Journal of Parapsychology
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J OURNAL OF P ARAPSYCHOLOGY R HINE R ESEARCH C ENTER Volume 79, Number 1 Spring 2015 ISSN 0022-3387 EDITORIAL STAFF John A. Palmer, Editor David Roberts, Managing Editor Donald S. Burdick, Statistical Editor Robert Gebelein, Business Manager The Journal of Parapsychology is published twice a year, in Spring and Fall, by Parapsychology Press, a subsidiary of The Rhine Center, 2741 Campus Walk Ave., Building 500, Durham, NC 27705. The Journal is devoted mainly to original reports of experimental research in parapsychology. It also publishes research reviews, methodological, theoretical, and historical papers of relevance to psi research, abstracts and selected invited addresses from Parapsychological Association conventions, book reviews, and letters. An electronic version of the Journal is available to all subscribers on the Rhine Research Center’s website (www.rhine.org.) 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For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The Journal is an affiliated publication of the Parapsychological Association. Copyright © 2015 by the Parapsychology Press ISSN 0022-3387 Volume 79 / Number 1 Spring 2015 INVITED ARTICLE The Multiphasic Model of Precognition: The Rationale 5 Sonali Bhatt Marwaha and Edwin C. May ARTICLES The Jungle of Hypnotic Psi: Part 1. Research on Hypnosis Relevant to Psi 20 Adrian Parker The Jungle of Hypnotic Psi: Part 2. Research on Relationships Between Psi and Hypnosis 37 Adrian Parker Beware of Inferential Errors and Low Power With Bayesian Analyses: Power Analysis Is Needed for Confirmatory Research 53 J. E. Kennedy The Relationship Between Lability and Performance at Intentional and Nonintentional Versions of an Implicit PMIR-Type Psi Task 65 Glenn A. M. Hitchman, Chris A. Roe, and Simon J. Sherwood Suggestion, Belief in the Paranormal, Proneness to Reality Testing Deficits, and Perception of an Allegedly Haunted Building 87 Neil Dagnall, Kenneth Drinkwater, Andrew Denovan, and Andrew Parker RESEARCH NOTE Postscript to Watt (2014) on Precognitive Dreaming: Investigating Anomalous Cognition and Psychological Factors 105 Caroline Watt and Milan Valášek BOOK REVIEWS Anomalous Cognition: Remote Viewing Research and Theory By Edwin C. May and Sonali B. Marwaha 108 Brian Millar ESP Wars By Edwin C. May, Victor Rubel, and Loyd Auerbach 115 Nemo C. Mörck Correspondence (Mörck, Stokes, and Carter) 119 Glossary 124 Instructions for Authors 127 We would like to thank the following persons for their work in translating abstracts for this issue of the Journal: Renaud Evrard (French), Eberhard Bauer (German), and Etzel Cardeña, (Spanish) Journal of Parapsychology, 79(1), 5–19 INVITED ARTICLE THE MULTIPHASIC MODEL OF PRECOGNITION: THE RATIONALE1 By Sonali Bhatt Marwaha* and Edwin C. May** ABSTRACT: Precognition is defined as an atypical perceptual ability that allows the acquisition of noninferential information arising from a future point in space-time. Despite the controversies, there is sufficient empirical evidence for the validity of the phenomenon. The multiphasic model of precognition (MMPC) is capable of addressing the experimental data. The MMPC identifies two dis- tinct phases: The physics domain (PD) addresses the question, “How is it possible for information to traverse from one space-time point to another?” We suggest that the solution might be found within entropic considerations. The acquisition and interpretation of retrocausal signals from a future point in space-time is via three stages in the neuroscience domain (ND): Stage 1, perception of signals from an information carrier, which is based upon psychophysical variability in a putative signal transduc- er; Stage 2, cortical processing of the signals mediated by a cortical hyper-associative mechanism; and Stage 3, cognition, which is mediated by normal cognitive processes that lead to a precognitive response. The model is comprehensive, brain-based, and provides a new direction for research, re- quiring multidisciplinary expertise. In this article, the authors present the MMPC and discuss the rationale for the hypotheses put forth for the PD and the ND. Keywords: precognition, retrocausation, entropy, signal-based model, cortical hyperassociative mechanism Operationally, precognition (PC) is specified when a stimulus is generated relative to a response. In traditional human-centered research, a response is always elicited after some stimulus has been admin- istered. In precognition studies, however, researchers reverse that order—a randomly determined stimulus is generated after a response has been registered. At the end of this article, we provide a more formal defi- nition, based on the multiphasic model of precognition (MMPC). The observables in informational-psi phenomena are: (a) information originating at some distant space-time point and (b) the information eventually reported as some form of cognition. Both informational and person perspectives are necessary for the holistic understanding of the phenomenon. The problem of precognition (a person-centric perspective) needs to incorporate the external world. However, researchers trained in a person-centric perspective apply the principles of their field in interpret- ing physical theories. The absence of fidelity to the domain of a theory based in another discipline lends to utter confusion in its interpretation, leading to extending the theoretical constructs of a particular theo- ry way beyond its intended applications, limitations, and domain specificity. Examples include quantum theory, which addresses the domain of the micro-world of matter; information theory, which addresses the domain of “pure information” without cognitive content; and phenomenological theories, which address the subjective experience of the external physical reality. 1 This is the written version of an Invited Address delivered at the 57th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association, Concord, CA, USA, August 14–17, 2014. 6 The Journal of Parapsychology Defining the Problem Space The multiphasic model of precognition (MMPC) is a signal-based,2 process-oriented model de- signed to determine the causal mechanisms leading to the experience of precognition. As a starting point, we have formally defined the problem space of precognition (PC) by considering two phases. 1. Phase I falls exclusively within the physics domain (PD). It addresses the question, How is it possi- ble that information can go between two space-time points and be used, especially if the two points are separated such that their can be no causal relations between the two points? It is related to how information is carried from an external source, which is distant in time and space, to the percipient. Or in simpler terms, the PD considers everything about PC that occurs outside the head. We refer to psi in the PD as retrocausation (RC) and the carrier of such information coming from a future point in space-time as a retrocausal signal (RC signal). In doing so, we provide a distinction between the PD aspect of the process and use PC for the ND, to refer to the internal and subjective part of the process. 2. Phase II falls entirely within the neuroscience domain (ND)—internal to the human percipient. It addresses the experiential part of the problem, that is, how the information is acquired by a putative sensory system, how this information is processed in the brain, and how it is expressed. We define the acquiring mechanism as a transition between the PD and ND. In our view, RC information arises from the external world (i.e., the PD), and is perceived and processed in the internal world (i.e.,