6L Pensamiento Socialista Libertario Y El Magonismo (1900

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6L Pensamiento Socialista Libertario Y El Magonismo (1900 DIVISION DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y HUMANIDADES '6L PENSAMIENTOSOCIALISTA LIBERTARIO Y EL MAGONISMO (1900 - 1911) CONVERGENCIAS Y DIVERGENCIAS E I S I f QUE PRESENTA: PARAOPTARPOR EL GRADO DE MAESTRIA:EN HISTORIA MARIA DEL ROSARI CASTARO - MEXICO, D. F. 1992 B J 6 A mis padres A mis hermanas: Marfa Eugenia Marla del Pilar MarfaGuadalupe A Susana y a Rodrigo A Jacinto P6rez Lozano miembro del Partido Liberal Mexicano en el Club Liberal de Lampazos, Nuevo Le6n. EL PENSAMIENTO SOCIALISTA LIBERTARIOY EL MAGONISHO (1900-1911) CONVERGENCIAS Y DIVERGENCIAS Pagina INTRODUCCION I c I. La impugnaci6nliberal 1 28 11. Lapreocupaci6n social 111. El Programa del Partido Liberal Mexicano: El reformismo social 52 IV. La conviccidn en la tdctica revolucionaria socio-econhica 63 V. El magonism, el socialismo y la represi6n 81 VI. La fe renovada en el advenimiento de la revolucidn socio-econhica 1 O0 VII. La revolucidn politica: La revoluci6n en su acepci6n social revolucionaria 114 VIII. El anarquismo comunista,: Manifiesto del 23 de septiembre de 1911 133 Notas en la parte final de cada unolos de apartados CONCLUSIONES OBRAS CONSULTADAS INTROOUCCION. El socialismo libertario es una corriente de pensamiento que, en thIin0S ge- nerales, se le ha denominado negativamente. Incluso entre aquellós que reco- nocen que el anarquismo es una'corriente de pensamiento social y polftica dig na de respeto, existe una confusi6n entre los diversos matices queha adquiri- do: anarquismo, nihilismo y terrorism. Esto ha dado lugar al planteamiento de que dentro de este pensamiento existen dos vertientes fundamentales:la - posicidn destructiva que se relaciona con el nihilismo y con el terrorismo y la vertiente constructiva: el socialismo libertario. Si bien es cierto que ambas vertientes, proponenla negacih de la autoridad del Estado y luchan en su contra, la postura destructiva implica concebir al anarquista cmun promotor de desorden, que no propone nada para reemplazar el orden que ha destrufdo; y la postura constructiva, si bien no descarta co- mo posibilidad, las tdcticas de lucha violentas, estd relacionada con una te2 rla social en sentido amplio, cuya proposicibn bdsica esla oposicibn a la a2 toridad polftica, como un proceso constructivo quellevard, una vez abolido - el Estado, a una sociedad libre, su meta altima. Una primera delirnitaci6n para el presente estudio, fue que nosotros nos cir- cunscribimos a la importancia hist6rica de la posici6n constructiva del anar- quismo, que justificarnos por ser un pensamiento recurrente en la historia. Es decir, que el problema de la libertad humana en lo que se refiere a la explo- taci6n econhica, polftica y social, es todavfa. uno de losgrandes problemas ...I I1 del hombre y mientras asf sea, la corriente de pensamiento libertaria seguird siendo vigente. Como ideal significa una sociedad libre en la cual los ele- mentos sociales coercitivos han desaparecido. Todos los anarquistas son socialistas, en el siglo XIX el pensamiento anarqui? ta fue una vertiente del socialismo; movimiento que en oposici6n a las deman- das individuales, enfatiz6. el elenento social en las relaciones humanas y que coloca a la cuestibn social, en el debate de la discusidn de los derechos hu- manos y de la revolucidn en el campo econhico. El anarquismo en su forma constructiva, como corriente de pensamiento, ha de- sarrollado tres variedades fundamentales: el colectivismo, el anarquismo coy nista y el anarcosindicalismo. Todas estas posturas retornan elementos de la teorla de Proudhon, particularmente el federalism0 y el enfasis en la asocia- ci6n de trabajadores. La definicidn practica del anarquismo, se inicia con la participaci6n de 10s discfpulos de Proudhon, los mutualistas, en la Primera Internacional de traba jadores. AI retomar las ideas de las difereates vertientes del pensamiento libertario, hay que destacar que fonnan parte del pensamiento socialista. No se sabe - - quien emple6 por primera vez la palabra socialismo. Los grupos conocidos co- son mo socialistas dos en Francia: los saintsimonianos y los fourieristas y - en Inglaterra los owenistas, que en 1841, adoptaron el nombre oficial de so- cialistas. ...I I11 Si bien todos los anarquistas son socialistas, tambih dentro del movimiento hay una corriente comunista. La palabra comunism se us6 en Francia durante el fermento social que sigui6 a la revoluci6n de 1830. Tarabien en Francia se empet6 a usar la idea de cmuna, cano base unitaria de los poblados y del w- togobierno y surgi6 una forma de organitacibn social, que descansara sobrecg munidades libres. Los vocablos comunista, anarquista, socialista se usaron con referencia a aque llas corrientes de pensamiento, dentro de la especificidad del Siglo XIX, en las cuales se enfatitb la vida comunitaria, la posesi6n colectiva de los bie- nes sociales y una educacidn con una moral colectiva a de planteamiento social. Es en Francia, en donde gran parte de la teorla socialtista encuentra su naci- miento. Los anarquistas te6ricos se encuentran encabezados por William Godwin y por - Pierre Joseph Proudhon. Godwin (1765-1836) nunca se llam6 a SI mismo anarquis- ta. Su obra mas importante fue: La interrogante acerca de la justicia pollti ca. Vi6 a la sociedad como un fen6meno que se desarrollaba en forma natural, y que podfa operar en completa autonomla con respecto al gobierno; observ6 la contradicci6n entre el universo dominado por leyes, y el sentido del hombre - acerca de la libertad. Tratd de resolver la contradiccidn mediante un estado de equilibrio, y fue de los primeros en describir la relacibn. entre la pro- piedad y el poder. .. .t IV Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) como fildsofo social, se identific6 con la Revoluci6n Francesa y con la causa del pueblo al cual pertenecia. Fue el pri- mero en usar el termino, An-archos, para enfatizar su crfticaa la autoridad en un sentido positivo socialmente, ya que contieneel germen de la justifica ci6n por la ley natural. Esta. premisa la aplican la mayorla de los anarquis- tas a su argumentaci6n de la sociedad antiautoritaria. Y Proudhon fue autodidacta y su teorIa parte del individuo, punto de partida su meta Oltima; siendo la sociedad su origen. La relaci6n entre el individuo y la sociedad debe ser de equilibrio. La idea de la fuerza de la colectividad, llevd a Proudhon, a considerar la libertad individual cmDrobundamente en- raizada en el proceso natural. La justicia fue una de sus grandes preocupaciones. Los principales elementos de su pensamiento son su teorla de la acu1nulaci6n de la propiedad, su creencia en una justicia inmanente y sus ideas de igualdad. Proudhon centra la discusith acerca de la propiedad, en la propiedad campesina y en la pequena artesanla, es decir, en lo qw conoce mejor; y no elabora un estudio de la gran industria. Entre los amigos cercanos de Proudhon, se encuentra Alexander Herzen y Mijall Eakunin; Marx lo invit6 a participar en su organizaci6n, pero no comparti6 con el, el enfasis en la acci6n polltica. En el otolro de 1846, Proudhon escribi6 ...I V La dfndmica de la sociedad fue.el ideal de Proudhon, la sociedad en un mundo de cambios contlnuos yla crltica andole vida. Particip6 en la elaboracidn de periddicos para difundir su pensamiento como Los representantes del pnblo, con la ayuda financiera de Herzan. Tres anos que pas6 en la cdrcel fueron muy productivos para su obra, entre las que destacan: lQue es €a prapiedad?, que fue su primera publicacidn de importancia en 1840, y en donde se muestra par- tidario de una sociedad sin gobierno. Las confesiones de un rwblucionario, que analiza los hechos de la revolucidn de 1848, desde una perspectiva anar- quista. La idea general de la revolucidn en el siglo XIX, que analiza la co~ cepcidn anarquista de la sociedad como parte del mundo natural y gobernada por fuerzas que representan el dominio del marco, dentro del cual, el hombre tiene que trabajar y realizar sus ideas de libertad. La filosaffa del progreso, en donde se desarrolla la idea del universo en contfnua transformaci6n. Los prill cipiOS fedemdOS. que es el primer intento de presentar el desarrollo de la - idea libertaria de organizacidn federal, como una alternativa practica al na- paz, cionalismo polftico. La Quema y la que fue el mismo tftulo empleado - por Ledn Tolstoi, en su obra maestra de la literatura. Proudhon aceptd aisladamente el nombre de anarquista, aunque sus mas inmedia- No tos sucesores, prefirieron llamarse a sf mismos mutualistas. se puede con- siderar a Proudhon como el creador de la teorfa anarquista, pero sl comparte con Godwin, el credit0 de elaborar la teorfa que inspird al movimiento anar- quista. ...I VI Henri Tolain y Charles Limousin fueron los 1Ideres de la faccidn Proudhoniana de la primera i-nternacional de trabajadores. Su principio fundamental fue el de que la salvacidn de los trabajadores proviene de ellos mismos. Proudhon - vivi6 los acontecimientos de 1848 y vi6 con esperanza la fundacibn de la in- ternacional; los trabajadores que continuaron sus ideas formaron parte de dos generaciones revolucionarias: la de 1848 y la de 1871, durante La Comuna de - Par1 s. El anarquismo llevado a la practica de la acci6n, se inici6 como movimiento, con la participacidn de MijaIl Bakunin (1814-1876); quien en cada una de sus acciones expres6 et aspecto Jsdrastico de la anarqula: fue conspirador, prc pagandista y organizador. Es el que encabeza a la corriente colectivista, - que sustituye la idea de Proudhon de propiedad individual, por la posesi6n cc muna1 voluntaria. Cmescritor no dej6 ninguna obra completa, lo que posi- blemente. dificulta la reconstrucci6n de su pensamiento. La participacibn de Bakunin en la Primera Internacional, le di6 su gran signi- ficaci6n posterior. Dej6 Rusia en 1840 y en Alemania conocid a Arnold Ruge,- llder de la juventud hegeliana, que vela al metodo dialktico colso la posibi- lidad de probar que todo sedesarrollaba en un constante fluir y que la revo- pe_ luci6n era mas real que la reacci6n.
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