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Open Laliberte.SCALED VIOLENCE The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Earth and Mineral Sciences SCALED VIOLENCE: A FEMINIST GEOPOLITICS OF POST-WAR DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN UGANDA A Dissertation in Geography and Women’s Studies by Nicole Laliberté 2013 Nicole Laliberté Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2013 The dissertation of Nicole Laliberté was reviewed and approved* by the following: Lorraine Dowler Associate Professor of Geography Associate Professor of Women’s Studies Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Brian King Associate Professor of Geography Carolyn Sachs Department Head of Women’s Studies Professor of Rural Sociology Melissa Wright Professor of Women’s Studies Professor of Geography Karl Zimmerer Department Head of Geography Professor of Geography *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation offers a feminist geopolitical examination of post-war development programs in northern Uganda. I argue that the tendency for peacebuilding programs in the region to focus primarily on protecting local women from the violent men in their domestic lives is part of complex geopolitical processes that reinforce gendered and racialized geographies of difference. This approach to peacebuilding isolates ‘local’ forms of violence rather than illuminating the ways in which the local exists in and through its connections with differently scaled processes including aggression perpetrated by the state, by international actors, and via the multiple violences of militarization and development. I contend that this narrative of ‘local’ violence promotes the scaled and gendered categories of protector, victim, and aggressor upon which to military and post-war development interventions are designed. In this dissertation, I examine the negotiations of these geographies of difference in people’s everyday lives in northern Uganda to contest both the assumed violence of the local and the implied benevolence of those claiming the role of protector. Empirically, this dissertation is based upon a year of ethnographic research in northern Uganda. Theoretically, it draws from and contributes to the literatures of feminist theories of war, critical development studies, and feminist postcolonial scholarship to answer the following questions: How do war narratives shape the development of post-war interventions? How are gender regimes implicated in promoting the narratives and practices of both war and peacebuilding? And what can an analysis of embodied experience tell us about how systems of violence transverse the war/post-war iv transition? Ultimately, this dissertation offers a feminist geopolitical analysis of the narrative of local violence and the protectorship triad by examining how identities are produced, politicized, and manipulated in relation to projects intended to bring peace and development to a particular region. By using the lens of everyday experiences, this dissertation contributes not only to the identification of the oppressive potential of the protectorship triad but also the opportunities it provides for alternative strategies to fight violence and oppression. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... viiiiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... ixx Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 4 International Interventionism ................................................................................ 5 The War in Northern Uganda: An Historical Overview ....................................... 10 The Landscape of Odek: A Place-based History of the War ................................ 15 The Yellow House ......................................................................................... 16 The Three Trees ............................................................................................. 18 The Signpost .................................................................................................. 20 Organization of the Dissertation ........................................................................... 22 Chapter 2 Framing a Feminist Geopolitical Analysis ................................................. 27 Feminist Geopolitics ............................................................................................. 29 Feminist Theories of War ..................................................................................... 32 Critical Development Studies ............................................................................... 38 Feminist Postcolonial Critiques of the 'Third World woman' Trope .................... 43 Scaling Violence: A Feminist Geopolitics of Post-War Development ................ 49 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 50 Chapter 3 Methods and Methodology ........................................................................ 52 Feminist Methodologies ....................................................................................... 52 The Study of Women and Women's Issues ................................................... 53 Experience versus Objectivity ....................................................................... 54 Representation and Imperialism .................................................................... 56 Primary Methods and Data Used .......................................................................... 58 Site Selection ................................................................................................. 62 Phase I: NGO's in Gulu ................................................................................. 63 Phase II: Research with ADO ........................................................................ 65 Phase III: Preliminary Results and Verification ............................................ 69 Limitations of Research Design and Implementation .......................................... 70 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 72 vi Chapter 4 Narratives of War in Northern Uganda: Militarism, (In)security, and Vioent Masculinities ............................................................................................. 74 Narratives of War in Northern Uganda ................................................................ 79 National Narratives ........................................................................................ 79 Northern Narratives ....................................................................................... 82 Geographies of (In)security .................................................................................. 84 Forced Displacement ..................................................................................... 84 'Kony' Harassment and Mobility ................................................................... 88 'Kony' Harassment and Protest ............................................................................. 90 Threats to Transnational Solidarity and Peacebuilding ................................. 93 Militarized Masculinities ...................................................................................... 94 Collapsing Masculinities .................................................................................. 95 Non-Militaristic Masculinities ......................................................................... 103 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 106 Chapter 5 Narratives of Local Violence and the Politics of Peacebuilding ............... 108 Peace, Recovery, and Development Plan for Northern Uganda ........................... 113 Impediments to Peace and Development: The Northern Population as Aggressor ............................................................................................... 113 In Need of Intervention: The Northern Population as Victim ....................... 115 National and International Peace Experts: Claiming the Role of Protector .. 117 Challenging the Role of Protector ........................................................................ 120 Protectors as Aggressors ................................................................................ 120 Organizational Norms as Aggression ............................................................ 124 Claiming the Role of Protector ............................................................................. 128 Supporting the Practices of Peacebuilding .................................................... 128 Redefining the 'Local' as Rural ...................................................................... 131 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 133 Chapter 6 Embodying the Triad: MOK and Expressions of Agency ......................... 136 Embedded Agency: The Creation of MOK .......................................................... 140 Group Identity and Individual Agency .......................................................... 144 MOK as a Human Rights Organization
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