Witrand 103Is, 2629Ad Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province

HERITAGE STATEMENT FOR THE

WITRAND PROSPECTING EMP, WITRAND 103IS, 2629AD BETHAL, BETHAL, MPUMALANGA PROVINCE

RUSTENBURG PLATINUM MINES LIMITED

FEBRUARY 2014

______Digby Wells and Associates (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd (Subsidiary of Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd). Co. Reg. No. 2010/008577/07. Fern Isle, Section 10, 359 Pretoria Ave Randburg Private Bag X10046, Randburg, 2125, South Africa Tel: +27 11 789 9495, Fax: +27 11 789 9498, [email protected], www.digbywells.com

______Directors: A Sing*, AR Wilke, LF Koeslag, PD Tanner (British)*, AJ Reynolds (Chairman) (British)*, J Leaver*, GE Trusler (C.E.O) *Non-Executive ______

p:\proposals\anglo_operations\ang2605_witrand_prospecting_emp\8_specialist\heritage\5_hia_stat_and_nid\1_drafts\ang2605_hs_vers_5.2.docx Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

This document has been prepared by Digby Wells Environmental. Report Title: Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province Project Number: ANG2605

Name Responsibility Signature Date

Natasha Higgitt Assistant Heritage Report writer February 2014

Consultant

Justin Du Piesanie st Heritage 1 Review February 2014 Consultant

Johan Nel nd HRM Unit 2 Reviewer February 2014 Manager

This report is provided solely for the purposes set out in it and may not, in whole or in part, be used for any other purpose without Digby Wells Environmental prior written consent.

ii Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Digby Wells Environmental (Digby Wells) has been appointed by Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited (RPM), a subsidiary of Anglo American Platinum Limited (AAP) for the compilation and submission of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Consultation Report in support of a Prospecting Right Application (Ref No. MP 30/5/1/1/2/11685 PR). The Prospecting Right is held for numerous portions and remaining extents of portions of the farm Witrand 103IS, in the Magisterial District of Bethal. The EMP and associated Public Consultation will be compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002) (MPRDA) and Regulations in terms of the MPRDA (GN R. 527 of 23 April 2004). The following Heritage study forms part of the EMP as per Section 39(3)(b)(iii) of the MPRDA. The Heritage Statement Report (HSR) was completed using both a text-based research methodology and field-based screening survey of the project area. The findings presented in this HSR indicated that the project area is located in a region where extensive agricultural activities have taken place since the 1950’s. As such, the agricultural activities may have disturbed in situ heritage resources. A review of the historical aerial imagery of the project area indicated that two historical farmsteads are located within the project boundaries. Aerial imagery and a previous impact assessment also show a stone walled settlement is present within the project area. During the screening survey, a potential burial ground and a large sandstone outcrop was identified. The geology of the area falls within the fossil rich Madzaringwe Formation .This suggests that the underlying rock formations hold a high potential for palaeontological remains. In addition, there is a memory of modern slavery within the area due to the allegations of mistreatment and kidnapping of farmworkers in the 1940’s and 1950’s. Based on the findings of this report, any in situ heritage that may be present within the project area is of high significance. These include historical structures, burials, palaeontological resources, rock art and any oral histories pertaining to the alleged instances of mistreatment and modern slavery practises. However, the relative low intensity of the prospecting activities will not significantly impact on heritage resources and direct impact on any heritage resources can be avoided. Digby Wells is therefore of the opinion that Rustenburg Platinum Mines be exempted from all addition heritage assessments with the following provisions: ■ High potential areas where certain types of tangible heritage resources can be expected must be avoided, including: . Thickets of trees and areas near occupied and abandoned settlements where burials may be expected; . Sandstone outcrops and ridges – both in terms of the potential for fossil resources and rock art to occur (especially where shelters are evident);

iii Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

. Areas near to and surrounding stonewalling; ■ That a watching brief be implemented when drill sites are prepared and access routes to such sites are created; and ■ CFP’s must be followed in the event that any heritage resources are identified during any site clearance and when access routes are created. SAHRA should be alerted as soon as possible so that appropriate action can be taken by a qualified specialist.

iv Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS

AAP Anglo America Platinum Limited

ASAPA Association of South Africa Professional Archaeologists

CFP Chance Finds Procedures

EIA Early Iron Age (300 AD – to 900 AD). A period characterised by small stock farming and early metal working (Huffman, 2007).

ESA The Early Stone Age is defined by the occurrence of large hand axes and cleavers, which can be found in layers dating between ± 2 Million years BP and 250 000 years BP (Esterhuysen & Smith, 2007).

EMP Environmental Management Plan

HIA Heritage Impact Assessment

HSS Heritage Screening Survey

IFC International Finance Corporation

LIA Late Iron Age (1400 AD – 1850 AD). A period defined by large migrations, displacement and unrest due to the Difequane/Mfecane. Interaction between white settlers and Bantu speakers increased leading to many battles over land (Huffman, 2007).

LSA The Later Stone Age (LSA) is dated to approximately 20 000 years BP and can be characterized by the presence of microlithic technology and strong signs of ritual practises and complex societies, as well as rock art. Microlithics are produced from very fine-grained material such as quartz or chert, and often used as composite tools where they are hafted onto sticks for arrows. Herders or pastoralists emerge towards the end of the LSA, with ceramics and domesticated stock (Deacon & Deacon, 1999).

MIA Middle Iron Age (900 AD - 1400 A.D). The rise and fall of kingdoms such as Schroda, K2 and Mapungubwe happened during this period. Large stratified settlements were established as new population groups moved into the country bringing with them trade and a development of material culture (Huffman, 2007)

MJS Major Jackson Series

v Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

MPRDA Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002)

MSA The Middle Stone Age (MSA) of Southern Africa is between ±250 000 years to ±20 000 years BP. This period can be defined by the occurrence of blades and points produced from good quality raw material. Bone tools, shell beads and pendants, as well as the use of ochre are also present in the MSA (Deacon & Deacon, 1999)

NASA National Archives of South Africa

NHRA National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 (Act 25 of 1999)

NID Notice of Intent to Develop

RPM Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited

SAHRA South African Heritage Resources Agency

SAHRIS South Africa Heritage Resources Information Service

SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan

WAD WITS Archaeological Site Database

vi Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF PROJECT ...... 1 2.1 Project Details ...... 1 2.1.1 Location Data...... 1 2.1.2 Rezoning and/or land subdivision ...... 2 2.1.3 South African Heritage Resources Information System (SAHRIS) reference numbers ...... 2 2.2 Relevant Contact Details ...... 2 3 TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 3 3.1 Legislative Framework ...... 4 3.1.1 Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002) (MPRDA) ...... 4 3.1.2 Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Amendment Bill, 2013 (Bill 13 of 2013) (MPRDAB) ...... 4 3.1.3 National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 (Act No. 25 of 1999) (NHRA) ...... 4 3.2 Summary of Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) ...... 4 4 EXPERTISE OF THE SPECIALISTS ...... 5 5 METHODOLOGY ...... 5 5.1 Literature review ...... 5 5.2 Historical layering ...... 5 5.3 Heritage Screening Survey ...... 6 5.4 Site Naming ...... 6 5.4.1 Heritage resources identified during desktop study ...... 6 5.4.2 Heritage resources identified during desktop study and screening survey ...... 6 6 STATE OF THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT/CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ...... 6 7 SOURCES OF RISK ...... 14 8 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ...... 15 9 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION ...... 15 10 REFERENCES ...... 17

vii Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 6-1: Sandstone ridges located in the south-west corner of the Witrand project area (Photograph by N Higgitt, 2014)...... 7 Figure 6-2: S.35-001 type V stone walled settlement indicated by the arrows identified in Van Schalkwyk (2003a) (Photograph by N Higgitt, 2014)...... 8 Figure 6-3: 1902 Bethal MJS map of the project area ...... 9 Figure 6-4: S. Historical structure identified near S.34-001 within the project area. (Photograph by N Higgitt, 2014) ...... 10 Figure 6-5: Historical aerial imagery from 1954 of the project area ...... 11 Figure 6-6: Historical aerial imagery from 1968 of the project area ...... 11 Figure 6-7: Historical aerial imagery from 1975 of the project area ...... 12 Figure 6-8: Agricultural fields and grasslands within the Witrand Project area (Photograph by N Higgitt, 2014)...... 12 Figure 6-9: S.36-001 potential burial ground identified within the project area (Photograph by N Higgitt, 2014) ...... 13

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1: Location details for the Witrand project area ...... 1 Table 2-2: SAHRIS reference numbers and case officer assigned to Witrand project ...... 2 Table 2-3: Client contact details ...... 2 Table 2-4: Consultant contact details ...... 2 Table 2-5: Contact details of affected landowners ...... 3

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A: Curriculum Vitae Appendix B: Location and Site Maps Appendix C: Identified Heritage Resources

viii Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

1 INTRODUCTION Digby Wells Environmental (Digby Wells) was appointed by Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited (RPM), a subsidiary of Anglo American Platinum Limited (AAP) for the compilation and submission of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Consultation Report in support of a Prospecting Right Application (Ref No. MP 30/5/1/1/2/11685 PR). The Prospecting Right is held for numerous portions, and remaining extents of portions of the farm Witrand 103 IS, in the Magisterial District of Witbank. The EMP and associated Public Consultation will be compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002) (MPRDA) and Regulations in terms of the MPRDA (GN R. 527 of 23 April 2004). This Heritage study forms part of the EMP as per Section 39(3)(b)(iii) of the MPRDA.

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF PROJECT

2.1 Project Details Prospecting activities will be undertaken over a period of five (5 years) and the application is for both invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive methods are activities that result in land disturbances and comprise diamond core drilling, sampling and sample storage. Non- invasive methods are methods that do not cause disturbances to the land and include desktop research and detailed geophysical surveys. It is anticipated that one (1) borehole, with a cleared area measuring 20 m x 20 m and respective access roads, will be drilled each year and each hole will be rehabilitated immediately after drilling has ended. Minerals that would be prospected for include Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) (palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium and platinum), gold, copper, nickel, cobalt, silver and chrome.

2.1.1 Location Data The project area falls under the jurisdiction of the Govan Mbeki Local Municipality and is situated in the Gert Sibande District Municipality of Mpumalanga (See Table 2-1). The towns closest to the project area include Bethal (13 km), Kriel (14 km) and Trichardt (13 km). Table 2-1: Location details for the Witrand project area

Province Mpumalanga

Magisterial District Bethal Magisterial District

District Municipality Gert Sibande District Municipality

Local Municipality Govan Mbeki Local Municipality

Nearest towns Bethal, Kriel and Trichardt

1 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

1: 50 000 topographical map 2629AD Bethal

Relative centre co-ordinates of the project -26.379361/29.338745 area

Recording method Google Earth

2.1.2 Rezoning and/or land subdivision No rezoning will be required.

2.1.3 South African Heritage Resources Information System (SAHRIS) reference numbers Table 2-2: SAHRIS reference numbers and case officer assigned to Witrand project

Case reference: ANG2605_Witrand_Prospecting_EMP

Case ID: 4618

Case officer: Not yet assigned

2.2 Relevant Contact Details The contact details of the developer, consultant and landowners are provided in tables Table 2-3 to Table 2-5. Table 2-3: Client contact details

ITEM COMPANY CONTACT DETAILS

Company Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited

Contact person Barry Jones

Cell no 083 484 9925

E-mail address [email protected]

Table 2-4: Consultant contact details

ITEM COMPANY CONTACT DETAILS

Company Digby Wells Environmental

Contact person Duncan Pettit

Tel no 011 789 9495

Fax no 011 789 9498

Cell no 083 644 5855

2 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

ITEM COMPANY CONTACT DETAILS

E-mail address [email protected]

Postal address Private Bag X10046, Randburg, 2125

Table 2-5: Contact details of affected landowners

Property Title Deed Owner Contact person Contact no. Notified

Witrand 103IS Yes (13 Dec Liruch Trust Portion 2 2013)

Witrand 103IS Vlakfontein Yes (13 Dec Portion 3, 4, 5 11, Tweehonderd H J Pieterse 082 555 0666 2013) 12, 18, 19 & 20 (Pty) Ltd

Spade-Reen- Mr Deon van der Witrand 103IS Sending Westhuizen & Mrs Yes (13 Dec 0825245088 Portion 6, 7 & 25 International Sanet van der 2013) (Church) Westhuizen

Witrand 103IS Daniel Johannes Yes (13 Dec

Portion 8 Eksteen 2013)

Witrand 103IS Anna van der Yes (13 Dec Portion 10, 13 14 082 923 2367 Merwe 2013) & 23

Witrand 103IS Yes (13 Dec Klipkraal Trust Portion 22 2013)

3 TERMS OF REFERENCE

RPM has requested Digby Wells to complete an EMP in support of the approved Prospecting Right application in terms of the MPRDA, inclusive of relevant specialist studies. In order to comply with the agreed Terms of Reference, a heritage study was required as one of the requisite specialist studies. The integration between the heritage component required in terms of the MPRDA and the National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 (Act 25 of 1999) (NHRA) is described in the legal framework discussed below.

3 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

3.1 Legislative Framework

3.1.1 Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002) (MPRDA) The MPRDA stipulates under Section 5(4) no person may prospect for or remove, mine, conduct technical co-operation operations, reconnaissance operations, explore for and produce any mineral or petroleum or commence with any work incidental thereto on any area without (a) an approved environmental management programme or approved environmental management plan, as the case may be. According to Section 39(3)(b)(iii), any applicant who is to complete an EMP must investigate, assess and evaluate the impact of the proposed prospecting or mining operation on a national estate referred to in Section 3 (2) of the NHRA.

3.1.2 Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Amendment Bill, 2013 (Bill 13 of 2013) (MPRDAB) The Amended MPRDA stipulates under section 16 that “any person who wishes to apply to the Minister for a prospecting right, must simultaneously apply for an environmental authorisation”.

3.1.3 National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 (Act No. 25 of 1999) (NHRA) Heritage studies are triggered in terms of Section 38(8) of the NHRA where there is a requirement by complementary legislation – in this case Section 39 of MPRDA – to undertake an assessment of the impact of development on heritage resources. Section 38(8) of the NHRA further stipulates that that the consenting authority, i.e. the Department of Mineral Resources (DMR), must through cooperative government ensure that the evaluation fulfils the requirements of the relevant heritage resources authority in terms of Section 38(3), and must also take into account any comments and recommendations made by the authority.

3.2 Summary of Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) A Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) was required for the Project. Through public consultation, stakeholders were provided with the platform to contribute essential local knowledge to project planning and design, and thereby influence the decision making process. As such, the Public Participation Process (PPP) was implemented to comply with the requirements for consultation in accordance with Section 5(4) and Section 10 of the MPRDA. Section 5(4) c states that no person may prospect for any mineral without notifying and consulting with the landowner or lawful occupier of the land in question. Section 10 of the MPRDA states that within 14 days after an application is accepted, a call for all interested and affected parties must be made so that they may submit their comments regarding the application within 30 days from the date of the notice.

4 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

4 EXPERTISE OF THE SPECIALISTS Natasha Higgitt has completed a BA Honours degree in Archaeology at the University of Pretoria. She currently holds the position of Assistant Heritage Consultant at Digby Wells, where she has worked for over two years with experience in Heritage Impact Assessments (HIA’s) in Limpopo and Mpumalanga. She has experience in international heritage and social projects in Liberia. Ms Higgitt is a member of the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA) and has Cultural Resources Management Accreditation Status. The curriculum vitae of the specialists are presented in Appendix A.

5 METHODOLOGY This study primarily employed a qualitative, text-based research methodology with a limited quantitative field-based component as described below.

5.1 Literature review A literature review of relevant and available published works was completed to inform provide a baseline characterisation description of the cultural landscape within which the project is located, discussed under section 6 below. This baseline was informed by sources ranging from academic publications, unpublished theses; relevant palaeontological and heritage assessments previously completed relevant databases and authoritative websites. Sources that were consulted and cited in this report are listed in the reference list under section 10.

5.2 Historical layering Historical layering is a process whereby diverse cartographic sources from various time periods are layered chronologically using GIS. The rationale behind historical layering is threefold, as it:

1. Enables a virtual representation of changes in the land use of a particular area over time; 2. Provides relative dates based on the presence/absence of visible features; and 3. Identifies potential locations where heritage resources may exist within an area. The cartographic sources used in this study included: ■ Major Jackson Series (MJS) 1902 Bethal Map ■ 340_010_16442 (1954) ■ 548_009_00462 (1968) ■ 548_009_00461 (1968) ■ 750_006_00241 (1975)

5 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

The historical layering results also contributed to the characterisation of the cultural landscape in section 6 below and are discussed under section 8 below.

5.3 Heritage Screening Survey A Heritage Screening Survey (HSS) was conducted for the project on 14th January 2014 on the directly affected properties in the project area. It was conducted through a vehicular survey and the landscape of the project area was recorded and photographed. The aim of the HSS was to verify heritage resources identified during the desktop study, and record the current state of the environment. The results of the HSS are discussed under sections 6 and 8 below.

5.4 Site Naming All sites in the study area identified as part of the desktop study and HSS are presented in Appendix B and depicted in Plan 5.

5.4.1 Heritage resources identified during desktop study Sites that were identified in previous assessment reports are named or numbered according to the systems used in the respective reports, but are prefixed with the relevant report or case number followed by reference to the relevant NHRA section. For example, a heritage resources identified by Roodt (1999) described as an archaeological site and numbered Site 1 in that report will be 1999-SAHRA-0021/S.35-1 Where report or case numbers do not exist, the site number is prefixed with report author followed by reference to the relevant NHRA section. For example, a heritage resource identified by Van Schalkwyk (2007) and described as an archaeological site and numbered ‘1’ in that report will be Van Schalkwyk-2007/S.35-1

5.4.2 Heritage resources identified during desktop study and screening survey Sites not previously recorded but identified through historical layering, desktop studies or during field surveys are prefixed by the SAHRIS case number assigned to the study followed by the map sheet number, relevant NHRA section and site number, i.e. 4618/2629AD/S.35-001

6 STATE OF THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT/CULTURAL LANDSCAPE Geologically, the project area is situated in the Madzaringwe Formation (See Plan 4). This formation is characterised by the presence of fluvial sandstone, siltstone, shales and coals.

6 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

Coal layers have an abundance of plant material but good quality coals do not preserve the plant fossils. However, plant fossils are preserved in the shales found between the coals and the sandstone outcrops found on the surface (Bamford, 2012). According to the PalaeoSensitivity Map on SAHRIS, the project area falls in a high palaeontological sensitivity area. In the south-west corner of the project area, a series of sandstone outcrops forming a broken ridge ridges is present as shown in Figure 6-1. Fossil that could occur include Glossopteris leaves, roots and inflorescences, lycopod and sphenophyte stems, ferns, cordaitaleans and early gymnosperms (Bamford, 2012).

Figure 6-1: Sandstone ridges located in the south-west corner of the Witrand project area (Photograph by N Higgitt, 2014). Fossil plants such as Breytenia were identified approximately 46 km east in similar sandstone ridges during the palaeontological field survey for the Msobo Coal (Pty) Ltd Consbrey Colliery (SAHRIS Case ID: 1722). Previously, only one other specimen was recorded in the 1950’s by Edna Plumstead and therefore any subsequent finds of this fossil plant would be highly valued (Plumstead, 1962). In general, the Mpumalanga Province has a sparse Stone Age record. The predominant evidence is Later Stone Age (LSA) material often found in rock shelter and at times associated with rock art, for example at Hope Falls Shelter, Leslie Falls Shelter and Horos Cave approximately 37 km west from the project area (Turner & Wadley, 1987).

7 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

Van Schalkwyk (2003a) recorded a type V stone-walled settlement in the centre of the Witrand project area measuring approximately 600 m x 300 m (S.35-001). This was verified during the HSS and photographed at a distance as access to the property had not been granted at the time of the survey (See Figure 6-2).

Figure 6-2: S.35-001 type V stone walled settlement indicated by the arrows identified in Van Schalkwyk (2003a) (Photograph by N Higgitt, 2014). Another type V settlement was identified approximately 500 m to the east of the project area (S.35-002). A third stone walled settlement was also identified just 6 km south of the project area (2003-SAHRA-0075/2629AD104) (Van Schalkwyk, 2003b). (Refer to Appendix C for a list of all identified heritage resources). Type V settlements refer to a standard core of stonewalled cattle enclosures surrounded by beehive houses and grain bins (Maggs, 1976). During the 18th and 19th century, the region experienced turmoil caused by the Mfecane. The Mfecane was a period of significant population movement and displacement of interior groups as the Zulu Kingdom expanded. The region is marked by unrest, resulting in ‘refuge’ sites. Due to this, large settlements are uncommon during this time as groups could not settle permanently (Makhura, 2007) It was during this period of unrest that Boers (Voortrekkers) started to move into the interior during the latter part of the 19th century. As the Mfecane has pushed most groups out of the

8 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

interior, the Boers believed they were moving into empty lands and began to claim areas for themselves (Makhura, 2007). Historically, farmers in the vicinity exploited the coal deposits since the 1860s, but purely for domestic use. It was not until the discovery of diamonds in Kimberly in 1867 and gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886 that the exploitation of the coal deposits was for commercial purposes such as mining. It was due to this demand that the town Bethal was proclaimed in 1880 (Pistorius, 2008a). It was shortly after this that war erupted between the British Forces and Boers, resulting in the second Anglo-Boer War starting in 1899. Bethal was established on the farm of Blessbokspruit and was named after the wives of the owners of that farm (Elizabeth du Plooy and Alida Naude). As one can see from the MJS 1902 Bethal Map (Figure 6-3), the farm of Witrand had been demarcated and a structure is present within the proposed project area. During the HSS, the farmstead identified on the 1902 Bethal MJS could not be verified; however a historical structure was identified near the original farmstead (S.34-001) in the vicinity as shown in Figure 6-4.

Figure 6-3: 1902 Bethal MJS map of the project area

9 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

Figure 6-4: S. Historical structure identified near S.34-001 within the project area. (Photograph by N Higgitt, 2014) By 1904, Bethal gained municipal status and in 1905 the railway from Springs to the coast was constructed through the town. This increased trade and development, allowing the town to grow (Govan Mbeki Local Municipality, 2013). The town of Trichardt, named after the son of famed Voortrekker Louis Trichardt was proclaimed in 1906. This was followed by the proclamation of the town Kinross in 1915. This town acted as the railhead for the line between the mines in Springs and the coal fields in Breyten. The railway was constructed by Scottish engineers who named the town after Kinross in Scotland. It was not until the 1950s that mines in the area surrounding Kinross began to open, exploiting the coal fields (Pistorius, 2008b). However, the surrounding areas were still dominated by the presence of agricultural activities. Historical aerial imagery of the project area clearly demonstrates agricultural activities have been occurring within the project area since 1954. In 1954, two established farmsteads can be seen within the project area (see Figure 6-5). Extensive agricultural activities are present in the northern section of the project area and a road network is visible. By 1968 (Figure 6-6), a third farmstead is established in the southern section and by 1975; four farmsteads are visible on the aerial photographs (Figure 6-7). In 1975 a small dam in the northern section of the project area is visible and by the present day, a dam is evident in the southern section of the project area. Agricultural activities within the project area were verified during the HSS (Figure 6-8).

10 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

Figure 6-5: Historical aerial imagery from 1954 of the project area

Figure 6-6: Historical aerial imagery from 1968 of the project area

11 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

Figure 6-7: Historical aerial imagery from 1975 of the project area

Figure 6-8: Agricultural fields and grasslands within the Witrand Project area (Photograph by N Higgitt, 2014).

12 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

A potential burial ground was identified within the project area (S.36-001). A dilapidated fence was identified measuring approximately 10 m x 10 m. As access to the properties was not granted at the time of the survey, it could not be verified. However, it is in close proximity to a group of farm labourer houses and may be associated with these individuals (See Figure 6-9).

Figure 6-9: S.36-001 potential burial ground identified within the project area (Photograph by N Higgitt, 2014) The surrounding farms came under scrutiny, when allegations of the mistreatment of farmworkers been to circulate. Gert Sibande, at the time an up and coming member of the ANC, and later the president of the organisation, was in the early 1940s, concerned with the exploitative practices on the farms around the Bethal area. He at first went undercover, and helped break the story of the slave like conditions in the then Leftist New Age newspaper, then under the editorship of struggle icon Ruth First. The story was first published in 1947. The claims of the newspaper were denied by farmers in the area, but were picked up again in 1952 in Drum Magazine (Holden & Mathabatha, 2007). The story described how labourers in the Bethal District were coerced into working under contract and that the methods used for recruiting these individuals were below decent practices. The story also described the severe beatings that the workers often underwent, resulting in one case with the death of the worker. Workers who had been unfortunate enough to be recruited in this manner were

13 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

shipped to Bethal. Another reporter, Henry Nxumalo, also went to Bethal with a photographer to investigate the farms. Eventually the article was published in 1952. Records in NASA include hand written letters and official letters of complaint from farm labourers to the Commissioner of Native Affairs citing abuse from their employers. When investigated and questioned, the labourers denied the letters of complaint and in most cases, any investigation was dropped (SAB/BAO9907/C41/3/19). The article sparked off an investigation by the government, but the issue was dismissed by the then commissioner for native affairs, H. F Verwoerd. In archives, two newspaper articles published in the Sunday Times Reporter and Sunday Times Correspondent in early 1959 depict a story of the alleged kidnapping and subsequent abuse of “Veldtman” Nkwelo, a thirteen year old boy from Umtata. According to the articles, he was taken from his home near Umtata and taken by train to work on a farm near Kinross. After a few weeks, he wrote to his grandmother where he begged her to rescue him from the farm (SAB/NTS/2273/741/280). In august 1959, the ANC approved a plan for a major boycott of the Bethal farms as a protest against what was termed “black birding” (a form of slavery by way of deception and often kidnapping) (Britannica, 2014). The ‘Potato Boycott’ was eventually called off after 2 months, but the episode served as inspiration for a broader resistance movement against the state (Holden & Mathabatha, 2007). There is a monument dedicated to Gert Sibande within the town of Bethal. In terms of strengthening the economy of the district, one of the strategic objectives that forms part of this plan is to provide tourist activities and routes with the focus on Bethal and a cultural and heritage tourism node (Govan Mbeki Local Municipality, 2013). A short list is available within the Govan Mbeki LM 2013 Spatial Development Framework (SDF). These include Provincial Heritage sites such as the Dutch Reformed Church and the Old Magistrate’s Office. The Bethal Museum and Borehole UC 65 are included in the list of heritage sites. The UC 65 was the first borehole to penetrate the Kimberley Reef. This event led to the development of an important new South African goldfield, viz the Evander Goldfield. The project area also falls within an area that has been deemed fit for a Rural Restructuring Zone, as well as within the region earmarked for mining development (Govan Mbeki Local Municipality, 2013).

7 SOURCES OF RISK Potential impacts as a result of project activities could change the existing status of identified heritage resources within the Witrand project area. Environmental aspects during the construction phase of the proposed project that may cause impacts on heritage resources include: ■ Site clearing and the removal of topsoil for prospecting sites; ■ The construction of access roads to the prospecting sites; and ■ Influx of workers and the possibility of vandalism.

14 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

8 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS The results of this HSR show that heritage resources such as historical structures, burial grounds and Iron Age stone walled sites are present within the project area, however due to extensive agricultural activities as shown by the 1954 historical aerial imagery, in situ heritage resources may have been disturbed. The PaleoSensitivity Map and regional geology indicate that the area has a very high sensitivity (based on the occurrence of sedimentary rocks). During the HSS, sandstone ridges were identified and these have a high potential for palaeontological remains, rock art and LSA resources due to the close proximity to other rare sites in the surrounding areas that exhibit the same characteristics. Any palaeontological resources or Stone Age sites that are uncovered within the project area will be of high significance due to the lack of such resources in the province as a whole. Additionally, if any of the highly significant resources highlighted above are identified, this could in turn assist with the tourist node mandate as pointed out in the 2013 SDF. In terms of intangible heritage, there is a memory of modern slavery within the area due to the allegations of mistreatment and kidnapping of farmworkers in the 1940’s and 1950’s. This must be considered a highly significant heritage resource as instances of slavery are not as prevalent within the interior as they are on the coast. As per the project description, only one borehole, with a cleared area measuring 20 m x 20 m will be drilled each year. The impact on the identified heritage resources will be low as the boreholes can be positioned to avoid areas of high heritage sensitivity. The identified areas of potentially high heritage sensitivity include the following: ■ Sandstone ridges (high potential for rock art and palaeontological remains); and ■ Groves of trees (previous project experience shows that that the potential for historical remains and burial grounds are high within groves of trees). While drilling operations can be positioned away from heritage resources, possible sources of risks include influx of workers, site clearance and the construction of access roads. This can lead to the accidental destruction of or damage to heritage resources, exposure of subsurface deposits and fossils, and restricted access to ancestral sites, as well as vandalism of heritage resources. Any adverse change to heritage resources may further reduce the potential of a resource to contribute to information and understanding of the region’s and South Africa’s historical development.

9 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this report, any in situ heritage that may be present within the project area is of high significance. These include historical structures, burials, palaeontological resources, rock art and any oral histories pertaining to the alleged instances of mistreatment and modern slavery practises. However, the relative low intensity of the prospecting activities will not significantly impact on heritage resources and direct impact on any heritage resources can be avoided.

15 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

Digby Wells is therefore of the opinion that Rustenburg Platinum Mines be exempted from all addition heritage assessments with the following provisions: ■ High potential areas where certain types of tangible heritage resources can be expected must be avoided, including: . Thickets of trees and areas near occupied and abandoned settlements where burials may be expected; . Sandstone outcrops and ridges – both in terms of the potential for fossil resources and rock art to occur (especially where shelters are evident); . Areas near to and surrounding stonewalling; ■ That a watching brief be implemented when drill sites are prepared and access routes to such sites are created; and ■ CFP’s must be followed in the event that any heritage resources are identified during any site clearance and when access routes are created. SAHRA should be alerted as soon as possible so that appropriate action can be taken by a qualified specialist.

16 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

10 REFERENCES Bamford, M., 2012. Palaeontological Impact Assessment for Majuba Underground Coal Gasification Project, Mpumalanga, Mpumalanga: Royal HaskoningDHV. Britannica, 2014. Blackbirding (slavery practise). [Online] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/68440/blackbirding [Accessed 24 January 2014]. Deacon, H. J. & Deacon, J., 1999. Human Beginnings in South Africa: Uncovering the Secrets of the Stone Age. Walnut Creek: Rowman Altamira. Esterhuysen, A. & Smith, J., 2007. Chapter 2: Stories in Stone. In: P. Delius, ed. Mpumalanga: History and Heritage. Durban: University of Kwa-Zulu Natal Press, pp. 41-68. Govan Mbeki Local Municipality, 2013. Govan Mbeki Spatial Development Framework 2013, s.l.: Govan Mbeki Local Municipality. Holden, P. & Mathabatha, S., 2007. The politics of resistance: 1948-1990. In: Mpumalanga: History and Heritage. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, pp. 393-461. Huffman, T. N., 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The Archaeology of the Pre-Colonial Farming Societies in Southern Africa. Cape Town: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Maggs, T. M., 1976. Iron Age Communities of the Southern Highveld. Pietermaritzburg: Natal Museum. Makhura, T., 2007. Early inhabitants. In: P. Delius, ed. Mpumalanga: History and Heritage. Pietermaritsburg: Univeristy of KwaZulu-Natal Press, pp. 91-135. Pistorius, J. C., 2008a. A Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) Study for the Total Coal South Africa's (TCSA) Proposed New Expansion of the Dorsfontein Coal Mine (DCM) near Kriel on the Eastern Highveld in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa, Unpublished Report for: Total Coal Ground Water Consulting Services (2008-SAHRA-0054). Pistorius, J. C., 2008b. A Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) Study for Sasols proposed new shaft complex on Strybult 542 and for the North Block on the Eastern Highveld in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa, Unpublished Report prepared for: Clean Stream Environmental and Sasol Secunda. Plumstead, E. P., 1962. Possible angiosperms from Lower Permian coal of the Transvaal. Nature, Volume 194, pp. 594-595. Turner, G. & Wadley, L., 1987. Hope hill shelter a later stone age site in the southern transvaal south africa. South African Journal Of Science, pp. 98-105. Van Schalkwyk, J., 2003b. Archaeological Survey of a Section of the Secunda-Mozambique Gas Pipeline, Bethal and HIghveld Ridge Districts, Mpumalanga, Pretoria: Natural Cultural Hisotry Museum.

17 Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

Appendix A: Curriculum Vitae

NATASHA HIGGITT

Ms Natasha Higgitt Assistant Heritage Consultant Social Department Digby Wells Environmental

1 EDUCATION ■ University of Pretoria ■ BA Degree (2008) ■ Archaeology Honours (2010) ■ Title of Dissertation- Pass the Salt: An Archaeological analysis of lithics and ceramics from Salt Pan Ledge, Soutpansberg, for evidence of salt working and interaction.

2 LANGUAGE SKILLS ■ English - Excellent (read, write and speak) ■ Afrikaans - Fair (read, write and speak) ■ Italian – Poor (Speaking only)

3 EMPLOYMENT ■ July 2011 to Present: Assistant Heritage Consultant at Digby Wells Environmental ■ April 2011 to June 2011: Lab assistant at the Albany Museum Archaeology Department, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape ■ April 2010 to March 2011: Intern at the Archaeology Department, Albany Museum, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape under the Department of Sports, Recreation, Arts and Culture, Eastern Cape Government, South Africa (DSRAC)

4 FIELD EXPERIENCE ■ Human remains rescue excavation at St Francis Bay, Eastern Cape ■ Human remains rescue excavation at Wolwefontein, Eastern Cape

______Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd. Co. Reg. No. 1999/05985/07. Fern Isle, Section 10, 359 Pretoria Ave Randburg Private Bag X10046, Randburg, 2125, South Africa Tel: +27 11 789 9495, Fax: +27 11 789 9498, [email protected], www.digbywells.com ______Directors: A Sing*, AR Wilke, LF Koeslag, PD Tanner (British)*, AJ Reynolds (Chairman) (British)*, J Leaver*, GE Trusler (C.E.O) *Non-Executive ______

p:\company_info\staff_cvs_and_bios\cvs\7_heritage\n_higgitt.docx

■ Recorded two rock art sites at Blaauwbosch Private Game Reserve, Eastern Cape ■ Attended a 2 week excavation/study tour in the Friuli Region in Italy, organised by the Società Friulana di Archeologia, sponsored by Ente Friuli nel Mondo, and excavated a 12th century medieval castle ■ Attended a 2 week excavation in Limpopo, Waterpoort Archaeological Project organised by Xander Antonites (Yale PhD Candidate) ■ A total of 5 University of Pretoria Archaeology field schools in Limpopo and Gauteng spanning over 4 years

5 PROJECT EXPERIENCE ■ Heritage Statement for a Proposed Acetylene Gas Production Facility, located near Witkopdorp, Daleside, south of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province for Erm Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Heritage Impact Assessment for the Platreef Platinum Project, Mokopane, Limpopo for Platreef Resources (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Heritage Statement for ATCOM and Tweefontein Dragline Relocation Project, near Witbank, Mpumalanga Province for Jones and Wagner Consulting Civil Engineers (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Heritage Statement Report for the Wilgespruit Bridge Upgrade, Pretoria, Gauteng Province for Iliso Consulting (Pty) Ltd (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Heritage Statement Report for the Kosmosdal sewer pipe bridge upgrade, Pretoria, Gauteng Province for Iliso Consulting (Pty) Ltd (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment for the Thabametsi Coal Mine, Lephalale, Limpopo for Exxaro Coal (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Heritage Statement for the Zandbaken Coal Mine Project, Zandbaken 585 IR, Sandbaken 363 IR and Bosmans Spruit 364 IS, Standerton, Mpumalanga for Xtrata Coal South Africa (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment for the Brakfontein Thermal Coal Mine, Mpumalanga for Universal Coal (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Development of a RAP for Aureus Mining for the New Liberty Gold Mine Project, Liberia (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment for the MBET Pipeline, Steenbokpan, Limpopo (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Notice of Intent to Develop and Cultural Resources Pre-Assessment for Orlight SA (PTY) Ltd Solar PV Project. 2012. (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Agricultural Survey for Platreef ESIA, Mokopane, Limpopo. 2011. (Digby Wells Environmental)

■ Cultural Resources Pre-Assessment for the Proposed Sylvania Everest North Mining Development in Mpumalanga, near Lydenburg. 2011. (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Phase 2 Mitigation of Archaeological sites at Boikarabelo Coal Mine, Steenbokpan, Limpopo. 2011. (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Cultural Resources Pre-Assessment for Proposed Platinum Mine Prospecting in Mpumalanga, near Bethal for Anglo Platinum. 2011. (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Cultural Resources Pre-Assessment for proposed Platinum Mine at Mokopane, Limpopo for Ivanhoe Platinum. 2011. (Digby Wells Environmental) ■ Phase 1 AIA Mixed-use housing Development, Kwanobuhle, Extension 11, Uitenhage, Eastern Cape. 2011. ■ Phase 1 AIA Centane to Qholora and Kei River mouth road upgrade survey, Mnquma Municipality, Eastern Cape. 2011. (SRK Consulting) ■ Phase 1 AIA Clidet Data Cable survey, Western Cape, Northern Cape, Free State and Eastern Cape. 2011. (SRK Consulting) ■ Phase 1 AIA Karoo Renewable Energy Facility, Victoria West, Northern Cape. 2011. (Savannah Environmental) ■ Phase 1 AIA Windfarm survey in Hamburg, Eastern Cape. 2010. (Savannah Environmental) ■ Phase 1 AIA Windfarm survey in Molteno, Eastern Cape. 2010. (Savannah Environmental) ■ Phase 1 AIA Housing Development at Motherwell, P.E. 2010. (SRK Consulting) ■ Phase 1 AIA Sand quarry survey in Paterson, Eastern Cape. 2010. (SRK Consulting) ■ Phase 1 AIA Quarry Survey at Victoria West. 2010. (Acer [Africa] Environmental Management Consultants) ■ Phase 1 AIA Quarry Survey at Port Elizabeth. 2010. (E.P Brickfields)

6 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS

■ Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA): Professional member ■ Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA): CRM Practitioner (Field Supervisor: Stone Age, Iron Age and Rock Art) ■ South African Museums Association: Member

JOHAN NEL

Mr Johan Nel Unit manager: Heritage Resources Management Social Sciences Digby Wells Environmental

1 EDUCATION

Date Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained Institution

2014 Integrated Heritage Resources Management Rhodes University Certificate, NQF Level 6

2002 BA (Honours) (Archaeology) University of Pretoria

2001 BA University of Pretoria

1997 Matric with exemption Brandwag Hoërskool

2 LANGUAGE SKILLS

Language Speaking Writing Reading

English Excellent Excellent Excellent

Afrikaans Excellent Excellent Excellent

3 EMPLOYMENT

Period Company Title/position

09/2011 to Digby Wells Environmental Manager: Heritage present Resources Management unit

05/2010-2011 Digby Wells Environmental Archaeologist

10/2005-05/2010 Archaic Heritage Project Management Manager and co-owner

2003-2007 Freelance archaeologist

Rock Art Mapping Project Resident archaeologist

2002-2003 Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria Special assistant: Anthropology

2001-2002 Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria Technical assistant

1999-2001 National Cultural History Museum & Department Assistant: Mapungubwe of Anthropology and Archaeology, UP Project,

4 EXPERIENCE Johan Nel has 13 years of combined experience in the field of cultural heritage resources management (HRM) including archaeological and heritage assessments, grave relocation, social consultation and mitigation of archaeological sites. I have gained experience both within urban settings and remote rural landscapes. Since 2010 I have been actively involved in environmental management that has allowed me to investigate and implement the integration of heritage resources management into environmental impact assessments (EIA). Many of the projects since have required compliance with International Finance Corporation (IFC) requirements and other World Bank standards. This exposure has allowed me to develop and implement a HRM approach that is founded on international best practice and leading international conservation bodies such as UNESCO and ICOMOS. I have worked in most South African Provinces, as well as Swaziland, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia and Sierra Leone. I am fluent in English and Afrikaans, with excellent writing and research skills.

5 PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATION

Position Professional Body Registration Number

Council member Association for Southern African Professional 095 Archaeologists (ASAPA); ASAPA Cultural Resources Management (CRM) section

Member International Association of Impact Assessors N/A (IAIA)

Member International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)

Member Society for Africanist Archaeologists (SAfA) N/A

6 PUBLICATIONS AND CONFERENCE PAPERS

Authors and Year Title Published in/presented at

Nel, J. (2001) Cycles of Initiation in Traditional South African Encyclopaedia South African Cultures. (MWEB).

Nel, J. 2001.. Social Consultation: Networking Research poster presentations at Human Remains and a Social the. Bi-annual Conference (SA3) Consultation Case Study Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists the National Museum, Cape Town

Nel, J. 2002. Collections policy for the WG de Unpublished. Department of Haas Anatomy museum and Anatomy, School of Medicine: associated Collections. University of Pretoria.

Nel, J. 2004.. Research and design of exhibition Institute of Quarrying 35th for Eloff Belting and Equipment CC Conference and Exhibition on 24 – 27 March 2004

Nel, J. 2004. Ritual and Symbolism in Research paper presented at the Bi- Archaeology, Does it exist? annual Conference (SA3) Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists: Kimberley

Nel, J & Tiley, S. The Archaeology of Mapungubwe: Archaeology World Report, (1) 2004. a World Heritage Site in the Central United Kingdom p.14-22. Limpopo Valley, Republic of South Africa.

Nel, J. 2007. The Railway Code: Gautrain, Public lecture for the South African NZASM and Heritage. Archaeological Society, Transvaal Branch: Roedean School, Parktown.

Nel, J. 2009. Un-archaeologically speaking: the The Digging Stick. April 2009. 26(1): use, abuse and misuse of 11-13: Johannesburg: The South archaeology in popular culture. African Archaeological Society.

Nel, J. 2011. ‘Gods, Graves and Scholars’ University of Pretoria returning Mapungubwe human commemorative publication: remains to their resting place.’ In: Johannesburg: Chris van Rensburg Mapungubwe Remembered. Publishers.

Nel, J. 2012 HIAs for EAPs. . Paper presented at IAIA annual conference: Somerset West.

Nel, J. 2013. The Matrix: A proposed method to Paper presented at the 2013 evaluate significance of, and ASAPA Biennial conference: change to, heritage resources. Gaborone, Botswana.

Nel, J. 2013 HRM and EMS: Uncomfortable fit . Paper presented at the 2013 or separate process. ASAPA Biennial conference: Gaborone, Botswana.

7 PROJECT EXPERIENCE ■ 2003-2004. Freelance consulting archaeologist. Archaeological Impact Assessment. Roodt&Roodt. RSA. Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northwest. Project manager/specialist ■ 2004-2005. Resident archaeologist Rock Art Mapping Project. Archaeological surveys. UKZN. RSA. Didima, KZN. Specialist ■ 2006. Exploratory excavation of an unknown cemetery at Du Preezhoek, Fountains Valley, Portion 383 of the farm Elandspoort 357 JR, Pretoria, Gauteng. Section 36 Grave relocation. Bombela Civil Joint Venture. RSA. Pretoria, Gauteng. Specialist ■ 2006. Report on exhumation, relocation and re-internment of 49 graves on Portion 10 of the farm Tygervallei 334 JR, Kungwini Municipality, Gauteng. Section 36 Grave relocation. D. Georgiades East Farm (Pty) Ltd. RSA. Kungwini, Gauteng. Specialist ■ 2006. Social consultation for Elawini Lifestyle Estate Grave Relocation. Section 36 Consultation. PGS (Pty) Ltd. RSA. Nelspruit, Mpumalanga. Project manager/specialist ■ 2007-2008. Research report on the remains of kings Mampuru I and Nyabela. Research report. National Department of Arts and Culture. RSA. Graafwater, Western Cape. Specialist ■ 2007. Summary report: Old dump on premises of the new Head Offices, Department of Foreign Affairs, Pretoria, Gauteng. Archaeological Impact Assessment. Imbumba-Aganang D & C Joint Venture. RSA. Pretoria, Gauteng. Project manager/specialist ■ 2007. Final consolidated Heritage Impact Assessment report: Proposed development of high-cost housing and filling station, Portion of the farm Mooiplaats 147 JT. Heritage Impact Assessment. Go-Enviroscience. RSA. Schoemanskloof, Mpumalanga. Project manager/specialist ■ 2007. Final consolidated report: Watching Brief on Soutpansberg Road Site for the new Head Offices of the Department of Foreign Affairs, Pretoria Gauteng. Section 35 Phase 2 Archaeological Mitigation. Imbumba-Aganang D & C Joint Venture. RSA. Pretoria, Gauteng. Project manager/specialist

■ 2007. Recommendation of Exemption: Above ground SASOL fuel storage tanks located at grain silos in localities in the Eastern Free State. Request for Exemption. SASOL (Pty) Ltd. RSA. Eastern Free State. Project manager/specialist ■ 2007. Final consolidated report: Phase 2 test excavations ascertaining the existence of alleged mass graves, Tlhabane West, Extension 2, Rustenburg, Northwest Province. Section 36 Test excavations. Bigen Africa Consulting Engineers. RSA. Rustenburg, Northwest. Project manager/specialist ■ 2007. Archaeological investigation of Old Johannesburg Fort. Section 35 Phase 2 Archaeological Mitigation. JDA. RSA. Johannesburg, Gauteng. Project manager/specialist ■ 2007. Social consultation for Motaganeng Residential Development Grave Relocation. Section 36 Consultation. PGS (Pty) Ltd. RSA. Burgersfort, Limpopo. Project manager/specialist ■ 2007. Repatriation of Mapungubwe Human Remains. Repatriation. DEAT. RSA. Mapungubwe, Limpopo. Project manager/specialist ■ 2007. Research report on cultural symbols. Research report. Ministery of Intelligence Services. RSA. Graafwater, Western Cape. Project manager/specialist ■ 2008. Phase 1 Heritage and Archaeological Impact Assessment: Proposed establsihement of an access road between Sapekoe Drive and Koedoe Street, Erf 3366 (Extension 22) and the Remainder of Erf 430 (Extension 4). Archaeological Impact Assessment. AGES (Polokwane). RSA. Tzaneen, Limpopo. Specialist ■ 2008. Heritage Impact Assessment for proposed water pipeline routes, Mogalakwena District, Limpopo Province. Heritage Statement. AGES (Polokwane). RSA. Mogalakwena District Municipality, Limpopo. Specialist ■ 2008. Final report: Heritage resources Scoping survey and preliminary assessment for the Transnet Freight Line EIA, Eastern Cape and Northern Cape. Heritage Statement. Transnet. RSA. Eastern Cape; Northern Cape. Specialist ■ 2008. Heritage resources scoping survey and preliminary assessment: Proposed establishment of township on Portion 28 of the farm Kennedy's Vale 362 KT, Steelpoort, Limpopo Province. Heritage Statement. AGES (Polokwane). RSA. Steelpoort, Limpopo. Specialist ■ 2008. Report on skeletal material found at Pier 30, R21 Jones Street offramp, Kempton Park. Heritage Statement. Bombela Civil Joint Venture. RSA. Kempton Park, Gauteng. Specialist ■ 2008. Social consultation for Smoky Hills Platinum Mine Grave Relocation. Section 36 Consultation. PGS (Pty) Ltd. RSA. Maandagshoek, Limpopo. Specialist ■ 2008. Southstock Collieries Grave Relocation. Section 36 Grave relocation. Doves Funerals, Witbank. RSA. Southstock, Mpumalanga. Specialist

■ 2008. Social consultation for Zondagskraal Coal Mine Grave Relocation. Section 36 Consultation. PGS (Pty) Ltd. RSA. Zondagskraal, Mpumalanga. Specialist ■ 2009. Proposed road upgrade of existing, and construction of newroads in Burgersfort, Limpopo Province. Archaeological Impact Assessment. AGES (Polokwane). RSA. Burgersfort, Limpopo. Specialist ■ 2009. Randwater Vlakfontein-Mamelodi water pipeline survey. Heritage Impact Assessment. Archaeology Africa cc. RSA. Pretoria, Gauteng. Specialist ■ 2009. Van Reenen Eco-Agri Development Project. Heritage Impact Assessment. Go- Enviroscience. RSA. Vanreenen, Freestate/KwaZulu-Natal. Specialist ■ 2009. Social consultation for Zonkezizwe Grave Relocation. Section 36 Consultation. PGS (Pty) Ltd. RSA. Midrand, Gauteng. Specialist ■ 2009. Heritage Impact Assessment for conversion of PR to MRA. Heritage Impact Assessment. Georock Environmental. RSA. Musina, Limpopo. Specialist ■ 2010-2012. Kibali Gold Mine Grave Relocation. International grave relocation project. Randgold Resources. DRC. Watsa, Province Orientale. Specialist ■ 2010. Archaeological Impact Assessment for Galaxy Gold Mine Tailings Dam Extension, Barberton, Mpumalanga Province. Archaeological Impact Assessment. Galaxy Gold. RSA. Barberton, Mpumalanga. Specialist ■ 2010. Archaeological Impact Assessment for the HCI Khusela Coal: Palesa Extension ESIA Update on portions of the farm Roodepoort 349 JR, Thembisile Local Municipality (Mpumalanga) and Kungwini Municipality (Gauteng). Archaeological Impact Assessment. HCI Khusela. RSA. Mpumalanga; Gauteng. Specialist ■ 2010. Heritage scoping survey for the amendment of the existing City Deep EMP for the reclamation of Slimes Dam 3/L/42 and 3/L/40. Heritage Statement. Crown Gold Recoveries. RSA. Johannesburg, Gauteng. Specialist ■ 2010. Letter of Recommendation of Exemption for the proposed Crown Gold Recoveries (Pty) Litd Pipeline Project. Request for Exemption. Crown Gold Recoveries. RSA. Johannesburg, Gauteng. Specialist ■ 2010. Mitigation of an archaeological metalworking site for Kibali Gold Mine. Archaeological mitigation. Randgold Resources. DRC. Watsa, Province Orientale. Specialist ■ 2010. Heritage Impact Assessment for Nzoro Hydropower Station. Heritage Impact Assessment. Randgold Resources. DRC. Watsa, Province Orientale. Specialist ■ 2010. Heritage Impact Assessment for Temo Coal EIA. Heritage Impact Assessment. Temo Coal. RSA. Steenbokpan, Limpopo. Specialist ■ 2011-2012. Platreef Platinum Mine Burial Grounds and Graves Census. Burial Grounds and Graves Census. Platreef (Pty) Ltd. RSA. Mokopane, Limpopo. Project manager/specialist

■ 2011. Addendum to Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment for the Boikarabelo Coal Mine (proposed railway link from the farm Kruishout to the farm Buffelsjagt). Archaeological Impact Assessment. Resources Generation. RSA. Lephalale, Limpopo. Project manager/specialist ■ 2011. Heritage Impact Assesment for Koidu Diamond Mine. Heritage Impact Assessment. Koidu . Sierra Leone. Koidu, . Project manager/specialist ■ 2011. Mitigation of an archaeological metalworking site for Koidu Diamond Mine. Archaeological mitigation. Koidu . Sierra Leone. Koidu, . Project manager/specialist ■ 2011. Nzoro hydropower station ESIA. Heritage Impact Assessment. Randgold Resources. DRC. Watsa, Province Orientale. Project manager/specialist ■ 2011. Specialist review of Heritage Impact Assessment report for Zod Gold Mine, Armenia. Review report. Zod Gold Mine. Armenia. Desktop review. Project manager/specialist ■ 2012. Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment for MBET Pipeline. Archaeological Impact Assessment. Resources Generation. RSA. Lephalale, Limpopo. Project manager/specialist ■ 2012. Heritage Impact Assessment for the Witwatersrand Goldfields Acid Mine Drainage Project (Western Basin). Heritage Impact Assessment. BKS (PTY) LTD. RSA. Johannesburg, Gauteng. Project manager/specialist ■ 2012. Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment of the proposed Geluksdal Tailings Storage Facility and Pipeline Infrastructure. Heritage Impact Assessment. Gold One. RSA. Johannesburg, Gauteng. Project manager/specialist ■ 2012. Heritage Statement for the Central Basin, Witwatersrand AMD Project. Heritage Statement. BKS (PTY) LTD. RSA. Johannesburg, Gauteng. Project manager/specialist ■ 2012. Heritage Statement for Rhodium Reefs Ltd Platinum Operation, 2430CA & CC, De Goedeverwachting 332 KT; Boschkloof 331 KT; Belvedere 362 KT; Kennedy's Vale 361 KT; and Tweefontein 360 KT, Limpopo. Heritage Statement. Eastplats Group. RSA. Steelpoort, Limpopo. Project manager/specialist ■ 2012. Notification of Intent to Develop: Proposed Aggeneys Photo-voltaic soal power plant on Portion 1 of the farm Aroams 57 RD, Northern Cape (DEA ref: 12/12/20/2630). Heritage Statement. Orlight Solar. RSA. Aggeneys, Northern Cape. Specialist ■ 2012. Notification of Intent to Develop: Proposed Kenhardt Photo-voltaic soal power plant on RE of the farm Klein Zwartbast 188 RD, Northern Cape (DEA ref: 12/12/20/2631). Heritage Statement. Orlight Solar. RSA. Kenhardt, Northern Cape. Project manager/specialist ■ 2012. Notification of Intent to Develop: Proposed Loeriesfontein Photo-voltaic soal power plant on Portion 1 of the farm Klein Rooiberg 227 RD, Northern Cape (DEA ref: 12/12/20/2632). Heritage Statement. Orlight Solar. RSA. Loeriesfontein, Northern Cape. Specialist

■ 2012. Notification of Intent to Develop: Proposed Vanrhynsdorp Photo-voltaic soal power plant on RE of the farm Paddock 257 RD, Western Cape (DEA ref: 12/12/20/2633). Heritage Statement. Orlight Solar. RSA. Vanrhynsdorp, Western Cape. Project manager/specialist ■ 2012. Notification of Intent to Develop: Proposed Graafwater Photo-voltaic soal power plant on Portion 1 of the farm Graafwater 97 RD amd RE of Bueroskraal 220 RD, Western Cape (DEA ref: 12/12/20/2636). Heritage Statement. Orlight Solar. RSA. Graafwater, Western Cape. Specialist ■ 2012. Phase 2 archaeological impact assessment mitigation for Boikarabelo Coal Mine (SAHRA Permit No: 80/11/07/015/51). . Section 35 Phase 2 Archaeological Mitigation. Resources Generation. RSA. Steenbokpan, Limpopo. Project manager/specialist ■ 2012. Final Phase 2 archaeological impact assessment mitigation report for Boikarabelo Coal Mine, Limpopo (SAHRA Permit No: 80/11/07/015/51). . Section 35 Phase 2 Archaeological Mitigation. Resources Generation. RSA. Steenbokpan, Limpopo. Specialist ■ 2012. Holder of Destruction Permit No. 84 for archaeological sites at Boikarabelo Coal Mine. Section 35 Destruction permit. Resources Generation. RSA. Steenbokpan, Limpopo. Project manager/specialist ■ 2012. Specialist review of Heritage Impact Assessment report for Mkuju Uraniam Mine. Review report. Uranex . Zambia. Desktop review. Project manager/specialist ■ 2013. Heritage Impact Assessment for the proposed Consbrey Colliery Project, 2629BB and 2629BD, Mpumalanga Province. Heritage Impact Assessment. Msobo Coal. RSA. Breyten, Mpumalanga. Project manager/specialist ■ 2013. Heritage Impact Assessment for Rhodium Reef Limited Platinum Operation, 2430CC Kennedys Vale, De Goedeverwachting 332 KT, Limpopo Province. Heritage Impact Assessment. Rhodium Reefs Limited. RSA. Steelpoort, Limpopo. Project manager/specialist ■ 2013. Heritage Statement for the Consbrey Colliery. Heritage Statement. Msobo Coal. RSA. Chrissiesmeer, Mpumalanga. Project manager/specialist ■ 2013. Heritage Statement for the Harwar Colliery. Heritage Statement. Msobo Coal. RSA. Chrissiesmeer, Mpumalanga. Project manager/specialist ■ 2013. Heritage Statement for the Waterberg Prospecting Rights Application, Blouberg, Limpopo Province. Heritage Statement. Platinum Group Metals Ltd. RSA. Breyten, Mpumalanga. Specialist ■ 2013. Destruction Permit Application Report for Kangala Coal Project. Section 34 Built Environment Permit. Universal Coal (Pty) Ltd. RSA. Delmas, Mpumalanga. Specialist ■ 2013. Holder of Destruction Permit No. 399 for archaeological sites at Boikarabelo Coal Mine. Section 35 Destruction permit. Resources Generation. RSA. Steenbokpan, Limpopo. Project manager/specialist ■ 2013. Relocation of graves in Kinjor and Larjor for Aureus New Liberty Gold Mine. International grave relocation project. Aureus Mining. Liberia. Kinjor. Specialist

■ 2013. New Liberty Gold Mine Grave Relocation Plan. International grave relocation project. Aureus Mining. Liberia. Kinjor. Project manager/specialist ■ 2013. Thabametsi Coal Mine Burial Grounds and Graves Census. Burial Grounds and Graves Census. Exxaro Coal. RSA. Lephalale, Limpopo. Specialist ■ 2013. Bokoni Platinum Mine Burial Grounds and Graves Census. Burial Grounds and Graves Census. Bokoni Platinum. RSA. Atok, Limpopo. Specialist ■ 2013. Specialist review of Heritage Impacts Assessment for Songwe REE project. Review report. Mkango Resources. Malawi. Desktop review. Project manager/specialist ■ 2013: Heritage Impact Assessment for the Platreef Platinum Mine EIA project. Platreef Resources. RSA. Mokopane, Limpopo. Specialist project manager.

Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

Appendix B: Location and Site Maps

28°0'0"E 28°30'0"E 29°0'0"E 29°30'0"E 30°0'0"E

Plan 1 Witrand Prospecting EMP Regional Setting 1:250 000

Legend

26°0'0"S 26°0'0"S Prospecting Right Area

26°30'0"S 26°30'0"S

2628 East Rand 27°0'0"S 27°0'0"S

Sustainability Service Positive Change Professionalism Future Focused Integrity

Projection: Transverse Mercator Ref #: pks.ANG2605.201401.009 Datum: Hartebeesthoek 1994 Revision Number: 1 Central Meridian: 29°E Date: 07/01/2014

0 5 10 20 30 40

Kilometres 1:800 000

www.digbywells.com © Digby Wells Environmental 28°0'0"E 28°30'0"E 29°0'0"E 29°30'0"E 30°0'0"E 29°15'0"E 29°20'0"E 29°25'0"E 29°30'0"E

Plan 2 26°15'0"S 26°15'0"S Witrand Prospecting EMP Regional Setting 1:50 000

Legend

Prospecting Right Area

26°20'0"S 26°20'0"S

26°25'0"S 26°25'0"S

2629AD Bethal

Sustainability Service Positive Change Professionalism Future Focused Integrity

Projection: Transverse Mercator Ref #: pks.ANG2605.201401.010 Datum: Hartebeesthoek 1994 Revision Number: 1 Central Meridian: 29°E Date: 07/01/2014

0 1 2 4 6

Kilometers 26°30'0"S 26°30'0"S 1:110 000

www.digbywells.com © Digby Wells Environmental 29°15'0"E 29°20'0"E 29°25'0"E 29°30'0"E 29°15'0"E 29°20'0"E 29°25'0"E 29°30'0"E

Plan 3 26°15'0"S 26°15'0"S Witrand Prospecting EMP Regional Setting 1:10 000

Legend

Prospecting Right Area

26°20'0"S 26°20'0"S

26°25'0"S 26°25'0"S

2629AD

Sustainability Service Positive Change Professionalism Future Focused Integrity

Projection: Transverse Mercator Ref #: pks.ANG2605.201401.012 Datum: Hartebeesthoek 1994 Revision Number: 1 Central Meridian: 29°E Date: 07/01/2014

0 1 2 4 6

Kilometres 26°30'0"S 26°30'0"S 1:110 000

Plan 4

R 3 Witrand Prospecting 5

Lebowa Granite Sui, Bushveld Cplx Rooiberg Grp, Transvaal Spgrp 7 EMP 54 R

26°15'0"S 26°15'0"S Regional Geology Kriel Legend

7 Prospecting Right Area 4 5 R Major Town Secondary Town R 54 5 Main Roads

S National Roads te en ko ol River sp ru it Geology Regions R 5 4 4 Karoo Dolerite Sui Madzaringwe Fm, Karoo Spgrp Lebowa Granite Sui, Bushveld Cplx 26°20'0"S 26°20'0"S Madzaringwe Fm, Karoo Spgrp

Rooiberg Grp, Transvaal Spgrp

r T

Karoo Dolerite Sui

26°25'0"S 26°25'0"S

R 5 8 t 0 ui Sustainability Service Positive Change Professionalism Future Focused Integrity pr ks bo Projection: Transverse Mercator Ref #: pks.ANG2605.201401.005 N17 les B Bethal Datum: WGS84 Revision Number: 1 Central Meridian: 29°E Date: 06/01/2014

0 1 2 4 6

8 3 Kilometres R 1:110 000

Plan 5 Witrand Prospecting EMP 26°22'0"S 26°22'0"S Heritage Resources and Sensitivity

Legend

2003-SAHRA-0028/S.35-001 4618/2629AD/S.34-001 Prospecting Right Area

Arterial Road 4618/2629AD/S.34-002 Main Road

Other Access

Perennial River 4618/2629AD/S.36-001 Non-Perennial River

2003-SAHRA-0028/S.35-002 Dam

26°24'0"S 26°24'0"S Non-Perennial Pan

Wetland

Perennial Pan

Heritage Resources and Sensitivity

Heritage Sites

Heritage Tracks

Sandstone Ridges

26°26'0"S 26°26'0"S

Sustainability Service Positive Change Professionalism Future Focused Integrity

Projection: Transverse Mercator Ref #: pks.ANG2605.201401.125 Datum: Cape Revision Number: 1 Central Meridian: 29°E Date: 22/01/2014

0 0.5 1 2 2003-SAHRA-0075/2629AD104 Kilometres 1:40 000

www.digbywells.com © Digby Wells Environmental 29°18'0"E 29°20'0"E 29°22'0"E Heritage Statement for the Witrand Prospecting EMP, Witrand 103IS, 2629AD Bethal, Bethal, Mpumalanga Province ANG2605

Appendix C: Identified Heritage Resources

Identified Heritage Resources

Site ID Site type Description Latitude Longitude Reference 2003-SAHRA-0028/S.35-001 Iron Age Type V stone wall characteristics -26.379265 29.327418 Van Schalkwyk, February 2003 2003-SAHRA-0028/S.35-002 Iron Age Type V stone wall characteristics -26.3988 29.355126 Van Schalkwyk, February 2003 2003-SAHRA-0075/2629AD104 Iron Age Stone walled site dating to the Late Iron Age -26.45121 29.365507 Van Schalkwyk, May 2003 4618/2629AD/S.34-001 Historical Farmstead dating to 1902 -26.379654 29.331813 1902 Bethal MJS 4618/2629AD/S.34-002 Historical Farmstead dating to 1954 -26.383848 29.342158 340_010_16442 4618/2629AD/S.36-001 Burial ground Potential burial ground -26.393142 29.344626 HSS