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Asian American Pacific Islander National Historic Landmarks Theme Study National Historic Landmarks Theme Study

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Asian American Pacific Islander National Historic Landmarks Theme Study National Historic Landmarks Theme Study National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study ASIAN AMERICAN PACIFIC ISLANDER ISLANDER AMERICAN PACIFIC ASIAN Finding a Path Forward ASIAN AMERICAN PACIFIC ISLANDER NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS THEME STUDY LANDMARKS HISTORIC NATIONAL NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS THEME STUDY Edited by Franklin Odo Use of ISBN This is the official U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identified to certify its authenticity. Use of 978-0-692-92584-3 is for the U.S. Government Publishing Office editions only. The Superintendent of Documents of the U.S. Government Publishing Office requests that any reprinted edition clearly be labeled a copy of the authentic work with a new ISBN. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Odo, Franklin, editor. | National Historic Landmarks Program (U.S.), issuing body. | United States. National Park Service. Title: Finding a Path Forward, Asian American and Pacific Islander National Historic Landmarks theme study / edited by Franklin Odo. Other titles: Asian American and Pacific Islander National Historic Landmarks theme study | National historic landmark theme study. Description: Washington, D.C. : National Historic Landmarks Program, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2017. | Series: A National Historic Landmarks theme study | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017045212| ISBN 9780692925843 | ISBN 0692925848 Subjects: LCSH: National Historic Landmarks Program (U.S.) | Asian Americans--History. | Pacific Islander Americans--History. | United States--History. Classification: LCC E184.A75 F46 2017 | DDC 973/.0495--dc23 | SUDOC I 29.117:AS 4 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017045212 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 ISBN 978-0-692-92584-3 ii AAPI National Historic Landmarks Theme Study Essay 16 New Asian American Communities: Building and Dismantling Catherine Ceniza Choy University of California, Berkeley rowth and diversity characterize the development of new Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities in the late G20th and early 21st centuries. Legacies of wars fought in Asia, the passage of more equitable U.S. immigration legislation in 1965, and post- 1975 Southeast Asian refugee resettlement in the United States ushered in new waves of immigration and the exponential growth of the AAPI community. The phenomena of interracial and interethnic marriages and families have also contributed to its increasing heterogeneity. In 1960, persons of Asian ancestry in the United States numbered less than one million. In 2012, the estimated number of U.S. residents who were Asian (identifying as either one race or in combination with one or more additional races) was 18.9 million. The increase in this population has not slowed in the 21st century. On the contrary, the growth of the Asian population between View of a street in Chinatown, San Francisco, c. 1920-1930. Photograph by Arnold Genthe, courtesy of Library of Congress. New Asian American Communities: Building and Dismantling 307 the 2000 and 2010 censuses was 46 percent, more than nating in the passage of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, any other major race group.1 Demographic profiles pres- which prohibited Chinese labor immigration and barred ent one dramatic lens to view the development of new Chinese from obtaining U.S. citizenship. Although communities. Place and culture provide others. Chinese exclusion was repealed in 1943, immigration This essay profiles the five largest Asian groups was extremely limited (annual quota of 105) until the in the United States—Chinese, Filipino, Asian Indian, passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Vietnamese, and Korean—in order to highlight popula- and the normalization of U.S.-China relations beginning tions that have been most impacted by new immigration. in the 1970s. New immigration fuels the population’s Its purpose is two-fold. First, it examines contemporary growth. Between 2000 and 2010, the Chinese population immigration as it transforms our American geographi- increased by 40 percent.3 While Chinese Americans have cal landscape through the creation of new Asian urban settled across the United States, large proportions live in and suburban communities and commercial districts. the West (49 percent) and in the Northeast (26 percent), These new places reflect some upward social and especially in the states of California and New York.4 economic mobility, but they are not without conflict The most recognizable place-based feature of AAPI and controversy. Their creation has also coincided with community development is the ethnic enclave, and the the destruction and dismantling of AAPI communities most well-known of these enclaves are Chinatowns. through urban renewal projects and gentrification. While many 19th and early 20th century Chinatowns Second, this essay explores how AAPI communities died out as Chinese Americans were either driven out have made an impact on America’s cultural landscape or moved out on their own to settle elsewhere, San through the revitalization of Asian cultural traditions. Francisco’s Chinatown, founded around 1850 and based In the 19th and 20th centuries, racial stereotyping in around Stockton Street and Grant Avenue, remains a world’s fairs, dime novels, comics, Hollywood films, vibrant cultural center of San Francisco’s Chinese Amer- and other forms of American popular culture charac- ican community. Tourism is a major contributor to its terized AAPI cultures as heathen, primitive, child-like, economy. For example, it hosts the largest Chinese New dirty, mysterious, and exotic. These representations Year celebration in the Western hemisphere, attracting commodified and appropriated AAPI peoples as villains, hundreds of thousands of visitors with elaborately dec- sidekicks, sexual objects, and curiosities in popular orated floats and costumes, exploding firecrackers, and entertainment, tourism, and consumerism. In reality, an over 200-foot-long Golden Dragon. However, San AAPI communities have employed cultural traditions in Francisco’s Chinatown is not solely an iconic tourist site. more dynamic ways. They preserve, adapt, and re-inter- It is also home to a multi-generational Chinese American pret these traditions in order to represent their histories, community. Elderly Chinese meet at the Woh Hei Yuen artistic contributions, and contemporary concerns with Park’s Recreation Center to play mahjong or Chinese humanity, dignity, and resilience. poker. The center also offers English classes, Chinese Lion Dancing and Kung Fu for adults as well as Kinder- NEW CHINESE AMERICAN COMMUNITIES gym and Chinese lessons for children ages 3 to 14. According to the 2010 census, the Chinese population There are many other Chinatowns in California as comprises the largest Asian group in the United States. well as in states across the country, and their histories The Chinese alone-or-in-any-combination population bear witness to the ways in which processes of urban was 4.0 million.2 A distinctive feature of the Chinese renewal and suburbanization dismantle older commu- American community is that it is a product of both a nities. Los Angeles’s older 19th century Chinatown was long history of immigration beginning in the mid-19th leveled in preparation to build Union Station. A new century, as well as new immigration. Nearly 300,000 Chinatown was then built in 1938 with the more explicit Chinese migrants entered the United States between objective of becoming a tourist attraction. A rural China- 1850 and 1889. As their numbers grew, they increasing- town in Locke, California, founded in 1915, once home ly encountered racial hostility and violence. Political to a Chinese-language school, is now predominantly a movements calling for their exclusion ensued, culmi- white community. 308 AAPI National Historic Landmarks Theme Study by 1990. The transformation of Monterey Park grew out of the efforts of Frederic Hsieh, a realtor who had come from Hong Kong to the United States in 1963 to attend college. Hsieh arrived in the area in the early 1970s and promoted it to potential immi- grants in East Asia as the “Chinese Beverly Hills.” During that time, concerns over political and economic stability in East Asia motivated young engineers, scientists, and businesspeople from Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the People’s Republic of China to relo- cate and invest in Monterey Park. Celebrations like this one in Washington, D.C.’s Chinatown are More recently, gentrification has contributed to the held all over the country for the Lunar New Year, featuring “lion” and “dragon” dances accompanied by a plethora of fireworks. dispersal of Chinese from Chinatowns. In a 2013 study Photo by Carol Highsmith, courtesy of the Library of Congress. entitled “Chinatown Then and Now,” the Asian Amer- ican Legal Defense and Education Fund (AALDEF) Recent Chinese immigrants have breathed new life warned that gentrification threatens the sustainability into older Chinatowns in California and New York, such of Chinatowns in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. as Manhattan’s Chinatown, by investing in businesses Although these three Chinatowns are comprised pri- such as sewing factories. The influx of investment boost- marily of small businesses related to the food industry, ed local employment
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