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A Guide to British and American (Us) History

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A Guide to British and American (Us) History Міністерство освіти і науки України Сумський державний педагогічний університет імені А.С. Макаренка Інститут філології Голубкова Н.Л., Мандич Е.Г. A GUIDE TO BRITISH AND AMERICAN (US) HISTORY ЛІНГВОКРАЇНОЗНАВСТВО ВЕЛИКОЇ БРИТАНІЇ ТА США Навчальний посібник Суми СумДПУ ім. А.С. Макаренка 2010 1 УДК811.111(075.8) ББК81.43.21-923 Г 62 Рекомендовано до друку вченою радою Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка (протокол № 3 від 25 жовтня 2010 року). Рецензенти: Кобякова І.К., кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, Дудченко М.М., кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, заслужений працівник освіти України, Голубкова Н.Л., Мандич Е.Г. Г 62 Лінгвокраїнознавство Великої Британії та США. Навчальний посібник для студентів вищих навчальних закладів (англійською мовою). – Суми: Видавництво СумДПУ ім. А.С. Макаренка, 2010. – 144 с. Навчальний посібник являє собою лекційно-практичний курс, що складається з лекцій, присвячених основним історичним та культурним подіям Великої Британії та США з стародавніх часів до наших днів. Крім текстів лекцій посібник містить тести та питання для самоконтролю, які дозволяють студентам перевірити ступінь розуміння та засвоєння тексту лекцій і сприяють розвитку дискусійних та комунікативних навичок Навчальний посібник призначений для студентів факультетів та інститутів іноземних мов, викладачів англійської мови. Він може бути використаний також особами, які самостійно вивчають англійську мову та хочуть поглибити свої знання з історії та культури країн, мова яких вивчається. УДК811.111(075.8) ББК81.43.21-923 © Голубкова Н.Л., Мандич Е.Г., 2010 © Видавництво СумДПУ ім. А.С. Макаренка, 2010 2 CONTENTS Передмова ................................................................................................................................ 6 Part I. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ......... 7 Lecture 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. The British Isles ................................................................................................................ 7 1.2. Great Britain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .................................................................................................... 8 1.3. The Political System of the United Kingdom ........................................................ 9 1.3.1. British Monarchy ............................................................................................. 10 1.3.2. The Government and Cabinet .................................................................... 12 1.3.3. The House of Commons and the Electoral System ............................ 13 1.3.4. The House of Lords ......................................................................................... 13 1.3.5. The Party System ............................................................................................. 14 1.3.6. The Parliamentary Parties........................................................................... 15 1.4. The Symbols of the UK ................................................................................................ 17 1.5. Human Geography and Demographic .................................................................. 19 Lecture 2 .................................................................................................................................. 23 2. History ................................................................................................................................... 23 2.1. Britain’s Prehistory ...................................................................................................... 23 2.1.1. Stonehenge ......................................................................................................... 24 2.2. The Celts ........................................................................................................................... 25 2.2.1. Celtic Elements in the English Language ............................................... 27 2.2.2. The Celtic Sagas ................................................................................................ 27 2.3. Roman Britain ................................................................................................................ 28 2.3.1. Roman Elements in the English Language ..................................................... 30 Lecture 3 .................................................................................................................................. 32 3. 1. The Anglo-Saxon Invasion ....................................................................................... 32 3.2. Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity .............................................. 35 3. 3. Unification of the Kingdom of England ............................................................... 37 Lecture 4 .................................................................................................................................. 39 4.1. Danish Raids on England (Vikings) ....................................................................... 39 4.2. Strengthening of the Kingdom in the Reign of Alfred the Great (871 – 899) ....................................................................................................................... 40 4.3. Alfred the Great and his Rule (born 849) (871 - 899) .................................. 41 4.4. Further Consolidation of the A-S Monarchy in the 10th Century ............................................................................................................ 42 4.5. New Attacks of the Danes .......................................................................................... 43 4.6. The Norman Invasion.................................................................................................. 44 4.6.1. The Bayeux Tapestry ........................................................................................ 45 3 4.7. The Strengthening of the Royal Power ................................................................ 45 4. 8. Norman Influence on the Language .................................................................... 47 Lecture 5 .................................................................................................................................. 50 5.1. Kingship: a Family Business ..................................................................................... 50 5.2. The Great Charter ......................................................................................................... 51 5.3. The Beginning of the Parliament ............................................................................ 52 5.4. The Black Death and its Consequences ............................................................... 53 5.5. Hundred Years War with France (1337 – 1453) ............................................. 54 5.6. The Wars of Roses (1455 – 1485) ......................................................................... 56 Lecture 6 .................................................................................................................................. 58 6. The Tudor Dynasty .......................................................................................................... 58 6.1. Henry VII (1485 –1509) ............................................................................................. 58 6.2. Henry VIII. Reformation ............................................................................................. 59 6.2.1. Henry the VIII and his Wives ...................................................................... 61 6.3. The Protestant – Catholic Struggle ........................................................................ 62 6.3.1. Edward VI ........................................................................................................... 62 6.3.2. Mary I Tudor ...................................................................................................... 63 6.4 Elizabeth I and her Rule (1558 – 1603) ............................................................... 63 6.5. Tudor Parliament .......................................................................................................... 65 Lecture 7 .................................................................................................................................. 67 7.1. The Early Stuarts ........................................................................................................... 67 7.1.2. James I .................................................................................................................. 67 7.2 The Bourgeois Revolution of 1640 – 1649 ......................................................... 68 7.2.1. Background of the Revolution. Its First Period (1640 – 1642) ............................................................................................................... 68 7.2.2. The Civil War (1642 – 1649) ...................................................................... 69 7.2.3. The Third Period of the Revolution (1649 –1660) ........................... 71 7.3. The Restoration (1660 – 1688) .............................................................................. 71 7.4. Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution (1688) ............................................................. 72 7.5. Constitutional Monarchy ..........................................................................................
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