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GOING UNDERGROUND on CAMPUS: Tapping the Earth for Clean, Efficient Heating and Cooling a Guide to Geothermal Energy and Underground Buildings on Campus GOING UNDERGROUND ON CAMPUS: Tapping the Earth for Clean, Efficient Heating and Cooling A Guide to Geothermal Energy and Underground Buildings on Campus By Stan Cross, David J. Eagan and Paul Tolmé with Julian Keniry and John Kelly Foreword by Robert J. Koester A comprehensive review of the strategies and steps to implement geothermal heating and cooling on campus, with best practices from U.S. colleges and universities. A PUBLICATION IN CAMPUS ECOLOGY’S CLIMATE AND SUSTAINABILITY SERIES GOING UNDERGROUND ON CAMPUS: Tapping the Earth for Clean, Efficient Heating and Cooling A Guide to Geothermal Energy and Underground Buildings on Campus THE AUTHORS Stan Cross is Education Director of the Environmental Leadership Center at Warren Wilson College (NC) where he leads campus sustainability and climate action initiatives. In 2007, Stan was recognized as North Carolina's Environmental Educator of the Year. David Eagan is an Outreach Specialist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Editor of the Climate and Sustainability Series for Campus Ecology. Paul Tolmé is an environment, science and outdoors writer and former Ted Scripps Fellow in Environmental Journalism, based in California. His articles have appeared in National Wildlife magazine, ClimateEdu, and other national publications. OTHER CONTRIBUTORS John Kelly is Chief Operating Officer of Geothermal Exchange Organization (GEO), the non-profit trade association of the geothermal heat pump industry. Julian Keniry is Senior Director of Campus and Community Leadership at the National Wildlife Federation and a co-founder of Campus Ecology and the Energy Action Coalition. SPONSORS AND PARTNERS Sponsors • The Kendeda Fund Partners • APPA: Leadership in Educational Facilities • Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) • Geothermal Exchange Organization (GEO), the non-profit trade association of the geothermal heat pump industry Other Partners • Jobs for the Future http://www.jobsforthefuture.org • Energy Action Coalition http://www.energyactioncoalition.org If you have questions please call National Wildlife Federation at 703-438-6000 or 1-800-822-9919 or email [email protected]. And keep up with the latest at www.CampusEcology.org If you choose to print this document, please minimize its carbon footprint by using chlorine-free, high post-consumer content paper (30% or higher), if possible. Please reuse or recycle the printed document and recycle your printer toner cartridges. Design and production by Linda Rapp © 2011 National Wildlife Federation Permission is granted to copy with attribution and for noncommercial purposes only. Visit www.nwf.org Project Coordinator: Cheli Cresswell A PUBLICATION IN CAMPUS ECOLOGY’S CLIMATE AND SUSTAINABILITY SERIES CONTENTS Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................................................2 Staff List.....................................................................................................................................................4 About Campus Ecology............................................................................................................................5 Overview......................................................................................................................................................5 NWR and Global Warming........................................................................................................................6 Foreword......................................................................................................................................................8 I. Introduction......................................................................................................................................11 II. The Opportunities for Using Geothermal Technologies on Campus .......................................13 III. Review of Geothermal Technologies .............................................................................................15 1. Geothermal Heat Pumps — Nationwide possibilities...............................................................16 2. Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage — A promising geothermal frontier ...............................18 3. Direct-Use Geothermal — Hot groundwater at the ready......................................................19 4. Geothermal Electricity — A rising renewable energy star ...................................................20 5. Earth-Integrated Buildings — Life in the underground .........................................................22 IV. Campus Case Studies — Geothermal Technologies in Practice .............................................24 1. Geothermal Heat Pumps .............................................................................................................24 A) Whole Campus Systems..........................................................................................................24 B) Retrofits for Existing Buildings .............................................................................................28 C) Geothermal in New Buildings.................................................................................................34 2. Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES).................................................................................39 3. Lake-Source Cooling (a variation of pond/lake geothermal)...............................................39 4. Hot Spots: Direct Use Geothermal and Electricity Generation..........................................40 5. Earth-Integrated Buildings ........................................................................................................43 V. Geothermal Technologies on Campus: Present and Future.....................................................48 1. An Extraordinary Educational Opportunity.............................................................................48 2. Expanding Career Pathways in Renewable Energy...............................................................49 3. Protecting Wildlife and the Environment................................................................................50 VI. Appendices.........................................................................................................................................52 APPENDIX A College and University Geothermal Systems — Completed or Under Construction ...........52 APPENDIX B Additional Resources on Geothermal Systems ..........................................................................54 APPENDIX C Earth-Integrated Campus Buildings — Completed or Under Construction ...........................56 APPENDIX D Top Ten Reasons to Bury a Building .............................................................................................60 APPENDIX E Electricity-Generating Geothermal Technologies .......................................................................61 APPENDIX F ......................................................................................................................................62 Endnotes...................................................................................................................................................64 GOING UNDERGROUND ON CAMPUS: Tapping the Earth for Clean, Efficient Heating and Cooling 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The National Wildlife Federation thanks The Kendeda Fund for We would like to express our appreciation to the following people for their input and support major support of this in developing this document: and other Campus Ecology projects. Wendy Anderson, Director of Campus Sustainability, Associate Professor of Biology, Drury University (MO) Careen Arsenault, Sustainability Administrator, Energy & Sustainability Facilities Services, Cornell University (NY) Steve Bellona, Associate Vice President for Facilities and Planning, Hamilton College (NY) David J. Bennett, Architect, DJB Architects, Ltd., New York, Minneapolis Alaina Bernard, Land Manager, Landscape and Natural Resources, University of Central Florida Suzanne Bergeron, Assistant Director for Operations, Bowdoin Art Museum, Bowdoin College (ME) Robert R. Bland, Senior Director, Energy & Sustainability Facilities Services, Cornell University (NY) Don Borkowski, Capital Projects Manager, Facilities Management, Bowdoin College (ME) Kelly Boulton, Sustainability Coordinator, Allegheny College (PA) Nick Boyd, Director of Facilities, Feather River College (CA) Toni Boyd, Assistant Director, Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology Julie Brown, Director of Media Relations, University of Oregon Layne Cameron, Associate Director of University Communications, Ball State University (IN) John Carmody, Director, Center for Sustainable Building Research, University of Minnesota Ted Clutter, Vice President of Marketing, Geothermal Exchange Organization (GEO), the non-profit trade association of the geothermal heat pump industry Calvin DeWitt, Professor of Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison Brian Dolan, Facilities Project Manager, Planning Design/Construction, University of Arizona Thomas Downing, Senior Energy Manager, Yale University (CT) Christina Erickson, Sustainability Director, Champlain College (VT) G. Dodd Galbreath, Executive Director and Assistant Professor, Institute for Sustainable Practice, Lipscomb University (TN) Nathan Gauthier, Assistant Director, Office of Sustainability, Harvard University (MA) Karl Gawell, Executive Director, Geothermal Energy Association Dan Gerth, Director of
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