DOCSLIB.ORG

TCP/IP Foundations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TCP/IP Foundations 4370.book Page i Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM TCP/IP Foundations 4370.book Page ii Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM 4370.book Page iii Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM TCP/IP Foundations Andrew G. Blank San Francisco ◆ London 4370.book Page iv Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM Associate Publisher: Neil Edde Acquisitions Editor: Heather O’Connor Developmental Editor: Heather O’Connor Production Editor: Rachel Gunn Copyeditor: Anamary Ehlen Compositor: Craig Woods, Happenstance Type-O-Rama Graphic Illustrator: Tony Jonick, Rappid Rabbit Proofreaders: Laurie O'Connell, Nancy Riddiough Indexer: Lynnzee Elze Book Designer: Judy Fung Cover Design: Ingalls + Associates Cover Photo: Jerry Driendl, Taxi Copyright © 2004 SYBEX Inc., 1151 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501. World rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, including but not limited to photo- copy, photograph, magnetic, or other record, without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher. An earlier version of this book was published under the title TCP/IP JumpStart © 2002 SYBEX Inc. Library of Congress Card Number: 2004109311 ISBN: 0-7821-4370-9 SYBEX and the SYBEX logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of SYBEX Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Screen reproductions produced with Collage Complete and FullShot 99. FullShot 99 © 1991–1999 Inbit Incorporated. All rights reserved. FullShot is a trademark of Inbit Incorporated. Collage Complete is a trademark of Inner Media Inc. TRADEMARKS: SYBEX has attempted throughout this book to distinguish proprietary trademarks from descriptive terms by fol- lowing the capitalization style used by the manufacturer. The author and publisher have made their best efforts to prepare this book, and the content is based upon final release software whenever possible. Portions of the manuscript may be based upon pre-release versions supplied by software manufacturer(s). The author and the publisher make no representation or warranties of any kind with regard to the completeness or accuracy of the con- tents herein and accept no liability of any kind including but not limited to performance, merchantability, fitness for any particular purpose, or any losses or damages of any kind caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly from this book. Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4370.book Page v Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM To my inspiration, my encourager, my perfect match, my best friend, and the love of my life, my wife, Suzie, you have had a profound and awesome impact on my life. I love you very much. To my son, A.J. and my daughter, Amber, I treasure your love and have tremendous pride in both of you; Daddy loves you so much. 4370.book Page vi Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM Acknowledgments Several people have assisted me in many ways while writing this book. I’d like to acknowledge their contribu- tions and offer my sincere appreciation. I appreciate several devoted people at Sybex. I have had the privilege of working closely with some very talented people, especially Rachel Gunn and Heather O’Connor. Anamary Ehlen did an exceptional job of editing my garbled-up thoughts into complete sentences. Many thanks to Sybex production department, including proof- readers Laurie O'Connell and Nancy Riddiough, indexer Lynnzee Elze, and compositor Craig Woods at Hap- penstance Type-O-Rama, who diligently turned text into print. I applaud the imagination and creativity of Tony Jonick in turning my sketches into illustrations. What an awesome honor to work with all of you! I’d like to acknowledge the encouragement and prayers of my family and friends. All things are possible! 4370.book Page vii Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM Contents Introduction xiii Chapter 1 The Origin of TCP/IP and the Internet 1 What Is TCP/IP? . 2 Features of TCP/IP . 2 The Origins of the Internet: ARPAnet . 3 ARPAnet’s Requirements . 4 Requests For Comments . 5 The Birth of TCP/IP . 6 Design Goals of TCP/IP . 7 Moving Data across the Network . 7 Moving Data on a Circuit-Switched Network . 8 Moving Data on a Packet-Switched Network . 8 Why Use TCP/IP? . 10 Terms to Know . 11 Review Questions . 12 Chapter 2 Protocols 13 What Are Protocols? . 14 Protocols Move Packets of Data . 15 Why We Need Protocols and Standards . 17 The OSI Reference Model . 18 The Seven Layers of the OSI Model . 19 Responsibilities of Each Layer . 19 How the OSI Model Is Used . 23 TCP/IP and the DoD Model . 24 Terms to Know . 25 Review Questions . 26 Chapter 3 The Network Interface and Internet Layers 27 The Network Interface Layer . 28 Hardware Address . 29 The Internet Layer . 30 Internet Protocol (IP) . 32 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) . 35 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) . 38 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) . 40 Terms to Know . 43 Review Questions . 44 4370.book Page viii Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM viii Contents Chapter 4 The Transport Layer 45 Understanding the Transport Layer . 46 Understanding Transmission Control Protocol . 47 Using a Three-Way Handshake . 48 Organizing Data and Guaranteeing Delivery . 49 Understanding User Datagram Protocol . 49 UDP Communication . 50 Terms to Know . 52 Review Questions . 53 Chapter 5 The Application Layer 55 Understanding the Application Layer . 56 Understanding Ports and Sockets . 56 Well-Known Ports . 57 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) . 58 How FTP Works . 59 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) . 60 Ports and Firewalls . 62 Requesting a Service in the TCP/IP Stack . 62 The Firewall is Protecting the LAN . 63 Terms to Know . 64 Review Questions . 65 Chapter 6 IP Addressing 67 What Is IP Addressing? . 68 Numbering Systems . 68 Reviewing Binary and Decimal Numbering Systems . 69 Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal . 70 Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary . 71 IP Addresses . 76 IP Address Classes . 78 Class A Addresses . 78 Class B Addresses . 79 Class C Addresses . 80 Class D Addresses . 81 Class E Addresses . 81 IP Address Class Summary . 82 Terms to Know . 83 Review Questions . 84 Chapter 7 Addressing IP Hosts 85 Installing and Assigning IP Addresses . 86 Manual IP Address Configuration . 86 4370.book Page ix Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM Contents ix Installing TCP/IP on Windows XP and 2003 . 86 Installing TCP/IP on Windows 2000 . 90 Installing TCP/IP on Windows NT . 93 Installing TCP/IP on Windows 95/98 . 96 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) . 99 Obtaining an IP Address from a DHCP Server . 100 DHCP Discover . 100 DHCP Offer . 101 DHCP Request . 103 DHCP Acknowledgment . 105 DHCP Leases . 107 DHCP IP Address Renewal . 109 Reserving DHCP IP Addresses . 110 Setting the Lease Duration . 110 Setting DHCP Scopes and Options . 111 Terms to Know . 112 Review Questions . 113 Chapter 8 Introduction to Subnet Masks 115 What Is a Subnet Mask? . 116 Network and Host . 118 Identifying a Local or Remote Network . 119 Standard Subnet Masks . 122 Class A Addresses . 122 Class B Addresses . 122 Class C Addresses . 122 Terms to Know . 123 Review Questions . 124 Chapter 9 Using Custom Subnet Masks 127 Custom Subnet Masks . 128 Creating Additional Networks . 130 Subnetting Rules . 130 Creating a Custom Subnet Mask . 131 Class A Subnet Masks . 149 Class B Subnet Masks . 150 Class C Subnet Masks . 151 Terms to Know . 152 Review Questions . 153 Chapter 10 Supernetting and CIDR 155 IP Address Allocation . 156 Limitations of the Classful System . 156 The Trouble with Class B . 156 4370.book Page.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mainframe OSA Connectivity and Routing in a Cisco Environment Junnie Sadler Cisco Systems
    Mainframe OSA Connectivity and Routing in a Cisco Environment Junnie Sadler Cisco Systems August 02, 2010 Objective • Give audience members exposure to the router/networking world beyond the mainframe • Impart an appreciation of network design issues • Present the network as a whole vs Box Centric • Enable greater ability to troubleshoot connectivity/performance problems • Not to make CCIE‟s out of anyone • Not to sell Cisco equipment 2 SHARE Boston 2010© Copyright Cisco Systems, Inc. 2008 All rights reserved Overview • Background – IP From the Mainframe's View • Mainframe IP Communications ` Hypersockets , XCF • IP Routing Protocols: Static, RIP (v1 & v2), OSPF • Network Design Considerations: 3 SHARE Boston 2010© Copyright Cisco Systems, Inc. 2008 All rights reserved Mainframe view of the Network • The network is just a big cloud • Stuff happens ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4 SHARE Boston 2010© Copyright Cisco Systems, Inc. 2008 All rights reserved Network view of the Mainframe • Sysplex – isn‟t that a big movie theater • VIPA – that‟s a poisonous snake, right? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? • LPAR – is that something Tiger Woods worries about? 5 SHARE Boston 2010© Copyright Cisco Systems, Inc. 2008 All rights reserved IP Connectivity Evolution 10 Gig OSA OSA Express OSA CIP/CPA 3172 6 SHARE Boston 2010© Copyright Cisco Systems, Inc. 2008 All rights reserved Background • - Mainframe as a IP Server • - Driving Factors toward IP Routing Requirements: • New Applications are IP Based • QoS (Quality of Service) required for these Applications • Old SNA Applications being re-written or replaced with IP transport (EE) Enterprise Extender • TN3270 Application Requirements (IP to & from the MF) • Data Replication – IP Based High Performance Requirements • VIPA (Virtual IP Address) • IP Load Balancing between Sysplex 7 SHARE Boston 2010© Copyright Cisco Systems, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • REDDIG II – Computer Networking Training
    REDDIG II – Computer Networking Training JM SANCHEZ / PH RASSAT - 20/06/2012 IP Addressing and Subnetting Invierno 2011 | Capacitacion en fabrica - CORPAC IP Addressing and Subnetting IP Addresses An IP address is an address used to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The address is made up of 32 binary bits which can be divisible into a network portion and host portion with the help of a subnet mask. 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet = 8 bits) Dotted decimal format (for example, 172.16.254.1) REDDIG II | Network Course | Module 2 | 3 IP Addressing and Subnetting Binary and Decimal Conversion REDDIG II | Network Course | Module 2 | 4 IP Addressing and Subnetting IP Address Classes • IP classes are used to assist in assigning IP addresses to networks with different size requirements. • Classful addressing: REDDIG II | Network Course | Module 2 | 5 IP Addressing and Subnetting Private Address Range • Private IP addresses provide an entirely separate set of addresses that still allow access on a network but without taking up a public IP address space. • Private addresses are not allowed to be routed out to the Internet, so devices using private addresses cannot communicate directly with devices on the Internet. REDDIG II | Network Course | Module 2 | 6 IP Addressing and Subnetting Network Masks • Distinguishes which portion of the address identifies the network and which portion of the address identifies the node. • Default masks: Class A: 255.0.0.0 Class B: 255.255.0.0 Class C: 255.255.255.0 • Once you have the address and the mask represented in binary, then identification of the network and host ID is easier.
    [Show full text]
  • 20. Part 4 Chapter 19
    Network Layer Objectives The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet, possi­ bly across multiple networks (links). Whereas the data link layer oversees the delivery of the packet between two systems on the same network (links), the network layer ensures that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final destination. The network layer is responsible for the delivery ofindividual packets from the source to the destination host. The network layer adds a header that includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver to the packet corning from the upper layer. If a packet travels through the Internet, we need this addressing system to help distinguish the source and destination. When independent networks or links are connected together to create an internet­ work, routers or switches route packets to their final destination. One of the functions of the network layer is to provide a routing mechanism. In Part 4 of the book, we first discuss logical addressing (referred to as IP addressing in the Internet). We then discuss the main as well as some auxiliary protocols that are responsible for controlling the delivery of a packet from its source to its destination. Part 4 of the book is devoted to the network layer and the services provided by this layer. Chapters This part consists of four chapters: Chapters 19 to 22. Chapter 19 Chapter 19 discusses logical or IP addressing. We first discuss the historical classful addressing. We then describe the new classless addressing designed to alleviate some problems inherent in classful addressing.
    [Show full text]
  • Subnetting and Supernetting
    Chapter 5 Subnetting And Supernetting Hyung Min Lee Subnetting and Supernetting About subnetting & Supernetting • In subnetting, a network is divided into several smaller subnetwork with each subnetwork(or subnet) having its own subnetwork address. • In supernetting, an organization can combine several class C addresses to create a larger range of addresses(supernetwork). 5.1 SUBNETTING • Class A, B, C in IP addressing are designed with two levels of hierarchy.(netis and hostid) • The organization has two-level hierarchical addressing, but it cannot have more than one physical network./ The host cannot be organized into groups, and all of the hosts are at the same level./ The organization has one network with many hosts. • One solution to this problem is subnetting, the further division of a network into smaller networks called subnetworks. Hyung Min Lee Figure 5-1 A network with two levels of hierarchy (not subnetted) Hyung Min Lee Figure 5-2 A network with three levels of hierarchy (subnetted) The router R1 uses the first two octet(141.14)as the netid, the third octet(2) as the subnetid, and the fourth octet(21) as the hostid. Hyung Min Lee Subnetting and Supernetting Three Levels of Hierarchy • Adding subnetworks creates an intermediate level of hierarchy in the IP addressing system. – Netid: It defines the site. – Subnetid : It defines the physical subnetwork – Hostid: It defines the connection of the host to the network. Hyung Min Lee Figure 5-3 Addresses in a network with and without subnetting Hyung Min Lee Figure 5-4 Hierarchy concept in a telephone number Hyung Min Lee Subnetting and Supernetting 5.2 MASKING • Masking is a process that extracts the address of the physical network from an IP address.
    [Show full text]
  • End-To-End Arguments in the Internet: Principles, Practices, and Theory
    End-to-End Arguments in the Internet: Principles, Practices, and Theory vorgelegt von Matthias Bärwolff Von der Fakultät IV Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr. Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Anja Feldmann (Vorsitzende) Prof. Dr. Bernd Lutterbeck (Berichter) Dr. David D. Clark (Berichter) Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 22. Oktober 2010 Berlin 2010 D 83 Dissertation submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Technische Universität Berlin in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Dr. Ing. Advisers: Prof. em. Dr. iur. Bernd Lutterbeck, Technische Universität Berlin Dr. David D. Clark, Massachusetts Institute of Technology I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Auslandsdienst, DAAD) who have given me a scholarship for a stay at MIT in early 2009. Diese Doktorarbeit wurde mit finanzieller Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Auslandsdiensts (DAAD) in Form eines dreimonatigen Doktorandenstipendiums im Jahr 2009 angefertigt. © Copyright 2010 by Matthias Bärwolff www.bärwolff.de [email protected] +49 30 20238852 rinciples are often more effective guides for action when they appear as no more than an unreasoned prejudice, Pa general feeling that certain things simply “are not done”; while as soon as they are explicitly stated speculation begins about their correctness and their validity. [ . ] Once the instinctive certainty is lost, perhaps as a result of unsuccessful attempts to put into words principles that had been observed “intuitively”, there is no way of regaining such guidance other than to search for a correct statement of what before was known implicitly.
    [Show full text]
  • Cisco IOS Quality of Service Solutions Configuration Guide Release 12.4
    Cisco IOS Quality of Service Solutions Configuration Guide Release 12.4 Corporate Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 526-4100 Customer Order Number: DOC-7817485= Text Part Number: 78-17485-01 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB’s public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 2: Internet Overview
    Lecture 2: Internet overview Anirudh Sivaraman 2018/10/16 In the previous lecture, we discussed the five-layer model of networking. In this lecture, we will discuss four topics. First, we'll look at the original goals for the Internet when it was first designed. This is useful because it'll help us understand why the Internet is the way it is. Second, we'll look at two approaches to building networks: packet and circuit switching. We'll explain why the Internet picked packet switching given its goals. Third, we'll look at the five layers in a bit more detail and understand where (host or router) each layer is implemented in the Internet, again given the goals of the Internet. Fourth, we'll conclude by discussing how we measure the Internet's performance. 1 The Internet's original goals 1.1 Why care about the Internet's original goals? The first quarter of today's lecture might be a bit abstract, but it's required because it provides the underlying context for the rest of the course. Things will become more concrete as we proceed through the rest of the lecture and the rest of the course. Let's begin with the definition of the term internet. The term \internet" (short for internetwork or internetworking) refers to any network of interconnected networks. The term \Inter- net" (with the capital I) refers to the global system of interconnected networks that we use in our day-to-day lives.1 First, what kinds of networks does the Internet interconnect? Examples of such networks are all around us.
    [Show full text]
  • 05 SK1 CS D Computer Network 11-11-19.Pmd
    CLASS TEST S.No. : 05 SK1_CS_D_111119 Computer Network Delhi | Noida | Bhopal | Hyderabad | Jaipur | Lucknow | Indore | Pune | Bhubaneswar | Kolkata | Patna Web: www.madeeasy.in | E-mail: [email protected] | Ph: 011-45124612 CLASS TEST 2019-2020 COMPUTER SCIENCE & IT Date of Test : 11/11/2019 ANSWER KEY h Computer Network 1. (b) 7. (a) 13. (d) 19. (c) 25. (a) 2. (d) 8. (c) 14. (b) 20. (a) 26. (d) 3. (d) 9. (d) 15. (c) 21. (d) 27. (d) 4. (d) 10. (b) 16. (c) 22. (b) 28. (d) 5. (d) 11. (c) 17. (a) 23. (b) 29. (d) 6 (d) 12. (d) 18. (a) 24. (c) 30. (b) CT-2019 | CS • Computer Network 7 DETAILED EXPLANATIONS 1. (b) Given: Number of subnets = 200 (27 < 200 < 28) Number of systems per subnet = 220 Default mask for class B = 255 . 255 . 0 . 0 (i.e, 16 bits for NID and 16 Bits for HID) Check whether 200 × 220 < 216 16 bits 16 bits Now, NID 8bits 8bits SID HID We can use 255 . 255 . 255 . 0 2. (d) Option (a), (b), (c) are true All the interfaces of the router must belong to different network. Note: The above given statements are rules to deploy a router. 3. (d) The respective values are 7001, 6001. For X, acknowledgement of SYN is send. As these are only control segments, no data is shared. Only 1 sequence number is consumed. Hence 7001, 6001 is correct answer. For Y, acknowledgement fo FIN is send. 4. (d) TCP provides flow control, error control whereas UDP donot provide flow control and error control.
    [Show full text]
  • TCP/IP Reference Model and Protocol Layering
    -Madhavi Dave • The pre-requisite for Advanced Networking is the basic knowledge of TCP/IP reference model and Protocol Layering. • TCP/IP internet as a virtual network built by interconnecting physical networks with routers. • This chapter discusses addressing, an essential ingredient that helps TCP/IP software hide physical network details and makes the resulting internet appear to be a single, uniform entity. • TCP/IP uses tern host to refer to the end system that attaches to internet. • A host can be small/large, general purpose/special purpose computer. • A host may have user interface or embedded system for input/output process. • The internet divides all machines into two classes: • Router • Host • To make the communication system universal, it needs global identifying system for each host. • These identifiers are classified as names, addresses or routes. • In general, human prefers to use pronounceable names to identify computers, while software works more efficiently on binary identifiers. • Thus the decision was made to standardize on compact binary address. • The internet is considered as a large network; just the difference is that the internet is a virtual structure. • Because the internet is virtual, the designers are free to choose packet size, address, delivery techniques, etc. • The designers of TCP/IP chose a scheme analogous to physical network addressing in which each host is assigned a unique number called Internet Protocol Address. • Usually, computers communicate through the Internet. The packet transmitted by the sending computer may pass through several LANs or WANs before reaching the destination computer. • For this level of communication, we need a global addressing scheme; we called this logical addressing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Address and Networks the IP Address Structure
    The address and Networks Every computer that sends the data must have a unique identifier. Such an identifier is usually called an address. In some network technologies, the address indicates a specific machine, while in others indicates the point of attachment to the network, which is commonly called the interface. As a result, a single machine on a network that has several interfaces can have several IP addresses, one for each of these interfaces. Interfaces are usually physically distinguishable connections (i.e. the sockets to which the network cable is connected), but they can also be logical connections that have one common physical connection. You may also come across another solution called interface multiplexing, which is used in the ATM network. The ATM logical host division are several groups that allows every single group to be treated as a separate logical network even though all the hosts are attached to one physical network. The equipment connected to this type of physical network can simultaneously belong to several logical networks thanks to establishing several logical connections, each with its own IP address. Machines that have multiple addresses are referred to as multi-homed. All routers are multihomed by definition, as they transport packets between several networks. However, not all machines are referred to as multi-homed routers, e.g. one machine can have several connections to the network and perform the function of a file server shared by several different networks without routing information between these networks. The IP address structure IP addresses are 32 bits long. They are considered as a sequence of four bytes or, in other words, four octets (8-bit bytes).
    [Show full text]
  • IP-Addressing-Tutorial.Pdf
    _____________________________________________________________ Application Note _____________________________________________________________ IP Addressing A Simplified Tutorial July 2002 COMPAS ID 92962 Avaya Labs 1 All information in this document is subject to change without notice. Although the information is believed to be accurate, it is provided without guarantee of complete accuracy and without warranty of any kind. It is the user’s responsibility to verify and test all information in this document. Avaya shall not be liable for any adverse outcomes resulting from the application of this document; the user must take full responsibility. 2 Companion document • LANs and VLANs: A Simplified Tutorial http://www1.avaya.com/enterprise/whitepapers/vlan-tutorial.pdf 3 Introduction The purpose of this tutorial is to give the newcomer to data networking a basic understanding of IP addressing. The following topics are covered. – IP addressing fundamentals – Classful IP addressing – Subnet masks – Variable length subnet masks (VLSM) – Classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) – Routing and routing protocols 4 IP Addressing Fundamentals 5 OSI and TCP/IP OSI Reference TCP/IP Terms used in this tutorial Model 7 – Application 6 – Presentation Application 5 – Session 4 – Transport Host – to – Host TCP port, UDP port (TCP/UDP) 3 – Network Internet (IP) IP address 2 – Data LinkNetwork Interface MAC address 1 – Physical • This table is presented for reference purposes. – The first column shows the 7-layer OSI Reference Model, which is a model used to design protocols that make networking possible. – The second column shows the TCP/IP protocol stack in reference to the OSI model. TCP/IP is the prevalent protocol stack for data networking. –The third column shows that an IP address is a layer 3 (L3) address, as well as its relationship to the MAC address and TCP/UDP port, which are not covered in this tutorial.
    [Show full text]
  • Website Hosting Data and Analysis
    STATISTIKA 2019 99 (1) Website Hosting Data and Analysis Petr Ilgner 1 | Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic Dan Komosný 2 | Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic Saeed Ur Rehman 3 | Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand Abstract We have collected a large dataset – more than 21 000 websites – through web-crawling the public resources of the Czech Internet. Te proposed method for website hosting detection along with their geographic location and sofware were applied on the collected data to extend basic statistical information about the Czech websites published by the national domain registrar CZ.NIC. For analysis, we divided the data into nine categories to show differences between them, for example, between the public and private sector. The procedures used in this paper may also be applied for an extended analysis of websites in other countries, for example, for verifcation of fulfllment of legal directives to be implemented by public sector. Keywords JEL code Internet, web content, hosting, geographical location, Czech Republic, CZ.NIC C63, C80, L86 INTRODUCTION Statistical data about the Internet in a country are used for various purposes. An example may be verifcation of fulfllment of legal directives issued by a government to be implemented by governmental institutions, public sector entities, and Internet Service Providers (ISP). From the user’s point of view, the data may be also used for checking the shared resource plans as published by web hosting service providers. In various countries, there are national domain registrars that publish statistical data about the national Internet. Tese data may provide information about domains, DNSSEC, DNS trafc, IPv6, registries, etc.
    [Show full text]