re, Sans. root eAj, "to govern"]. " back "; fero, " to bear "J 1. re-laxo, laxavi, laxatum, To bear, or carry, again or laxare, 1. v. a. [rS, " again "; back. — 2. To assign, refer. laxo, "to stretch out"] ("To refertus, a, um : 1. P. perf. stretch out again"; hence, pass. of refercio. — 2. Pa. : "to loosen"; hence) With Filled up, completely filled. personal pron. in reflexive rS-ficio,feci, tectum, ficere, force : To release, set free,

" to stand "] (" To stand be ro-b-ur, oris, n. ("The hind"; hence) To remain, be strong thing "; hence, " hard left. ness "; hence) Strength [prob rS-tardo, tardavi, tardatum, ably akin to pu,, root of bii- tardare, 1. v. a. [rS, " back "; vvifii, " to strengthen"]. tardo, "to delay"] To delay robus-tus, ta, tum, adj. [for and keep back; to hinder, robor-tus; fr. robur, robSr-is, impede, detain, retard. in force of " hardness "] re-tlneo, tmui, tentum, ("Provided with robur"; tinere, 2. v. a. [for rS-teneo ; hence) Of persons : Hardy, fr. rS ; teneo, " to hold "] 1. strong, stout, robust. [rS, "back"] To hold, or Boma, a; f. Some; a city keep, back; to detain. — 2. [rS, of central Italy, on the banks "without force"] To hold, of the Tibsr, the capital of keep hold of, holdfast, keep, the Roman Empire. — Hence, preserve, maintain. — Pass. : Bom-anus, ana, anum, adj. re-tlneor, tentus sum, tmeri. Of, or belonging to, Some; re-traho, traxi, tractum, Soman.— As Subst. : Koman- trahere, 3. v. a. [rS, " back "; us, i, m. A Soman; — Plur. : traho, "to drag"] To drag The Somans [usually con back, bring back by force, sidered akin to p&pui, etc. — Pass. : re-trahor,tractus " strength "; but perhaps con sum, train. nected with bi-a, " to flow "; re-vertor, versus sum, psv-fia, " a stream or river "; verti, 3. v. dep. n. [rS, " back"; akin to Sans. root sbu, " to vertor (pass. of verto, in re flow "; and so, " The stream- flexive force), " to turn one's or river-city "]. self "] To turn one's self back; Bomanns, a, um, Bomanus, to return, go back again. i ; see Roma. . ' re-voco, vocavi, vocatum, ror-o, avi, atum, are, 1. vScare, 1. v. a. [re, " back "; v. a. [ros, ror-is, " dew "] To vSco, " to call "] To call back, bedew, moisten, wet. — P. pres. : recall. — Pass. : re-vocor, voc- Without Object : Of cups : atus sum, vScari. Yielding the wine drop by rex, regis, m. [for reg-s ; drop ; xiv. 46. fr. reg-o, "to rule"] ("He ros-trum, tri, n. [for rod- who rules "; hence) A king. trum; fr. rod-o, "to gnaw"] rideo, risi, risum, ridere, (" The accomplisher of guaw- 2. v. n. To laugh [prob. akin ing "; hence, " a bill or beak " to Boeotian KplSSw = 7eAaoi]. of animals ; hence) Of a ship : Cato Major. M l 62 VOCABULARY.

1. The beak, or projecting "frequent"] 1. Frequently, prow. — 2. Plur. : Rostra, The often. — 2. In connexion with Rostra ; i. e. the place in the numero (abl. of niimerus, forum whence public men ad "number"), or as one word, dressed the people, and which sa:penumSro : ("Often in num was so called from being ber "; i. e.) Oftentimes, over ornamented with the beaks of and over again, very often or the ships of the Antiates taken frequently. in the Latin War. saepe-numero ; see srcpe. ruga, se, f. A wrinkle in Salln-ator, atoris, m. the face, skin, etc. [salln-ao, " salt-works, salt- rumor, oris, m. Report, pits "] (" One who has, or common talk, rumour. works, salince "; " dealer in rus-ticus, tica, ticum, adj. salt") Salinator (Cuius [for rur-ticus ; fr. rus, rur-is, Livius), consul B.C. 188. " the country "] Of, or be When prsetor, B.C. 191, he longing to, the country ; commanded the Roman fleet, rustic, country-. and defeated that of Antioclius the Great, whose land forces Sabini, oruui, m. plur. : 1. also were conquered at The Sabines ; an ancient Thermopylae, mainly by the Italian people, whose territory bravery and conduct of Cato. adjoined that of the Latins. — The name of Salinator was Hence, Sabm-us, a, um, adj. given, in derision, to M. Livius Of, or belonging to,the Sabines; (the father of C. Livius), in Sabine. consequence of his having im s&e-er, ra, rum, adj. Sacred, posed a tax on salt when he consecrated, dedicated, holy. was Censor. The name, how — As Subst. : sacrum, i, n. ever, became hereditary in A religious rite or solemnity the family. At iv. 11, and [root sAC ; akin to Hy-ios, again in his work de Oratore "holy," and Sans. root TAj, (ii. 67), Cicero attributes to " to sacrifice, to worship (dei M. Livius Salinator a saying ties) by sacrifices"]. that really fell from M. Livius sacerdot-ium, ii, n. [sacer- Macatus, who commanded the dos, sacerdot-is, "a priest"] Roman garrison at Tarentum. (" The office of a sacerdos "; sal-tus, tus, m. [sal-io, " to hence) A priesthood. leap "] A leaping ; a leap, sacrum, i ; see sacer. spring, bound. ■sop-e,' adv. [obsol. ssep-is, salubr-Iter, adv. [salubr-is, VOCABULARY. 163 "healthful"] ("After the dom. — 2. Good sense, discre manner of the salubris"; tion, discreetuess, prudence. hence) Healthfully, salubri sap-iO, Ivi or n, no sup., ously, fjfgr Comp. : salubr- ere, 3. v. n. ("To taste or iiis ; (Sup. : saliiber-rime). savour"; hence) 1. To be saliit-aris, are, adj. [sains, wise. — 2. To be sensible or saliit-is. "health"] ("Per discreet [akin to Gr, oir-ds, taining to salus"; hence) "juice"]. Healthful, healthy. Sardes, Tum, f. plur. Sardes saliit-o, avi, atmn, are, 1. (now Sari) ; the capital of v. a. [salus, saliit-is, "health"] Lydia, in Asia Minor, on the To wish health to, to greet, to Pactolus. — At xvii. 59 Sardis salute. — Pass. : salut-or, atus (old form of Sardes) is Ace. sum, ari. of place " whither " [§ 101]. Samnltes, Tum aud um, in. Sardls ; see Sardes. plur. The Samnites; the in sar-mentum, menti, n. [for habitants of Samnium, one of sarp-mentum ; fr. sarp-o, " to theprincipal districts of central out off," etc.] (" The thing Italy Sing. : Samnis, His, cut off"; hence) A twig cut m. A Samnite. from a tree, etc. san-e, adv. [san-ns, " sound sat ; see satis. in mind"] (" Soundly"; hence) sat-ietas, idtiitis, f. [sat -is Well, truly, indeed. (adj.), "enough"] ("The sapl-ens, entis, adj. [sapT-o, quality, or condition, of the "to be wise"] Wise; — at satis"; hence, "the state of xxi. 78 the Sup. is folld. by having enough and more"; Gen. of "thing distributed" hence) 1. Satiety. — 2. Disgust, [§ 130].— As Subst. m. : A loathing. wise man. ggp" Comp. : sat-1O, Tavi, Tatum, Tare, 1. sapient-Ior ; Sup. : sapient- v. a. To satisfy, sate. — Pass. : issimus. sat-ior, Tatus sum, Tari [root saplent-er,adv. [forsapient- sat, akin to Gr. aS-t'a, " to be ter ; fr. sapiens, sapient-is, sated "]. " wise "] (" After the manner sat-is (sat), adv. ("In a of the sapiens "; hence) Wise satisfying way or manner"; ly, as a wise man, etc., would hence) 1. Sufficiently, enough. do, etc. — 2. As Adj. : Sufficient, sapient-ia, ise, f. [sapiens, enough [id.]. sXpient-is] (" The quality of satur-Itas, itatis, f. [satur, the sapiens "; hence) 1. Wis- "full"] ("The quality, or M 3 164 VOCABULARY. state, of the satur "; hence) of Africanus Minor, from I113 Fulness, plenty, abundance. capture of Carthage B.C. 146, 1. satus, a, um, P. perf. whereby the third Punic War pass. of sero. was brought to a close. — 2. 2. sa-tus, tus, m. [sero, Publius Cornelius Scipio, con " to plant," through root sA] sul B.C. 218. — 3. Cornelius Of vines : A planting. Scipio, surnamed Calvus scando, scandi, scansum, (*' Bald "), consul B.C. 222. — scandere, 3. v. a. To climb, 4. Publius Scipio Nasica Cor- mount, ascend [akin to Sans. culuni, consul B.C. 162 anil root skAnd, "to leap upwards, 155 ; appointed Pontifex Max- to mount "]. inius B.C. 150. — 5. Plur. : scelus, eris, 11. : 1. A wicked, Scipios; — at ix. 29 the con or impious, deed. — 2. Wicked struction is to be observed ; ness, guilt. viz. a plural cognomen common scena, se, f. The stage, or to two persons, preceded by scene, of a theatre [Gr.

ousness of character, etc. ; point out, indicate. — 2. To sternness, gravity, severity. betoken, import, indicate, 1. sex, num. adj. plur. mean. indecL Six [akin to Gr. *?{]. silv-esco, no pcrf . nor sup., 2. Sex., abbrev. of Sextns. escere, 3. v. n. inch. [silv-a, sex-a-ginta, num. adj. in force of " foliage "] (" To indccl. [sex, " six "; (a) con become silva"; hence) To necting vowel ; ginta = kovto. make leaves alone; to run to = "ten"] ("Six tens"; hence) wood. Sixty. sim-ilis, Tic, adj.: 1. Like, 1. sex-tus, ta, tum, num. similar. — 2. With Dat. or adj. [sex, "six"] ("Provided Gen. : Like to [akin to Gr. H/x- with sex"; hence) Sixth. oios, Sans. sam-a, in force of 2. Sextus, i, m. [sextus, " like "]. " sixth "] Sextus ; a Roman Simonldes, se, m. Simonides; pramomen. the name of two Greek poets. si, conj.[§ 152,.in,(2)] If One was a native of Samos, [akin to Gr. •!]. and flourished about B.C. 664. si-c, adv. [for si-cc, akin to His compositions were prin hic, "this"; suffix ce] 1. : a. cipally of a satyrical character. In this way, so, thus. — b. In The other was a native of the following way, as fol Ceos, and was born about B.C. lows. — 2. In such a way or 556. He was one of the most manner : — sic . . . ut, in such celebrated of the Greek lyric a way . . . that. — 3. To such poets [Gr. SifiavXSri?, " Son of a degree, so much, so very : — Simon "]. sic, ut, to such a degree, that. sim-plex, plicis, adj. [for sicc-itas, itatis, f. [sicc-us, sim-plic-s ; fr. sim = sem in "dry"] ("The state of the semel ; plic-o, " to fold "] siccus"; hence) Dryness. ("Onefold"; hence) 1. Sim sic-nt (sic-iiti), adv. [sic, ple, plain. — 2. Unmixed. "so"; ut, "as"] 1. -So as, si-n, conj. [shortened fr. just as, like as, as. — 2. As if, si-ne; fr. si, "if"; ne, "not"] just as if. Jf on the contrary, if however, sign-i-iic-o, avi, atum, but if. are, 1. v. a. [for sign-i-fac-o; sine, prep. gov. abl. With fr. sign-um, "a sign"; (i) out. connecting vowel ; fac-io, " to si-qui, qua, quid or quod, make "] (" To make a sign or indef. pron. adj. [si, " if"; signs "; hence) 1. To show, qui, " any "] If any. 1 63 VOCABULARY. si-quidein, conj. [si, "if"; sembled for feasting, a dining- quidem, "indeed"] If indeed. club. si-quis, siquid, indef. pron. sol, solis, m. The sun [akin subst. [si, "if"; quis, "any to Gr. flA-ios, Sans. soar]. one," eArchon, B.C. 594 ; and state, or condition, of the died in Cyprus, B.C. 558, at sodalis"; hence, "companion the age of 80, according to ship "; hence) A company as the generally received opinion. VOCABULARY. 169

The expression versilus glori- see "] (" That which is seen "; antem, viii. 26, refers to the hence, " a shape, form, figure "; words ytipdffKw 5' aid iroWa hence) 1. Appearance. — 2. A SiSa Pass. : spernor, spretus sum, sommcul-osus, osa, osum, sperni [ukin to Sans. root adj. [somnus, "sleep," through sPhue, " to destroy "]. obsol. dim. somnictil-us] 1. sper-o, avi, atum, are, 1. Sleepy, drowsy. — 2. Sluggish, v. a. : 1. To hope for, expect, slothful. etc.— 2. With Iuf. : To hope, som-nus, ni, m. Sleep or expect, to do, etc. [probably [akin to Gr. Bir-ras, Sans. akin to Sans. root sprih, " to svap-na, fr. root svAp, " to desire or long for"]. sleep "1 spe-s, ei (Gen. Dat. and Sophocles, is, m. Sophocles; Abl. Plur. only in post-classical a Greek tragic poet [Gr. writers), f. [for sper-s, fr. sper-o ; as seen by sper-es, an Sp., abbrev. of Spurius. old Ace. Plur. in one of the spar-go, si, sum, gere, 3. earliest Roman writers] Hope, v. a. To scatter, strew. — Pass. : expectation. spar-gor, sus sum, gi [

succid-Ia, ice, f. [succTd-o, v. a. [super, " past "] (" To go " to cut below"] (" A cutting past or beyond " ; hence, " to below " ; hence) A flitch of surpass"; hence) To conquer, bacon. vanquish, overcome. — Pass. : suc-cumbo, cubui, cubitum, super-or, atus sum, ari. cumbere, 3. v. n. [for sub- siper-us, a, um, adj. [super, cumbo; fr. sub, " beneath " ; " above "] (1. Pos. : " That is cumbo, " to lie down "] (" To above; on high"). — 2. Comp.: lie down beneath "; hence) To superlor, us : a. Of locality : yield, submit. Higher, upper. — b. In time : suc-us, i, m. [for sug-us; Former. — c. Superior, etc. — fr. sug-o, " to suck "] (" The 3. Sup. : a. summus. a, um : thing sucked"; hence) The (a) Of locality: (a) Highest. natural moisture in persons or —(P)The highest part of that things; — at xv. 53 of the denoted by the substantive to earth. which it isiu attribution ; the sui (Dat., sibi ; Ace. and top of— As Subst. : summus, Abl., sc, or reduplicated sese), i, m. He at the top of the pron. pers. sing. and plur. Of couch. The couches at an himself, herself,itself, or them entertaiument were usually selves. three, each of which ac sum, fui, esse, v. n. : 1. To commodated three persons. be.— 2. With Gen. [§ 127]: These were arranged on three To be the property, etc., of; sides of a table, the fourth to belong to.— 3. With Dat. side being left to enable the [§ 107, c] : To be to one, i.e. I, attendants more readily to etc., have [in pres. tenses akin bring the dishes, etc. The to Gr. la fil — dfii, and Sans. couches were respectively root as, " to be "; in perf. termed summits, medius, onus. tenses, and in fut. part. akin In the summus and imus the to Sans. root BiiO, " to be"]. chief place was next the head summus, a, um; see superus. or rail ; in the medius at the su-mo, mpsi, mptum, mere, end, and this was called locus 3. V. ft. [contr. fr. sub-Smo; consularis, as being assigned fr. sub, "up"; Smo, "to to the chief person present. take "] 1. To take up, take, The master of the house oc lay hold of. — 2, To assume to cupied the chief place (locus one's self. summus), on the lowest couch superlor, us ; see siiperns. (imus leclus), and so was near sup5r-o, avi, alum, are, 1. to his principal guest. The VOCABULARY. 173 occupants of the couches were maintain, preserve. — Pass. : respectively designated summ susten-tor, tatus, sum, tari. its, medius, imus in summo : sus-tmeo, tmui, tentnni, summits, medius, imus in med tVnere, 2. v. a. [forsubs-teneo; io : summits, medius, imus in fr. subs (— sfib), "upwards, into. — (b) Utmost, extreme. up "; teneo, " to hold "] (" To — (c) Highest, supreme.— (d) hold upwards or up "; hence) JHost distinguished, noble, or To bear, support, sustain, excellent. — b. supremus, a, maintain. — Pass. : sus-tineor, um ("Highest"; hence) (a) tentus sum, tineri. In time: (a) Longest. — (/3) su-us, a, um, pron. poss. Latest, last, final. — (b) High [sui, "of himself," etc.] Of, est, most exalted, supreme. or belonging to, himself, etc. ; j=£- supplic-ium, li, n. [supplic- Aw, etc., own; his. — As Subst.: 0, "to kneel down"] ("A sui, orum, m. plur. : a. Those kneeling down"; hence, "a belonging to him ; i. e. his kneeling down to receive family, etc.; xi. 37. — b. Their punishment"; hence) Punish family, their friends, etc. ; ment. iii. 7. sus-cipio, cepi, ceptum, Symposium, ii, n. The cipere, 3. v. a. [for subs-capio; Symposium or Banquet ; the fr. subs (= sfib), "from be title of a work of Xenophon, neath"; caplo, "to take or in which he delineates the lay bold of"] ("To take, or character of Socrates [Gr. lay hold of, from beneath " ;

— Hence, Tarent-inus, lua/ pestivus "; hence) Seasonable- inum, adj. Of, or belonging to, ness. Tarentum ; Tarentine. — As tempest-Ivus, Iva, Ivum, Subst. : Tarentinus, i, m. A adj. [for tempestat-ivus; fr. man of Tarentum ; a Tarent tempestas, tempestat-is, " a ine [Gr. Tapav, Tdpavr-os]. season"] ("Of, or belonging Tartessii, orum; see Tar to, tempestas"; hence) 1. tessus. Seasonable, timely. — 2. Ear- Tartessus, i, f. Tartessus; a ly. district in the S. of Spain teui-pus, poris, n. ("That lying to the W. of the columns which is cut off; a section, of Hercules, and probably the portion," etc.; hence, "a por same as the Tarshish of Scrip tion of time ; a time "; hence) ture. — Hence, Tartessii, orum, 1. Time in general. — 2. A m. plur. The people of Tar particular time ; an occasion, tessus : — Tartessiorum rex = season, etc. [root teM, akin Arganthonius. to TCfl-VU, "to cut"]. tanrus, i, m. A bull [Gr. teo-eo, ui, tum, ere, 2. v. a. ravpos, akin to Sans. sthur-in, [akin to ten-do] 1. To hold, " a beast of burden "; cf. keep, have, (" to stretch"). — 2. Anglo-Saxon steor; English Mentally or morally : To take steer]. hold, or possession, of one or tecum — cum to ; see cum. one's mind. — 3. To gain, ac temer-e, adv. [obsol. temer- quire, obtain. — 4. To hold us, "despising"] ("After the fast, maintain, persevere in. manner of the temerus "; hence) — 5. Pass. : To be stayed, con Rashly, at random, incon fronted, or influenced. — Pass. : siderately. ten-eor, tus sum, eri. temer-itas, itatis, f. [id., tenii-is, e, adj. ("Stretched in force of "rash"] ("The out "; hence) 1. Thin, slender. quality of the temerus"; —2. Of health: Indifferent, hence) Rashness, temerity. poor, bad, feeble, etc. [akin temperant-ia, Tee, f. [tem to Sans. farm, "thin"]. pSrans, temperant-is, " moder tep-e-facio, feci, factum, ate"] ("The quality of the ftcere, 3. v. a. [tep-eo, " to be temperans "; hence) Modera warm "; (S) connecting vowel ; tion. facTo, " to make "] (" To make tempestiv-Itas, itatis, f. to be warm "; i. e.) To warm. [tempestlv-us, "seasonable"] — Pass. : t8p-S-fio, factus (" The quality of the " tern- sum, fieri. 176 VOCABULARY. tep-or, oris, m. [tep-So, statesman; horn B.C. 514 " to be moderately warm "] diedB.c.449 [Gr. ©f/ti

tragedia, ce, f. Tragedy Tro-is, " Tros," an ancient [rpayipSXa, literally " goat- king of Phrygia] ("The city song," because at the re of Tros ") Troy ;— the taking presentation of early tragedies of Troy by the Greeks is said a goat was sacrificed, or was to have occurred B.C. 1184. given as the prize ; or else be Trflculentus, i, m. [true- cause the actors were clothed filentus, " savage "] The True- in goat-skins]. ulentus,or SavageFellow; the tranquillus, a, um, adj. title of one of the comedies of Calm, quiet, still. Plautus. trib-iinus, uni, m. [trib-us, truncus, i, m. The tntni, " a tribe "] (" One pertaining or stem, of a tree. to a fribus"; hence) A tribune, tu (Gen., tui; Dat., tibi). whether of the people (iv. 11), pron. pers. Thou, you [tw, or of the soldiers (vi . 18 ; x. 32) . Doric form of

[vas, vad-is, " a surety "] hence) Varying, various, dif ("A thing pertaining to a ferent [akin to Gr. i8oA-«!s]. vas"; hence) Bail, security, ve, enclitic conj. Or [akin recognizance. to Sans. vd, a particle denoting vagina, w, f. A scabbard, "option"]. sheath, of a sword, etc. vel, conj. [akin to vol-o, vagio, ivi or ii, i'tum, ire, vel-le, "to wish"] ("Wish or 4. v. n. Of young children : choose "; heuce) 1. Or if you To cry, squall. will, or : — vel . . . vel, either vald-e, adv. [contr. fr. . . . or. — 2. Even. valid-e ; fr. valid-us, " strong "] veloc-itas, itatis f. [velox, ("After the manner of the viloc-is, "swift"] ("The validus "; hence) Strongly, quality of the velox "; hence) greatly, vehemently. Swiftness, velocity. Valerius, ii, m. Valerius; vena-tio, tionis, f. [ven(a)- a Roman name ; see Corvus. or, " to hunt "] A hunting, the vale-tiido, tudmis, f. [vale- chase. o, " to be in a certain state of Vener-Sus, Sa, Sum, adj. health "] (" A being in a cer [Venus, VSner-is, "Venus," tain state of health "; hence) the goddess of love] Of, or Health, whether good or bad. belonging to, Venus or love; vallum, i, n. [akin to vall- love-. us, " a stake, palisade," etc.~\ venio, veni, ventum, venire, 1. Aii earthen wall or 4. v. n. : 1. To come. — 2. rampart, set with stakes, Veniendum est, folld. by Dat. : palisades, etc. ; a palisaded It must be come by ; i. e. with mound. — 2. Of the beard of the Dat. forming an English corn : A protection, defence, Nom. : One, etc., must come fortification. [§ 144] [Oscan root Ben; v&p-or, oris, m. ("Steam, akin to Gr. fia(l)»-a, "to go"; vapour "; hence, " a warm Sans. root GA, " to go, to exhalation"; hence) Warmth, come "]. heat. ver, veris, n. Spring [Gr. varl-Stas, Stiitis, f. [varius, " various "] (" The state, verbum, i, n. A word. or condition, of the varius "; vSr-eor, Itus sum, eri, 2. hence) Difference, diversity, v. dep. : 1. To feel awe or variety. reverence. — 2. To fear, dread, var-ius, la, ium, adj. be afraid of. — 3. To fear, be (" Party-coloured, spotted "; apprehensive. VOCABULARY. veri-similis, simile, adj. "true"] ("Truly"; hence) [or, more correctly, two words; In adversative force : But. veri aimilis; fr. veri, gen. of verus, a, um, adj. True. verum, " trath "; similis, — As Subst. : vera, oram, n. "like"] Like the truth; plur. True things. probable. vesper, eris and eri, m. ver-nns, na, nam, adj. [ver, Evening.— Old adverbial Abl.: "spring"] Of, or belonging vesperi, In the evening [Gr. to, the spring ; spring-, F&nrep-os]. vernal. ves-ter, tra, trum, pron. ver-o, adv. [ver-us, " true"] poss. [old form vos-ter; fr. 1. Ln truth, in fact, assuredly. vos, plur. of tu, " you "] Your. — 2. But in fact, but indeed, vest-io, Ivi or ii, itum, ire, however. 4. v. a. [vest-is, "clothing"] vera-ieulus, iViili, m. dim. (" To put clothing on " some [vers-us, " a verse "] A little object; hence) To clothe,cover, verse or line. dress, etc ver-ao, savi, satum, sare, 1. vet-o, ui, itum, are, 1. v. a.: v. a. intens. [for vert-so ; fr. 1. To forbid.— 2. To hinder, vert-o, "to turn"] 1. To turn prevent. much or often. — Pass. : ver- VSturlus, ii, m. Veturius sor, s.-Uus sum, sari ; In re (Titus); one of the Roman flexive force : (" To keep turn consuls defeated at the " Ca inl ing one's self about "; hence) ine Forks"; see Pontius, no. 1. To occupy, employ, or busy, vet-us, eris, adj. Old, one's self, etc. ; to engage or ancient [prob. akin to Gr. be engaged in. — 2. To disturb, Fir-os, " a year "]. vex, disquiet, agitate; — in the vetus-tas, tatis, f. [for quotation fr. Ennius at i. 1, veter-tas; fr. vetus, veter-is, the last syllable of versat is "old"] ("The quality, or lengthened in arsis. state, of the vetus "; hence, ver-sus, sus, m. [for vert- "old age"; hence) Long sus, f r. vert-o] ("A turning "; duration, great age. hence, of that in which the vl-a, se (old uncontr. gen. act of turning takes place, " a viiii, vi. 16), f. [akin to vSh-o, furrow"; hence, " a row, line," " to carry "] (" The thiDg that etc.; hence) 1. A line in writ carries or conveys"; hence) ing. — 2. In poetry : A verse, 1. A way, path. — 2. A road. line. via-ticus, tica, ticum, adj. ver-nm, adv. [ver-us, [via, (uncontr. gen.) via-i, in VOCABULARY. i S3 force of "a journey"] Of, video, vidi, vlsum, vTdere, belonging to, or for a journey. 2. v. a. : 1. Act. : To see.— 2. — As Subst. : viaticum, i, n. Pass. : To seem, appear. — Travelling money, provision Impers. Pass. : With Dat. : for a journey. This was a visum est, it seemed good to, term given to the allowance it pleased or was the will of. made to provincial magistrates — 3. To look at, consider; — for their travelling expenses. at v. 15 ; xxiii. 82 videamus via-tor, toris, m. [vi(a)-o, (1. pers. plur. subj.) is used in " to go along a road "] (" One hortatory force : suppose we who goes along a road " ; loolc at (or consider). — Pass. : hence) A summoner, appar videor, visus sum, videri itor; xvi. 56. [akin to Sans. root vid, in vic-inus, Ina, mum, adj. original force of "to see "J. [vic-us, "a village," etc.'] ("Of, vie-tus, ta, tum, adj. [viS- or belonging to, a vicus" ; o, " to bend together "] hence)Neighbouring,ad/'acent. (" Bent together " ; hence) — As Subst. : vieinus, i, m. A Shrunken, shrivelled, wither neighbour. ed. vicis-sim, adv. [vicis, vig-eo, no perf. nor sup., "change"] ("By a changing"; ere, 2. v. n. To be vigorous ; hence) In turn, on the other to thrive or jlourish. hand. vigilant-ia, Tse, f. [vigilans, vie-tor, toris, m. [vi(n)c-o, vigilant-is, "watchful"] ("The " to conquer "] A conqueror. quality of the vigilans " ; — As Adj. : Victorious. hence) Watchfulness, vigilance. victurus, n, um, P. fut. of vi-ginti, num. adj. indecl. vivo. (" Twice ten"; hence) Twenty vic-tas. tus, m. [for vigv- [for bl-ginti; fr. bi (= bis), tus; fr. viGv, root of viv-o, " twice " ; ginti — kovto. = "to live"] 1. A living; a "ten"]. may, or mode, of life. — 2. vil-la, lae, f. [probably for Food, provisions. vic-la ; fr. vic-us, "a village"] vide-licet, adv. [contr. fr. ("A thing pertainiDg to a videre, " to see "; licet, " it vicus"; hence) A country is permitted"] ("It is per house, country seat, villa. . mitted to see"; hence) 1. vm-aceus, acea, uceum, Mainly, clearly, manifestly. adj. [vln-um, in force of "a — 2. In ironical force : Of grape "] Of, or belonging to, course, forsooth. a grape or grapes ; grape-. 1 84 VOCABULARY. vin-arius, aria, iirium, adj. vir"; hence) 1. Valour, [vm-um, " wine "] Of, or for, bravery. — 2. Moral worth or wine; wine-. excellence; virtue. vinco, vici, victum, vincere, vis, vis (plur. vlres, Tum), 3. v. a. 1. To conquer, over f. : 1. Strength, whether come, defeat, vanquish, subdue pbysical or mental; power, enemies, etc. — 2. Of Games as energy. — 2. Force, violence Object : To win, or gain, by [Gr. «»]. conquering; to conquer in; vl-ta, tse, f. [for viv-ta ; v. 14. — Pass. : vincor, victus fr. vlv-o, "to live"] ("That sum, vinci. which is lived "; hence) 1. vinc-ulum, iili, n. [vinc-To, Life. — 2. A way, or mode, of "to bind"] ("The binding life ; course, career, thing"; hence) 1. A chain, vltios-e, adv. [vTtios-us, bond fetter, whether actual "faulty"] ("After the man or figurative. — 2. Plur. : ner of the vitiosus"; hence) Chains, fetters, i. e. (some 1. Faultily. — 2. Comp. as times) prison. modified Sup. : Very faultily. vindic-o, avi, atum, arc, 1. BgST Comp.: vitTds-Tus; (Sup.: v. a. To set free, deliver, vitios-issmie). liberate. viti-osus, osa, osum, adj. vinea, n; f. [fem, of vineus, [viti-um, "a fault"] ("Full " of, or belonging to, a vine," of vitium"; hence, "full of used substantively] A planta faults, defective " ; hence) tion of vines, a vineyard. Morally : Faulty, corrupt, vin-um, i, n. Wine [akin depraved. BST (Comp. : to Gr. Folv-os]. vTtios-ior ;) Sup. : vitios-issim- vlr, viri, m. A man [akin Us. to Gr. fip-as; Sans. vtr-a, "a vitis, is, f. A vine [akin to hero"]. Sans. vitas, "a cane or reed"]. virid-itas, itatis, f. [virTil- vitium, ii, n. : 1. A fault, is, " green "] (" The quality defect. — 2. A crime, vice, etc. of tho viridis "; hence) Green vitiipera-tio, tldnis, f. ness, verdure, viridity. [vItuper(a)-o, "to blame"] vir-Itim, adv. [vir, "a 1. A blaming or censuring. — man "] Distributively : Per 2. Blame, censure, vitupera man, man by man, individual tion. ly, separately, singly. vlv-l-radix, radius, f. [viv- vir-tus, tutis, f. [vir, "a us, "living"; (i) connecting man "] ("The quality of the vowel; radix, "a root"] VOCABULARY. 185 (*' That which has a live or leaving by way of legacy to root "; hence) A quickset. any one more than to his lawful vivo, vixi, victum, vlvere, heirs. The enactment of this 3. v. n. : 1. To live ;— at vii. 24 statute apparently aimed at t'olkl. by Ace. of " Duration of preventing the impoverish time"[§ 102, (1)];— at xxi. ment or extinction of opulent 77 folld. by cognate Ace. families. vitam. — 2. Impers. Pass. : vSlo, vdliii, velle (volt, old viveretur, It should be lived form of vult, viii. 25), v. (by men), i. e. (men, etc.) irreg. : 1. To be willing. — 2. should live [akin to Sans. To wish, desire [akin to Gr. root jiv, whence also fitF-6w]. flo\, root of fl6\- ofiai = i8o(ii)A- viv-us, a, um, adj. [viv-o, ofiat, " to wish "; and Sans. " to live "] Living, alive. root vei, " to choose "]. vix, adv. With difficult!/, volt ; see volo. hardly, scarcely, barely. volunt-arlus, aria, arium, vobiscum = cum vobis; see adj. [for voluntat-arius ; fr. cum. voluntas, voluntat-is, " free voC-o, 3vi, atum, are, 1. v. a.: will"] ("Of, or belonging to, 1. To call. — 2. To call, sum voluntas" ; hence) Of one's, mon, cite. — 3. : a. With etc., own free will, voluntary. second Ace. : To call an object volup-tas, tatis, f. [volup, that which is denoted by " pleasant "] (" The quality of second Ace. — b. Pass. folld. by the volup "; hence) Pleasure, Nom. : To be called something. delight, etc., whether of mind — Pass. : v8c-or, atus sum, or body. ari [akin to Sans. root VACh, vox, vocis, f. [for voc-s ; fr. " to speak, say "]. voc-o, "to call"] ("That which Voconi-us, a, um, adj. calls or calls out "; hence) 1 . [Voconi-us, " Voconius," a A voice. — 2. A saying, speech, Homan name] Of, or belong etc. ; ix. 27. ing to, Voconius ; Voconian : — Lex Voconia, The Voconian Xenocrates, is, m. Xeno- Law, was a law introduced crates ; a philosopher, a native B.C. 169 by Q. Voconius Saxa, of Chaicedon on the Thracian a tribune of the people. Its Hosphorus, and a disciple of object was to prevent any one Plato. He was born B.C. 396, making a woman his heiress and died B.C. 314 [Gr. Eepo- to n greater extent than ono itparris, " lluler of mercenary fourth part of his property ; troops "]. 1 86 VOCABULARY. Xenophon, otitis, m. Xenop h- Zeno, onis, m. Zeno, the on; the son of Gryllus, an founder of the Stoic school Athenian, who joined the army of philosophy, was born at of Cyrus the younger, when Citium in Cyprus. The dates he rebelled against his brother of his birth and death are Artaxerxes, and conducted the alike matters of uncertainty : retreat of the " Ten Thousand" but the latter is said to have Qreek auxiliaries from Asia occurred when he was about after Cyrus had been killed in 100 years old, probably about battle. At ix. 30 there is B.o. 260 [Gr. Zfaay, " One reference made to that one of having Zeus "]. his works which is entitled the Cyropmdia [Or. Xwiftw], ADDENDA.

alacer, cris, ere, adj. : 1. fitiere, 3. v. n. [inter, "be lAvely, active, brisk, eager. — tween"; fluo, "to flow"] 2. With the notion of joyous ("To flow between"; hence) activity : Glad, happy. Of time: To pass away, or elapse, between; — at xi. damn-o, avi, a tum, are, 16 strengthened by follg. 1. v. a. [damn-um, in the inter. meaning of " a penalty "] (" To bring a penalty upon "; nee ; sec nSijne. hence) To condemn ; — at xii. 42 folld. by Gen. [§ 133].— salu-s, tis, f. [for salv-ts ; damn-or, atus sum, fr. salv-eo, " to be well or in good health "] (" A being well," etc. ; hence) Safety. ef-fet-us, a, um, adj. [for supervac - aneus, anea, ex-fet-us; fr. ex, in "strength aneum, adj. [a lengthened ening" force ; fet-o (of birds), form of supervac-iius, "ex " to lay eggs "] (" That has ceedingly empty " ; hence, laid eggs"; hence, "that has "useless"; hence, "needless"] brought forth" young; hence, Needless, unnecessary, over " exhausted or worn out " by and above what is necessary, bearing ; hence) Exhausted, superfluous : — opus supervac- worn out, enfeebled ; — at ix. aneum, work over and above 39 used of the body. what is necessary, i. e. done at leisure hours, xvi. 56. honora-tyilis, bile, adj. [hSnor(a)-o, "to honour"] u-bi, adv. [akin to qui, That is to be honoured; " who, which "j 1. Of place : honourable. a. Relative : In which place, where. — b. Interrogative : In in-cus-o, avi, atum, arc, 1. what place ? where ? — 2. Of v. a. [for in-caus-o; fr. m, time : When. "against"; caus-a, "a judicial process "] (" To bring causa vmolent-ia, ise, f. [vmBlent- against "; hence) To bring a us, " full of wine "; hence, charge against, find fault with, " intoxicated with wine "] complain of, blame, accuse. (" A being vinolentus "; hence) iuter-fluo, fluxi, no sup., Intoxication from wine. LONDON : gilbert And rivington, limited. st. John's squAre. WHITE'S SCHOOL AND COLLEGE LATIN DICTIONARIES.

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