Future of Zoo and Aquarium Design

.. 17Vol. 2016 II WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 1

Editorial ...... 1 Susan A. Chin & Markus Gusset

Zoo and Aquarium Design – Yesterday, We are pleased to bring you the first Design for zoos and aquariums How do we stay relevant? Under- Today and (the Day after) Tomorrow ...... 3 WAZA Magazine dedicated to exhibit involves much more than “enclosure standing why we are or are not Peter Rasbach design at zoos and aquariums. Why design”. In addition to animal exhibit relevant to different audiences can would we focus on design when there spaces, it is vital to consider behind- help us design exhibits to reach a Advocacy Through Thematic Design ...... 8 are so many pressing issues facing the-scenes management and support broader audience. Increasing our visi- L. Azeo Torre zoos and aquariums? Simply put, areas, associated public spaces and tors’ understanding of the important design is a critical tool that can shape tactical approaches to story-telling, conservation and science work done Showcasing Science and Research ...... 12 our animals’ well-being and our visi- including high- or low-tech interpre- at zoos and aquariums can help cre- Charles G. Mayes & Ed Mastro tors’ experiences. It determines how tive media. As we think about the ate relevant connections. Also, as we tell our stories and creates the future of zoo and aquarium design, it zoos and aquariums are increasingly Zoo and Aquarium Design – primary physical interface with our is important to consider the advances involved in local conservation pro- The impact of Experience ...... 16 visitors. It influences the efficiency of the past and to pose key questions jects, we are positioned as a source Kieran Stanley and effectiveness of our facilities and about the directions in which our of environmental information and significantly impacts animal care and institutions may evolve. opportunities for action. Designing Zoos and Aquariums welfare. Zoo and aquarium design as Conservation Organisations ...... 20 should not be simply about creat- What is our mission? Each zoo or How do we define and design our visi- John Kemper ing novel ways to house and view aquarium will have a specific mission tor experience? Our unique and defin- animals; it has to serve a greater pur- relevant to their organisation and ing element is living animals. How Designing for Active Animals ...... 24 pose, one that engages our visitors in cultural context, but today most are do we facilitate and interpret staring Greg Dykstra our conservation and animal welfare (or will be) defining themselves in into the eyes of another species; missions. the broader context of supporting contact with another sentient being? Wellness-inspired Design for Elephants ...... 28 conservation. Holistic integration of How do we use this to best effect? In Júlia Hanuliaková Over the past few decades, the com- our conservation mission from animal many places, zoos and aquariums are plex and unique considerations that exhibits, to merchandise in the gift an antidote to urbanity; a place to Land of Lions at ZSL London Zoo ...... 32 go into designing zoos and aquariums shop, to marketing is essential. We connect with nature and escape daily Ray Hole has led to the emergence of a highly need to be engines for conservation life. People have always come to zoos skilled and motivated cadre of zoo- funding, innovators of research and and aquariums to make memories Woodland Park Zoo’s Banyan Wilds: logical design specialists. The articles science that support conservation, and we facilitate this important social Conservation and Connection with Asia’s that follow examine questions around stewards and propagators of insur- bonding experience. Malayan Tigers and Sloth Bears ...... 36 the future of zoo and aquarium de- ance populations and – perhaps Becca Hanson & Monica Lake sign from the perspective of some of most critically – places that facilitate What are the most impactful and ap- the leading practitioners in the field, conservation awareness and action propriate design strategies? Land- Imprint A Playground in Nature: all of them members of or affiliated for our millions of visitors. scape immersion can be an effective Longsha Zoological and Botanical Garden with WAZA. strategy in some situations, but it is Editors: Markus Gusset & Susan A. Chin in China ...... 40 Who are our audiences and what do not necessarily appropriate every- WAZA Executive Office Patrick Janikowski, James Brighton, they want? This will differ depending where. How do we use all of the tools IUCN Conservation Centre Joyce Lee & Terry O’Connor on location and history. Understand- in our toolkit to engage our visitors? Rue Mauverney 28 ing not just sociological and demo- Graphics, interactives, technology, CH-1196 Gland ZooLex by the Numbers ...... 45 graphic composition of our audiences, events, programmes, live interpreta- Switzerland Monika Fiby but knowing more about visitors’ tion can all play an important role in Phone: +41 22 999 07 90 expectations will give us a framework achieving our goals and they all have Fax: +41 22 999 07 91 for designing meaningful and engag- design implications. ing visitor experiences. Layout and typesetting: [email protected] How can we support our mission Cover: Roy Lewis/Detroit Zoo & with design? Opportunities for new Júlia Hanuliaková/Zoo Design Inc. revenue streams can be thematically Print: Agentura NP, Staré Město, Czech Republic integrated into master plans and new exhibits to support financial growth. Edition: 600 copies | © WAZA 2016

This edition of WAZA Magazine is also available on www.waza.org. 1 WCS Vice President of Planning & Design Printed on FSC paper. and Chief Architect 2 WAZA Chief Conservation Officer

ISSN: 2074-4528 2 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 3

Peter Rasbach1,* Zoo and Aquarium Design – Yesterday, Today and (the Day after) Tomorrow

Summary Which task must zoo design perform Immersing Exhibits in this area of conflict? The large This article provides numerous city zoos that were created after the With their master plan for Woodland examples of exhibits throughout the French Revolution in Vienna, Paris, Park Zoo, Jones & Jones sustainably recent history of zoo design. These London and other locations, show influence the zoo architecture in 1978. examples range from the invention of exotic animals in ethnographically In a landscaped zoo, animals and immersing exhibits and their global orientated, stylised structures with visitors are integrated into recre- spread, to exemplary exhibits where small iron cages and generously ated biotope or ecosystem scenarios size matters, to important design sized visitor areas. In addition to resembling the wild, based on the considerations. The development of purely satisfying curiosity, with the immersion principle. zoos and zoo design runs in parallel establishment of zoological societies with one another. in London, Frankfurt and New York, Facilities attempt to simulate a the seeds are sown for interest in the nature scenario as precisely as pos- “Zoos and Aquariums Are morphology of animals and initial sible, by showing animals as living, not for Animals, They Are serious research in the mid-19th interactive parts of the landscape for People” century. Botanical and zoological in their natural communities and to © Julie Larsen Maher/WCS gardens evolve in parallel, with few integrate the viewer by using the Good zoo and aquarium design engages our visitors in our conservation and animal welfare missions. This criticism, which is often raised by exceptions. same type of characteristic design zoo opponents, is increasingly also elements (plants, rocks, soils, etc.). being shared by zoo experts. Never- In 1907, in his zoo in Hamburg-Stel- Boundaries are hidden or, if they theless, or specifically as a confirma- lingen, Carl Hagenbeck presents the are obviously identifiable as being What are the elements of design that How do we use design to support The projects featured in this edition tion of this, over 700 million people a innovation of animals in open enclo- artificial, they are allocated to the facilitate the best in animal care and sustainable populations? As we design of the WAZA Magazine illustrate year visit one of the more than 1,000 sures, in spacious, replica panoramas, viewer; steel nets or glass fit better welfare? Designers focus on the master plans and individual exhib- a variety of responses to some of organised zoos worldwide, with the thereby sustainably revolutionising to an observation hut than into a wild public experience, but without good its, we need to consider space for these questions. In a time when the trend rising in line with a growing zoo architecture. In spite of these be- environment. A maximum experi- support spaces and infrastructure, propagation and science. Partner- role of our institutions is increasingly human population and the associated ginnings, after the end of World War ence value is achieved for people zoos and aquariums cannot function. ships with other zoos and aquariums subjected to scrutiny and criticism, alienation from nature. With this, a II, a long period begins during which and animals, where facilities can be Animal holding spaces, life support can provide shared resources of and yet the need for what we offer continuing negative process from the animal enclosures are planned and wandered through and unexpected systems, propagation spaces are just space, scientific expertise or funding is growing, the importance of good, 1980s and 1990s is being reversed, built according to hygiene considera- and exciting encounters occur, with a few of the necessary programmatic and including these programmatic holistic design is more important in which the question regarding the tions and with the aim of breeding the aim of stimulating all senses. This needs. Best practices in husbandry elements in design can support col- than ever. purpose of such facilities is concern- successes being as comprehensive new design language quickly spreads and animal welfare reveal changing lective efforts for conservation and ing the public with unprecedented as possible. Concrete, tiles, glass and in the Anglo-American region, where physical and psychological needs, sustainable populations. clarity and radicalism. Permanently stainless steel, all products of the hu- zoos such as in San Diego, Cincin- which can be facilitated by good and increasingly in recent times, man environment, widely determine nati and New York still have a model design. society is dealing with the contro- the zoo structures of those times. character today. versial question of the right to keep “exotic animals” in “captivity” and The collections of zoos continue to “exhibit” them. In addition to the basic be supplemented from the wild. In question of ethics, size, safety and spite of increasing knowledge about particularly design are being critically the medical and behavioural require- questioned. ments of the animals, these circumstances continue into the 1980s. Dur- ing that time, local authorities and sponsoring organisations support and promote zoos as culturally important 1 Rasbach Architekten, facilities. However, zoos were and Oberhausen, Germany are always essentially an emotional * E-mail for correspondence: matter. [email protected] 4 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 5

Through adapted projects, the design These habitats take place in extensive Size Matters principle enters into Europe, first with mixed-species exhibits (e.g. Kiwara- Burgers’ Zoo (eco-displays) and Rot- Savanne at Leipzig Zoo or Savanna at Even if it does not generally apply terdam Zoo in the Netherlands, and Borås Zoo); diverse, thematically laid that size alone is not decisive, but the with Basel and Zurich zoos in Switzer- out enclosure sequences (e.g. Tiger quality of an animal friendly habitat land, to then set new benchmarks in River at San Diego Zoo, Jungle Trails scenario is determined by numer- Germany in 1996 with the Gorillaberg at Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden ous species-specific factors, the at Hanover Adventure Zoo. Since or Congo Gorilla Forest at Bronx Zoo); realisation is also manifesting itself then, comparable projects have fol- or climate shells with controllable in professional circles that for several lowed in many zoos around the world. conditions (e.g. Jungle World at Bronx species, such as elephants and bears, These projects have in common that Zoo, Lied Jungle at Omaha’s Henry but even for the socialisation of herd in addition to the optimum keeping Doorly Zoo & Aquarium or Burgers’ animals, or species that tend to en- and presentation of the animals, the Bush). This still trend-setting design counter one another rarely in nature, methods of leisure parks are be- approach is characterised by a high large, well-structured enclosures are ing used to a varying extent, in an degree of perfection in front of and a compulsory prerequisite. attempt to integrate humans and ani- behind the scenes. One of the imple- mals into a common scenario, which mentations of this philosophy, and is intended to convey sympathy and still the most consistent, is Disney’s understanding, practical knowledge Animal Kingdom that opened in 1998 and the incentive to deal with the and only shows animals in two geo- animal and its habitat. graphical zones.

Zoos, Aquariums and Their Design – Quo Vadis?

The development of zoos and zoo design runs in parallel with one another and so rapidly that it is barely possible to obtain an overview. New ideas that come up again and again to reinvent the zoos of the 21st century – entirely as intend by animal rights activists – as substitute “electronic zoos” will remain on the fringes, because nothing can truly replace the experience of coming eye-to-eye with a living being, to hear, smell, observe and maybe even touch it.

Also, spectacular design approaches – such as the 2014 master plan for Givskud Zoo as a cage-less zootopia park without enclosures, in which the visitor is intended to be a guest with the animals – must still be put to the test, with respect to their potential to be realised. Visitor participation will increase, following the example of Bronx Zoo’s Congo Gorilla Forest, where at the end of their visit, visitors can individually decide on touchscreen monitors which in situ projects the (separately charged) admission fee should be used for.

The most recent developments are sibilities, in order to facilitate previ- Design Matters Although many years of experi- With the integration of appropri- However, in order to obtain the moral creating habitats in mega-halls (e.g. ously unknown animal encounters ence have shown that the natural ate elements of environmental and legitimacy at all, those zoo represent- Gondwanaland at Leipzig Zoo or and increase the experience character Some current zoo design trends requirements of zoo animals can behavioural enrichment and the atives of their conspecifics in nature Jungola at Wildlands Adventure Zoo and authenticity for animals and visi- show irritating solutions. Financial also be comprehensively satisfied facilitation of interaction between must find a habitat that is – uncom- Emmen); are attempting unusual tors alike. Even though large invest- constraints, regulation frenzy for with artificial materials, comparative the animals with one another (social promisingly – designed according to and exciting socialisation in exten- ments will always be criticised by zoo awarding contracts and the wish scientific studies have shown that the groups), with visitors and keepers the latest knowledge of zoo biology sive enclosures (e.g. Kiwara-Kopje at opponents, a larger target group will for individuality and originality, in stress hormone level of marmosets, (e.g. commented feedings) and other and is continuously adapted and de- Leipzig Zoo or Giants of the Savanna be reached through the increased particular, have led to architectural for example, is significantly lower in animal species (e.g. through socialisa- veloped, as manifested by WAZA in at Dallas Zoo); or are forming un- attractiveness and therefore also the recourse to eras that were consid- naturalistic enclosures (research by tion and visual or olfactory stimula- Caring for Wildlife: The World Zoo and derwater worlds in new dimensions chance for a deeper understanding ered long overcome in recent years, Udo Ganslosser and Annika Schim- tion), zoo design approaches one of Aquarium Animal Welfare Strategy. (e.g. Chimelong Ocean Kingdom or and awareness. through the associated competition melpfennig). With high probability, the remaining problems, too. Rota- S.E.A. Aquarium). Here, zoo design procedures. Museum-like architec- it can be assumed that this result is tion enclosures and trails across visi- The zoo of the future must continu- is gauging the limits of technical pos- tures with pieces of artificial rockwork applicable at least to other highly tor walkways for species of all types ously be aware that to fulfil its undis- as wallpaper are “sold” as natural developed animal species. Therefore, and sizes represent current trends. puted scientific, ecological and social habitats; barriers between animals the partially complex, naturalistic functions, the acceptance and ap- and visitors are accepted or even em- design of a facility is not only of proval of the visitors are essential and phasised; and exposed concrete and significant importance for the human for this, it must use a contemporary stainless steel have returned. viewer, as is so often pointed out by presentation, naturally, in addition to zoo opponents, but also for the well- optimum animal keeping. being of its inhabitants. 8 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 9

L. Azeo Torre1,* Advocacy Through Thematic Design

Summary Introduction

Designing zoo exhibits is one of the We must be story-tellers, creating an By making our exhibits complete in most exciting and rewarding facets emotional bond between our guests, the in situ concept, we surround the of the design profession. By its own wildlife and wild lands. In many ways, visitors with all issues, immersing nature, exhibit design is a compre- our efforts to create this emotional them in the earth’s ongoing chronol- hensive wedding of the professions bond to wildlife and environmental ogy, geology, geography, art, culture, of architecture, landscape architec- issues follow the same formula as in history, sociobiology and connected- ture and interpretive/graphic design. creating a great movie. We introduce ness to all living things. This total “Painless learning” must be achieved a concept, develop the story and offer immersive story-telling concept with exhibits telling complete stories closure at the end of the experience brings the world to many who will delineating the interconnectedness to create an emotional bond with never have the chance to see all of of everything, through longer, more animals and environmental issues. these wonderful things. Parents will complete immersive experiences Movies accomplish the bond with its see their children engaged in eye- allowing saturation of substance, of- actors and stories in less than two opening activities and events. Zoos © Torre Design Consortium fering hope and prospect: how can I hours, engaging our emotions with know no boundaries when it comes Northwest Passage exhibit for polar bears at Memphis Zoo. help? the storyline. We have the same op- to educating and entertaining all portunity to create the same kind of ages, economic levels and physical in-depth experience through multi- challenges. We simply must do more Memphis Zoo ple hours and visits to our facilities for global issues in more ways by annually. Like a good movie, we engaging our visitors with these total Memphis Zoo in the mid-1980s had The Giant Panda exhibit (the last hoods. It is this “transporting the must place our visitors into a truly immersion experiences that create never been able to exceed its annual in the USA) tells the story of China visitor to the believable in situ experi- in situ experience, surrounded not the emotional bond necessary for 400,000 visitor attendance ceiling itself, its art and architecture, culture ence” that helps to build the emo- only by nature but also the ongoing compassion and mindfulness and the and was operationally subsidised and history, and introduces the giant tional bond through connectedness chronology of humankind, engaging desire to create change. 75% by the City of Memphis. After an pandas in an elegant and meaningful to the experience to underpin the the visitor in a total experience and ambitious master plan that promised way. The Northwest Passage exhibit commitment to conservation of these the opportunity of true immersion What are some facilities that have ac- to unite modern Memphis with its presents the journey of the First Na- wonderful wild things and places. to experience life on earth by being complished this goal of E = HC2? Here namesake, Memphis of the Antiqui- tions Peoples across the land bridge totally transported to those places – are a few examples that I have had ties, a series of dramatic exhibits of Beringia 10,000 years ago, featur- Today, Memphis Zoo receives 1.1 mil- creating advocacy for conservation. the pleasure of working with. evolved. Starting at its entry where ing polar bears, sea lions and a host of lion visitors annually and is 97% Albert Einstein’s famous E = MC2 is our visitors could move through the animals as discovered by the Tlingit, self-sufficient. Much of this success inspiration to create our own formula ancient portals of the Temple of Haida, Tsimshian, Kwakiutl and other comes from non-traditional revenues for creating dedicated environmen- Memphis to the hypostyle court Nile tribes. Their art and architecture were and after-hour events and parties talists to advocate for conservation: exhibit, Orientation Plaza and Cat displayed in equal measure, mak- that some zoos have dabbled with; House Café, the 5,000-year link being the exhibit a unique experience however, underestimating (mon- tween modern and ancient Memphis in both daytime use and after-hour etarily and emotionally) the value of was established, giving excitement events. such activities. To book a wedding to all that came to visit. The exciting at the iconic Teton Trek Old Faithful E H H columns and detailing were not as The final piece of the puzzle was the Lodge, one must be prepared to wait motional umankind’s umankind’s grand as found in stone at the original creation of the Teton Trek exhibit, a 18 months for that reservation! It is Bond Connectedness Commitment temples, but for the average person grand but simple exhibit featuring hard to believe that kind of attraction who may never see these temples grizzly bears, wolves and elk. The value in a zoo. With all of these visi- and hieroglyphs as they are in Egypt, centrepiece, Old Faithful Lodge, tors using the facilities and learning the experience at Memphis Zoo’s created with heavy timber detailing, more about the facilities’ mission entry complex took them to faraway broad porches and rocking chairs, and vision, the more opportunity to lands that they might never have the allows the visitor to sit and enjoy the develop more advocates. As a result experience of seeing first-hand in animals for hours, effectively creating of this success, Memphis Zoo annu- their lifetime. Well received by every- a totally immersive experience that ally contributes over US$ 1 million to one, the success led to a series of new would otherwise require a 1,500-mile conservation. exhibits, with half of the construction journey instead of a 15-minute drive 1 Torre Design Consortium Ltd, costs coming from philanthropic gifts. for some from nearby neighbour- New Orleans, LA, USA We had created something of value, * E-mail for correspondence: which was recognised by daily visitors [email protected] as well as potential philanthropists. 10 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 11

Tampa’s Lowry Park Zoo

One of the first manatee complexes to be built in the USA, the Florida Biome exhibit at Lowry Park Zoo is both an ecological and chronological transect. Starting over 200 years ago in Florida’s development, the visitors move from the north to the south, from “cracker shack” to oak ham- mock to cypress dome, eventually submerging into the estuaries and rivers where they come face-to-face with manatees and an abundance of fishes, reptiles and amphibians. The story of humankind is presented in the sequence, juxtaposing adaptation and ongoing evolution that is balanced by humankind’s urbanisation of this 1,000-mile peninsula transect.

The manatee is clearly the motiva- tor for conservation here, as one has the opportunity to see the affec- tion and elegance of the mammal that humankind challenges. To offer closure (and prospect) at the comple- tion of this experience, the Manatee Hospital was created. Over 300 injured manatees have been healed here, their challenges brought to the eye of exhibit visitors and they are triumphantly released back into the © Torre Design Consortium wild – the inspirational message: we Great Maya Reef at Audubon Aquarium of the Americas. can make things better. After a red tide bloom killed a record number © Torre Design Consortium of manatees in 2013 by releasing Teton Trek exhibit for grizzly bears, with Old Faithful Lodge, at Memphis Zoo. toxins that paralysed and drowned Audubon Aquarium the manatees, the Manatee Hospital of the Americas Conclusion discovered that manatees could be saved with life jackets and even pool New Orleans’ Aquarium of the Ameri- enframed by a crumbling Mayan tem- These exhibits follow the conceptual noodles. Now researchers worldwide cas has been a successful aquarium ple complex. As we descend, school- script of a movie, with a portal con- can implement similar solutions dis- for decades. Like many other “mod- ing tanks lead the visitors through the cept, immersive storylines, plenty of covered at Lowry Park Zoo, showing, ern” aquariums, it is a building filled submerged temple chambers with art hands-on experiences and closure at again, the value of zoos in creating with beautiful individual exhibits; and artefacts, iconography, thematic the experience’s conclusion delineat- commitment to environmental issues however, linked by “battleship grey” lighting and several new tanks being ing how we can help, with the goal of and promoting solutions. interior spaces with exposed duct- added to the coral tunnel. creating the emotional bond to foster work and wire raceways. Our most advocacy for positive change through Lowry Park Zoo has been operation- recently completed exhibit, the The result of this renovation in- connectedness and commitment to ally self-sufficient for decades, with Great Maya Reef, had high impact creased attendance by 20% and global environmental issues. an attendance of over one million for relatively low cost. This exhibit’s created something new and exciting, visitors per year. As a result of the concept was to simply accomplish in clearly breaking away from the “bat- zoo’s financial success, it contributes the aquatic business what we have tleship grey” interior and transport- over US$ 1 million annually to conser- been doing for decades in the zoo ing the visitors 600 miles south and vation. © Torre Design Consortium business – create an immersive and 1,000 years back in earth’s chronol- Florida Biome exhibit for manatees at Tampa’s Lowry Park Zoo. engaging experience that would be- ogy. Once immersed, the stories pro- lievably make the visitor in situ in the ceed into environmental conservation sunken Mayan city in the Yucatan, the issues and offer prospect on how you second largest reef in the world. The can help. portal to the exhibit links to the lobby, 12 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 13

Charles G. Mayes1,* & Ed Mastro2 Showcasing Science and Research

Summary Introduction Chicago’s Lincoln Park Zoo – Regenstein Macaque Forest The best zoos today are becoming Zoos began as menageries where ani- places that care for animals with a mals were viewed in “pits” or “grot- Trend: Integrating and presenting focus on their long-term wellness tos” and they have been influenced animal care, science and research. through research, breeding and field by game farms where deer and other conservation programmes. One of animals were raised and sold. Early Programme statement: Lincoln Park the main trends emerging in zoo game farm operations consisted of Zoo is actively researching the learn- exhibit design and explored in this herds gathered in fenced enclosures, ing and cognition of animal species, article is the accommodation and which sometimes grew to become especially primates. A new Japanese presentation of research, animal care more like zoos than farms. It is still macaque exhibit required special and breeding programmes being common for zoos to display herd consideration to avoid the transmis- conducted onsite at the institution. animals in simple fenced enclosures, sion of Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) This article highlights three examples and zoos still have elements that hark between macaques and humans. Ad- where staff research and animal care back to the menagerie or grotto era. ditionally, the new exhibit gives the activities have been brought out zoo’s researchers spaces in which to from behind-the-scenes to become Engaging the visiting public with ani- study and interact with the macaques, popular and informative venues for mal and habitat exhibits is most suc- either in or out of the visiting public’s the visiting public to observe, interact cessful when these close encounters view, depending on the situation. and gain an understanding of the foster an understanding of, interest in science and professional animal care and commitment to the conservation Four broad research categories: Cogni- that is part of the mission of modern of species and wild places. The new- tion (thinking and perceiving); learn- zoos. est, leading-edge exhibits incorpo- ing (use of tools, etc.); behavioural rate complex programmatic elements economics (social, emotional and that are not only beautiful and popu- cognitive factors influencing decision lar with visitors, but also address and making); and social behaviour (use © The Portico Group present the zoo staff’s active research of space and food resources). Sup- Illustration of “hobbit hole” and animal care. Modern exhibits porting these research categories, facility at Lincoln Park Zoo. immerse visitors in authentic-looking exhibit enrichment elements and natural environments that minimise interchangeable cognitive research the perception of barriers separating panels are designed to fit in a stand- animals from the public (and each ard bracket at the research stations. other) and visitors from staff. The Researchers then develop the panels following recent projects provide to meet the needs of each particular examples highlighting these trends in study. Solution and implementation: Two Research station: With no contact ing of the activity, as well as audio zoo exhibits that we are experiencing. areas in the macaque exhibit were with animals, cleaning access is access to an explanation from the designed specifically as research sta- provided from the exhibit side, and researcher. (2) “Hobbit hole” facility: tions and demonstrate the strategies changing of the cognitive research This earth-sheltered room, acces- essential for enriching the experi- window from the researcher side. sible from the holding building via an ences of the animals, researchers and underground tunnel, is configured to visitors. Visitor considerations: All viewing ar- make primates visible to the public eas for visitors are through full-height while interacting with hidden keepers Controlled access: Fully separated glass panels to eliminate any contact, and researchers. Consideration was “clean” and “dirty” work spaces but preserve views of the activity. Ex- given to viewing angles, elevations include critically located spaces for terior mesh enclosure is a minimum of the primates in relation to the re- Research pod at Lincoln Park Zoo. transition, Tyvek suit disinfection and of about 3 m away from any visitor- searchers and visitors, and allowance © Lincoln Park Zoo keeper shower. The defined waste accessible areas. for flexible and changeable research disposal route includes a waste bag programmes. disinfection station. Animal manage- Research and training: (1) “On view” ment areas are visible from the clean approach research station: Smart 1 The Portico Group, Seattle, WA, USA keeper work areas for observation, glass dividers allow the researcher to 2 Cabrillo Marine Aquarium, which reduces smell, sound, contami- vary research conditions by adjusting San Pedro, CA, USA nants and animal stress. participating primates’ views of each * E-mail for correspondence: other. Speakers and video monitors [email protected] allow visitors full and detailed view- 14 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 15

© Jamie Pham Glass wall at Los Angeles Zoo’s LAIR. Los Angeles Zoo – LAIR Cabrillo Marine Aquarium – Aquatic Nursery Trend: Integrating and presenting animal care, science and research. Trend: Connecting guests and the tal impacts on southern California public with actual research science. marine life. During their projects, © Cabrillo Marine Aquarium Programme statement: One goal students work during the school year Aquatic Nursery at for the design of Los Angeles Zoo’s Programme statement: The Aquatic to explore the scientific process and Cabrillo Marine Aquarium. new reptile, amphibian and inverte- Nursery is a public exhibit gallery de- develop real research programmes at brate centre (LAIR) was to provide a signed as a functional research labo- the aquarium. Every spring Cabrillo The Continued Evolution of view for visitors into an active work ratory where Cabrillo Marine Aquari- Marine Aquarium hosts a Young Sci- Zoo and Aquarium Design area where animal caregivers work um aspires to “grow both young sea entist Symposium where students throughout the day in their normal animals and young scientists”. present their findings to each other, The Aquatic Nursery programme is Today’s zoos are helping to shape search and daily animal care activities activities. parents and other onsite guests. open to all interested students in the public understanding of ecosystems, of zoo staff helps to inspire future sci- Solution and implementation: The region. The facility and programme communicate science and conserva- entists and animal care professionals Solution and implementation: The Aquatic Nursery is designed as a large During public hours, aquarium visi- have enjoyed significant success with tion messages, and help maintain by presenting concrete and authentic design for LAIR includes a large keeper open space with a series of aquariums tors have access to the Aquatic Nurs- its young scientists. Participants have a connection between people and examples of the professional and and care space divided from the visi- sitting on water-tables located in the ery to view active scientific research been recognised by numerous awards nature in a rapidly developing and scientific activities that are part of tor gallery by a floor-to-ceiling glass centre of the room arranged in dif- and these scientists-in-training. All and scholarship programmes, includ- urbanising world. Exhibits, as the modern zoos. partition. A two-way voice intercom ferent “wall-less cubicles”. The space activities are conducted in full public ing one student who won the Intel focal point of the zoo experience, are was provided to allow for conversation is designed to be completely flex- view. Interpretation is achieved by International Science and Engineer- a keystone for the long-term success through the glass wall and most of ible where aquariums can be easily public engagement by the students ing Fair, another won a scholarship of zoos. Incorporating presentations the furnishings and equipment in the installed or removed within minutes and mentors discussing and explain- in the Gates Millennium Scholars and displays of the active scientific re- room were planned to be on casters to depending on project needs. Working ing their projects directly with guests. Program and a third was awarded an allow for flexibility of activities, as well closely with college-aged mentors, Hand-written “keeper notes” com- internship at the California Institute as ease of presentation of interesting students (age 12–18) are encouraged bined with formal graphics explain of Technology. Many others have won animals or staff activities right next to to complete individual and/or group the research process, animal care and their local, county or state science the glass wall. Rolling racks support research projects in the Aquatic Nurs- research findings. Trained volunteers fairs. terrariums and small displays of new ery and Cabrillo Marine Aquarium are also used during slow periods of arrivals, freshly hatched animals or encourages a special emphasis on research. animals that are being treated for ill- projects that focus on husbandry ness or disease. This glass wall view to requirements of and/or environmen- back-of-house has consistently been a top attraction for visitors to LAIR in the three years since its opening. 16 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 17

Kieran Stanley1,2,* Zoo and Aquarium Design – The impact of Experience

Summary Introduction The Zoo and Aquarium of the Future When I first encountered zoo archi- In my view, the purpose of zoo tecture some 20 years ago, I quickly design – meaning architecture and I find Jon Coe’s predictions reason- realised that it was not primarily landscape architecture – is to meet able. He is going on the assumption about architecture, but about knowl- the needs of the animals, visitors that zoos will follow existing trends edge of the zoo, understanding its and commercial operations and to in the next 25 years. Such trends, cultural and historical background as contribute to four main objectives however, are subject to a range of well as developing its zoological, edu- (as already stated by Heini Hediger): changes, including cultural ones. cational and operational objectives. education, conservation, research This insight has shaped my approach and leisure. Zoo design should facili- For Coe, immersion design repre- to designing zoo projects and, as a tate the work of the zoo and acquaint sents the status quo. Even if it has a result, I see myself not only as an ar- visitors with its themes, objectives global reputation, immersion design chitect but also as a strategic partner and responsibilities in order to gener- is not yet standard practice outside who works integratively and holisti- ate interest in nature and species of Anglo-Saxon countries. I think that cally to create a sense of relevance for conservation. immersion design, in terms of its each project. original intention, is quite suited for Zoos will be confronted with an even the future. Since story-building – that greater number of challenges in the is, developing a thematic narra- future. If they want to survive, they tive – is a proven means for drawing will have to go beyond zoological in visitors emotionally and guiding © Monterey Bay Aquarium requirements and also deal with them through specific themes. I do Jellyfish encounter at Monterey Bay Aquarium. the pressures of attracting visitors, not mean developing thematic narra- increasing operational efficiency and tives only in a cultural sense, but also What Characterises Good addressing their critics as well as in terms of the natural habitat of the Zoo and Aquarium Design? using their uniqueness to retain their animals. position in the zoological and leisure At this juncture, Monterey Bay Aquar- Good zoo design begins with under- Chester Zoo is a good example here markets. Now more than ever it is im- It is clear that zoos have a future. I am ium is worth mentioning. Located on standing. Whether it is during the of the potential that can be un- portant that zoos develop a sustain- convinced that zoos will adapt and the California coast, it has made the strategic development planning, the leashed when a zoo develops its own able vision. Not only in terms of their diversify and continue to exist – and protection of oceans its mission. It conceptualisation of an immersive identity. This zoo has managed to commitment but also in terms of also foresee the development of zoos integrates its location on the Pa- environment, a showcase building define its values, position and voice, being an institution with relevancy – with a strong focus on one subject. cific Ocean both architecturally and or an outdoor enclosure, getting to to create a mission focus and also one with the expertise to positively They remain relevant as places of conceptually in an exemplary way, know the needs of the zoo and the to effectively communicate these influence their region’s development. recreation and education when, for granting visitors impressive views users and seeing things from their both internally and externally. What example, their in situ and ex situ proof underwater worlds – from the point of view are, for me, essential the zoo seeks to communicate has We zoo architects will also have to jects succeed in making visitors aware adjoining sea to an underwater forest. aspects. The main protagonists – the been brought alive; it understands its find answers to environmental and of and bringing alive the concept of With its research priorities, chang- animals and their welfare – are the visitors and is easily accessible. The economic challenges. This means biodiversity – locally and/or glob- ing, curated exhibitions, a variety of top priority. But zoologists, curators zoo has developed its own character, that designing buildings and land- ally – and generating enthusiasm for tours, its local work and its ambitious and keepers, zoo educators and op- which is also expressed in its archi- scapes to communicate a zoo’s vision wildlife conservation. volunteer programme, the aquarium erational technicians, from marketing tectural and landscape design. This will only be one of many responsibili- truly fulfils its conservation and scien- to catering, are also important; each uniqueness needs to be developed ties in the future. tific demands. By speaking to visitors, employee has different job require- or visualised during the planning creating individual encounters with ments. The third group, of course, are process. animals and communicating interest- the visitors. We as architects have to ing content, it generates sustained juggle the very different needs and In my view, good zoo design address- curiosity and enthusiasm. Having a requirements of those three groups es the complexity of everyday zoo life personal encounter with a jellyfish, and integrate them into one clear and creates the spatial conditions for 1 dan pearlman Experience Architecture, made possible via the spontaneous concept. daily zoo work, often in limited areas, Berlin, Germany actions of one of the volunteers, is visualising and bringing these alive, 2 assisted by Elisabeth Wirth something my daughters will likely where required, ensuring a smooth, * E-mail for correspondence: never forget. safe and sustainable operation. [email protected] 18 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 19

This idea was our motivation in developing Islands, the immersive environment at Chester Zoo. The zoo is one of the most respected zoos in the world and works globally for species conservation. This commitment – Chester Zoo operates 10 of its own programmes for protecting endangered wild animals and supports 60 other projects – became the central focus of our design. We developed a storyline that directly ties into the zoo’s conservation programmes, and an overarching concept for all areas of the zoo (including catering and communication). Islands is modelled after six Southeast Asian islands, bringing the work of conservation- © dan pearlman ists alive and communicating the Polar bear enclosure at Hanover Adventure Zoo. uniqueness and fragility of the flora and fauna. Through visitor pathways The Wow Factor and sightlines, various building styles and Learning and plant species, through the use of With the animals as the focus, design diverse materials and authentic de- work can no longer be restricted to For a long time, zoos were primarily a tailing, we created a lasting, holistic creating sufficient enclosure sizes. My recreational space for visitors, where experience. In short, we build stories. perspective is similar to David Han- they could watch the animals. Since cock’s: today, it is about creating an they are increasingly understood Even smaller zoos can succeed in adequate living space that replicates as educational institutions and are satisfying the four major areas of the natural habitat of the animals committed to the communication of responsibility. Brevard Zoo in Florida, © Chester Zoo as much as possible, and which is important information, the question for example, the result of a citizen Special encounter at Chester Zoo’s Islands. equipped with natural materials, arises, how can all visitors be reached initiative, focuses on education guaranteeing the animal freedom of and exposed to issues such as species through participation. The small zoo movement, areas for seclusion and and nature conservation? “Involve me involves the community through its independence, providing variety and and I will understand”. This age-old, volunteer programme and its visitors security – and then physically take basic premise has been shared by a via diverse interactions that focus the visitor there, where the animals number of philosophers and educa- attention on nature and the playful are; into their domain. tors, and is confirmed by neuro- communication of its subject matter. sciences: we learn best what moves Its conservation projects focus on At Hanover Adventure Zoo, the polar and inspires us emotionally. For many local issues and the zoo also operates bear enclosure demonstrates just educational institutions this insight its Sea Turtle Healing Center. how well immersive environments is not entirely new, but it often lacks and animal welfare can go together. lively and convincing concepts. Conclusion Despite limited spatial possibilities, the design took into account the I believe that zoo design is capable I do not think that every zoo has to needs of the animals and behavioural of doing more than simply creating showcase the top-10 species to be enrichment played a significant role unique insights into the habitats of relevant. Rather, zoos are relevant in its design. The new system has animals. It has the potential to deliver not only by focussing on their four proven itself in only a few years of op- valuable information. Zoo design can main objectives, but also by develop- eration. Today, polar bears from other create an experience – from a special ing their own signature and derive zoos showing signs of stereotypy are kind of encounter with an animal to their own uniqueness from within. trained at the Yukon Bay immersive immersing visitors into new environ- Many zoos have already made pro- environment. The animals are posi- ments – that makes the successful gress in this regard. Fate led me to tively affected by the optimal alloca- communication of important mes- zoo architecture and as an architect tion of space, saltwater pool wave saging highly probable. Only some- it is enriching to be involved in the de- system, diversity of materials used in one who feels personally involved will velopment of these socially important the landscaped areas and variety of get excited about animal and nature institutions and to work together to activities and feeding options, which conservation and hopefully become secure their relevancy in the future. can be used for training purposes. an advocate for the conservation of their natural habitats. If knowledge is a bank, and imagination the currency, the ultimate future investment is © Brevard Zoo experience. Kayaking at Brevard Zoo. 20 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 21

John Kemper1,* Designing Zoos and Aquariums as Conservation Organisations

Summary Zoos and Aquariums Need to Explain What They Do Zoo exhibits of the future will demonstrate to the public how zoos partici- While conservation of wildlife is the The industry knows that zoos are pate in and drive conservation of spe- core purpose of today’s zoos, I believe uniquely suited to own conservation cies and habitats. Exhibits will evolve that the general public does not un- on a global scale. That same industry to be bigger in size, contain multiple derstand this. Without a doubt, zoos must educate the public on conserva- species and offer more choices to of the future will become focused tion efforts, or the public will drive the collection. Education opportuni- on telling the conservation story; so zoos out of business by focusing on a ties will permeate the experience much so, that the general public will wave of social concerns about animals by being integrated with exhibitry, inherently recognise that zoos are the in “captivity”. We have seen it with and animal welfare components of largest collection of dedicated profes- orcas. It has already begun spreading behind-the-scenes areas will be ac- sionals working towards a coordinat- to dolphins, belugas and terrestrial cessible, under special circumstances, ed goal of saving species across the animals. Recent studies show that to select zoo visitors. The zoo experi- globe. Conservation will be so aligned many children believe that elephants ence will include a greater variety with the brand of zoos of the future do not belong in what they know as a of non-traditional ways of engaging that both the physical setting and the zoo. Those that drive this agenda will with animals, including more com- intentional marketing messages will successively focus on the next larg- plex touch and feeding experiences, clearly and prominently promote the est or perceived “smartest” species. © PGAV Destinations and more meaningful connections conservation work undertaken by the Programmes like WAZA’s Biodiversity Guest view from Bear Alley at Louisville Zoo. through our smart devices. institution. is Us and AZA’s SAFE are beginning to change the public’s perception and understanding of our roles, but much more education must be done. Zoo and Aquarium Exhibits Specifically, the stalwart of animal of the Future experiences – exhibits at zoos and aquariums – will be the touch point for I believe that the public will react Zoo exhibits have transitioned in the The Heart of Africa exhibit actively delivering that understanding. positively when they fully understand last 40 years from sterile, functional promotes its conservation efforts that zoos and other nature-based or- enclosures to naturalistic habitats with those same species through ganisations are saving animals in the where there is the perception of what visual interpretives that introduce wild. When the public eventually puts it must be like for an animal in the programmes, live interpretation their trust in the collective mission of wild. Now, many new exhibits have during training sessions at specially zoos, they will develop followers, like moved to much larger exhibit areas designed mesh panels for lions and there are behind many religions. The with less concentration of animals. vervet monkeys, and presentations brand of zoos will change. Zoo-goers In exhibits that we have recently at a flexible yard where cheetahs, will be saying things like “I believe in designed, like the Heart of Africa at warthogs, ostriches and zebras can what zoos are doing. I will support Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, there alternatively use the space. them because they have it ‘figured are multiple acres that comprise out’. They are doing the right thing. a multi-species African savannah. Zoo exhibits will continue to blur I will attend because they are doing Lions overlook a 4.5 ha paddock that the lines between animal habitats Lions overlooking the African savannah at Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. all of the heavy lifting. I can be ef- accommodates about 140 hoofstock and human spaces, like Glacier Run © PGAV Destinations fective by just following and sup- specimens, including giraffe, zebra, at Louisville Zoo, were the design porting”. Zoos are already trusted wildebeest, two gazelle species, os- purposely created the sensation that partners (mostly for reasons other trich and crane. The panoramic view polar bears may be in people spaces than conservation), and will become is impressive and serene, comfortable and vice versa; like is actually happen- even more so when the public is fully in its expansive setting, yet delivering is some Canadian towns. Build- aware of all the things these organi- ing other close-up experiences that ing on the story of human–animal sations already do. Visitors may effec- provide a sense of wonder and awe. conflict, we wanted guests to raise 1 PGAV Destinations, St Louis, MO, USA tively begin to drive conservation. the question “Could I now be in a bear * E-mail for correspondence: space, and not know it?”. [email protected] 22 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 23

Guest view from airplane fusillade at Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. © PGAV Destinations

From an animal welfare point of view, In addition to the continued use of Behind-the-scenes visits are being zoos of the future may see a radical concealed moats, invisible fences, designed into new exhibits from the shift – evolving into multiple spe- landscape immersion, borrowed very beginning. The public loves to cialised experiences that recognise views and visual integration, exhibits understand what it is like for keepers the unique needs of specific species. of the future will expand on provid- to care for animals. Exhibits of the fu- I would not be surprised if 25 years ing excitement and entertainment by ture will demonstrate how high-tech from now, elephant exhibits are huge viewing animals from unusual spaces veterinary care is given to animals expanses of land that are visited by like airplane fusillades and the cabs of every day. Private, up-close experi- appointment only. Impressive, multi- Land Rovers. This has been done with ences like meeting a penguin, or © Ocean Park Corporation aged herds will inhabit much larger great affect at Columbus Zoo and safely touching the paw of a sea otter, Ocean species in domed exhibit at spaces in matriarchal families where Aquarium, Louisville Zoo and Busch are already available in back-of-house Ocean Park Hong Kong’s Grand Aquarium. guests may need to travel by golf Gardens, coincidentally involving areas of several institutions. Keepers Other Ways that Animal cart or vehicle to see the magnificent guests in the storylines of the exhib- and curators will build capacity in this Exhibits Will Evolve Final Thoughts creatures in the space they occupy at ited species. Compelling selfies from regard, moving well beyond exist- that time, on that day. Like hoofstock such exhibits record happy memories ing revenue generators like giraffes, Studies show that the public wants to Zoos provide entertaining, educa- “If zoos and aquariums are to be an in large paddocks, elephants’ lives and provide proof of a collectible ex- rhinos, elephants and sting rays. be excited and entertained, as part of tional and emotional moments to active leader in conservation, they will be characterised by choice: where perience for Snapchat and Facebook. the education that they currently only their visitors. There will always be a must face opposition head-on, by they spend time based on climatic Let us not forget that many families Hopefully, the result will be that mildly seek. The following are a few demand for this type of experience, understanding criticisms, adapting conditions, what and when they eat, primarily visit for the purpose of a fun people become more dedicated fol- more ways that exhibits of the future especially as the use of electronic where necessary and explaining their how they communicate and how they day with their loved-ones. lowers to their trusted partners and will evolve: (1) Additional sources of devices increases. In recent consumer actions in a way that gains public enrich their lives though interaction take action by changing daily habits revenue from retail and food services research with aquarium visitors, support”. Exhibits of the future will with the landscape, water bodies We are currently working with to better the planet and the species will be developed and integrated with unaided, only 1% of the respondents be instrumental in gaining that public and problem solving. As part of their South Carolina Aquarium to design that live on it. By interacting with a exhibits; extending the attraction mentioned that “animals in captivity” support, by responding to the needs choice, they will be able to interact an exhibit that builds the brand of diverse selection of species, the pub- experience and tying the storyline was an issue to them. of excitement, connection and educa- with interested observers who have conservation by appealing to young lic will begin to understand that we all directly to the animals. (2) Special tion – and becoming an even greater visited to understand elephants children via hands-on learning sta- live in ecosystems that support each format theatre experiences may We believe that the collective long- trusted partner. better. Solving puzzles, bathing and tions. Children can rescue an animal, other. Supporters will become further replace some exhibits for animals term commitment to conservation feeding will become interactive op- diagnose what may be wrong with educated about the choices they that become unavailable to zoos. is the only way to save many species. portunities that benefit human and the animal and release the animal make, and the benefits to wildlife, the Multisensory effects in 4D theatres Without it, there may be no animals animal species alike. back to nature. By teaching future environment and themselves. and sophisticated interpretives will outside of our institutions in the generations about the importance continue to evolve using the latest near future. And, as stated by WAZA, of conserving wildlife and the role technology of lighting, cameras, pro- zoos play in this conservation, these jection, thermography, GPS, radio- children will grow to understand zoos frequency identification (RFID) and in a very different way. personal devices. (3) Zoos will further evolve their brand by being leaders in the incorporation of sustainable design into their new animal exhibits and buildings. 24 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 25

Greg Dykstra1,* Designing for Active Animals

Summary Introduction

From the early 20th century onward In many respects, Heini Hediger’s Here, I briefly scratch the surface and to WAZA’s recent Biodiversity is Us original vision and strong advocacy look at three current trends that are campaign and publication of Commit- for quality of space over quantity of creating more active animal exhibits ting to Conservation: The World Zoo space is as fresh today as it was over through the design of specific strate- and Aquarium Conservation Strategy, 75 years ago and has been the prem- gies that look to model natural be- we have had to acknowledge the loss ise behind the continued evolution of havioural patterns for various animal of global biodiversity. Over the latter activity-based design. species. These strategies are a part part of that same century up to the of the continuum of advancing and present, zoo exhibits have trended Fundamental to our work at CLR improving the missions of zoos. The towards more and more enriching Design has been the belief in continu- general premise is to give animals guest experiences to promote a ing to advance the level of activity more choice, activity and well-being strong message of zoo relevancy in and engagement with the design of in their exhibit environments. Three light of dwindling numbers of species every new exhibit for the animals, key design trends are presented be- and shrinking wildlife habitats. For staff and guests. The primary goal is low – flex, choice and passage. zoo designers this has followed many to make a difference and ultimately different design directions and ap- affect positive change in the status of proaches. This article presents three wild animal populations. The cliché key design trends – flex, choice and still holds true today that the animals passage. in our care are ambassadors for their © Denver Zoo wild counterparts and that as animal Elephant crossing bridge at Denver Zoo’s Toyota Elephant Passage. habitat designers it is our mission to help zoos inspire the public to care Flex (or Rotation) for each and every species and its continued existence. From the earlier days of landscape Following Louisville Zoo, a couple of Toyota Elephant Passage (2012), also (habitat) immersion in the 1970s, zoo the next-generation concepts of rota- at Denver Zoo, built on the successes designers and animal management tion that we began calling flex (more of Predator Ridge. It is a much big- staff were beginning to understand flexibility and freedom to initiate ger site and different grouping of that these beautiful exhibits with new or adapt existing management animals – elephants, tapirs and Indian lovely views and overlooks seemed styles) were Point Defiance Zoo & rhinos – and it brings guests into to be changing attitudes in guests – Aquarium’s Asian Forest Sanctuary the round by weaving the pathway they felt better about the animals (2004) and Denver Zoo’s Predator through the middle of a ring of flex and their respective care and man- Ridge (2004). Of particular note with habitats, linked up with a bridge agement. However, the animals were Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium is crossing and at-grade crossing that sometimes more difficult to see and that they both mix pairs of species any of these three species can use. often management styles did not such as otters and anoas and gibbons change, so that the animals were not and tapirs, and rotate those pairs and A wonderful result of flex for not only necessarily doing anything different another three to four species through the animals and guests is that staff and often were not very active. five linked-up flex habitats, one -in are highly energised and motivated to door dayroom and a series of indoor work in these environments and enjoy In one response to this observation, holding spaces. planning out the choreography of Louisville Zoo’s Islands (1996) was animal training and movement each an exhibit concept that looked to Predator Ridge followed in this day. Denver Zoo staff years later have “rotate” multiple species of animals continuum of evolution rotating lions, even adapted the holding suites at through different habitats and man- spotted hyaenas and African wild Predator Ridge with new linkages to agement areas, allowing the animals dogs and added two feature demon- allow for rotation of groups of animals multiple environments in which to stration areas at key intersections of within their bedroom night quarters. move around and explore, and even the habitat circuit, enabling an even © CLR Design Diagrams of flex model versus menagerie-style static model. mark their territory and engage olfac- greater dynamic of guest experience It is worth noting that there certainly tory and other senses. as well as giving staff the direct ability can be challenges with these types to message to guests the importance of exhibit complexes; therefore, the 1 CLR Design Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA and mission behind these activity- more zoos can share and learn from * E-mail for correspondence: based exhibits. each other the better for the evolu- [email protected] tion of thinking and practice. 26 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 27

Choice Passage Conclusion

Elephant projects in Dublin, Chester habitats by increasing the number of The final type of activity-based design demonstrations at these locations. While many design variables can But key to all of it may in fact be the and more recently Dallas, Oregon and spreading out the timed feeding pattern presented here, passage, has Just as often these are simply exciting certainly be subjective and unique single most important element – and Omaha zoos, to name a few, devices as well as the use of various evolved partly as a result of how flex locations to see the animals up close. to each institution’s mission, we have we succeeded in creating posi- have pushed the envelope of design types of hanging browse feeders. Just habitats are linked up and partly as a So too, tiger trails at John Ball, Jack- propose that activity-based design tive experiences for the animals and for choice with animal activity and these strategies alone have led to vision driver to create linear spaces sonville and Philadelphia zoos are cre- is a strong variable that should be empowered our guests to care and elephants in particular. Dublin and much greater observable elephant such as trails and longer narrower ating interesting circuits for the tigers considered in the total design of any make a difference? I believe we are Chester zoos have been some of the movement throughout their habitats. habitats that allow greater movement to patrol, gain highpoints of elevation exhibit complex. The successful result on the right track and must continue earlier animal managers to experi- and distance away from a home- over guests and make choices. will still be measured by notions of to make a difference in the lives of ment with various strategies, includ- Other non-food based design ele- range habitat or holding facility. place, theming, guest amenities, the animals in our care and those that ing timed activity feeders that are ments have also been integrated into It is worth briefly noting that design- landscape, pathways, buildings for still exist in the wild. now getting more use in Europe and Elephant Lands, such as indoor rain Much has been written of late about ing these new types of habitats re- the public, buildings for the animals the USA thanks to their initiative. systems, misting, water cannons, Philadelphia Zoo360 and its unique quires critical engagement of animal and staff and more, all while being heated and wind break shelters, implementation of passage on a cam- management staff and other stake- woven into experiences of signifi- Multi-port feed walls have been pools and sand throughout the indoor pus-wide scale. This too has changed holders. It is not enough to design cance and impact. The key elements successfully used with integrated and outdoor habitats. Staff have the way guests view and experience and build an exhibit (hardware) if the discussed here for consideration – timed feeders in all of these afore- actively managed the elephants by these animals and their habitats. management approach (software) flex, choice and passage – define a mentioned zoos. However, because choreographing diverse sequences Many guests arrive knowing about the does not match up with it. Oregon layer of characteristics that will along they have also created some conse- of planned and unplanned activ- premise behind Philadelphia Zoo360 Zoo’s Elephant Lands began design with the previous noted variables cre- quences of elephants waiting around ity, ranging from demonstrations and understand that they will have to with the main driver of animal choice ate a positive holistic result. or monopolising the walls, there has at scheduled times to sequences of look up, down and around more for and from there all things followed in been a continued push to develop movement initiated by pre-set com- the animals. In fact, the guests seem response to that one idea. It can be more activity locations throughout bos of food and activity delivered via to react very positively to the percep- that simple and yet does require a the animals’ environment. The re- timed feeders, hot and cool zoning tion and observation that the animals committed design process and high cently opened Oregon Zoo’s Elephant and water variability, to name a few. have more activity and choices. degree of stakeholder facilitation Lands (2016) set out to develop a The habitats also have an elephant and exhibit variable testing and re- greater array of choice and activity trail and other flex capabilities to link Bridge and at-grade passage cross- testing. Innovation is truly what can throughout the indoor and outdoor up various combinations of animal ings for pachyderms at Denver and come forth and can be at the heart of spaces for managing pairs or herd Cleveland zoos create opportunities bettering the lives of animals in a zoo groups with multi-layered variety. for the animals as well as guests to setting. engage positively in their environment through formal and informal 28 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 29

Júlia Hanuliaková1,* Wellness-inspired Design Zurich Zoo – Kaeng for Elephants Krachan Elephant Park

Human–elephant coexistence is at the core of the Kaeng Krachan Elephant Park at Zurich Zoo, opened in 2014. The story of human–elephant Summary Introduction conflict guides visitors upon approach to the main viewing opportunities The construct of “wellness” inspires “Wellness” is a concept better un- Wellness Institute defines wellness as where they encounter live fields new approaches to caring and derstood as applied to the needs of “a conscious, self-directed and evolv- of crops typical for Keang Krachan designing for elephants in zoos, as I humans. Maintaining a higher level ing process of achieving full poten- National Park, and the damage to will illustrate with two case studies of wellness is crucial to live a higher- tial”. Wellness is thus a self-activated farmers’ fields and homes by el- of recent elephant habitats. These quality life. Wellness matters because category; it cannot be imposed on an- ephants. The concept of living well habitats promote elephant wellness everything we do and every emotion yone. For both humans and elephants, with dangerous animals is repeated through innovative concepts such we feel relates to our well-being. In being well is the result of choices and throughout the experience and al- as natural existence within the herd, turn, our well-being directly affects actions, a consequence of empower- lows visitors to empathise with the collaborative activities between visi- our actions and emotions. It is an ment and self-esteem. It is more than worries of people in Thailand, and is tors and elephants, and working with ongoing circle. In achieving optimal being free of illnesses and well cared brought home to draw parallels with dynamic forces innate to the local wellness we subdue stress, reduce for, it is a dynamic process of change human–bear conflict in Switzerland. living landscape. Defining wellness as the risk of illness and ensure positive and growth that involves a sense of © Patrick Bolger/Dublin Zoo a priority when programming a new interactions. beauty, achievement, responsibility Three one-year-old elephant calves born at Dublin Zoo in 2014. Elephants (the group currently habitat allows for an almost unlim- and personal fulfilment. There is no consists of eight animals) manage ited universe of options that lead to We are familiar with an exhibit design higher category of thriving than be- their daily lives by moving between thriving elephants and people alike. approach similar to wellness known ing well. Dublin Zoo – a series of irregularly shaped yards as “activity-based design”. Activity- Kaziranga Forest Trail nested in a hill side (11,000 m2) and based design is good, but we must Following are two case studies of indoor in a large elephant house go beyond measuring the welfare of recent elephant habitats, each dem- With pools, dramatic rock formations an interesting and dynamic envi- (5,400 m2). The building, with its animals by the amount of time they onstrating original wellness-inspired and a waterfall, all surrounded by a ronment for elephants. The entire iconic turtle shell-like wooden roof, is spend being active. The National solutions. dense forest of trees and bamboo, habitat is bull-proof. The elephant an homage to the animal architecture the Kaziranga Forest Trail at Dublin group (currently consisting of nine by Heini Hediger and accommodates Zoo is a wonderful natural environ- animals) is monitored with cameras, three expansive indoor habitats, ment created with the needs of the and caregivers pride themselves holding areas, a 4.5 m deep underwa- elephants in mind. Opened in 2007 in interacting minimally with the ter viewing pool, an elephant feeding and with an outdoor area of 8,000 m2, natural existence of the herd, includ- station with view into the elephant’s the design was inspired by the wild ing allowing for closely monitored yet mouth and many other features for home place of the elephants, and unassisted births. elephants and guests. Fifty-seven driven by an effort to restructure randomly timed feeders placed elephant management around natu- The tremendous success and popular- throughout the indoor and outdoor ral biology and protected contact. ity of the elephant habitat at Dublin habitats encourage exploration. An Both the indoor and outdoor space Zoo illustrates that the concept of outdoor amphitheatre features a wa- features a minimum of 2 m of sand wellness changes the behaviour of ter tower with a shower that requires substrate that provides a varied, caregivers even more than it changes a new level of interaction between changeable surface – strengthening the behaviour of animals. It makes elephants and visitors: visitors pump the elephants’ muscle tone, wear- the caregivers’ jobs more meaning- water into the elevated water tank, ing their feet soles and aiding their ful, strengthening the bond between an elephant pulls a handle to make ability to rest leaning on mounds of humans and animals. In the future, the shower run. No water in the sand. Caregivers remodel the outdoor technology and sustainable habitats tank means no shower; how does an habitat daily, by moving sand hills, will free zoo staff of monotonous elephant direct unsuspected guests burying food and water, planting maintenance tasks and involve them to help out? rocks, stumps, bulldozing new hill in imagining and programming the topography, even planting forests daily lives of elephants. Instead of of browse and vegetable gardens to thinking simply of their feeding and be foraged by elephants. Although cleaning duties, caregivers will think Maslow’s hierarchy of needs applied to zoo animal welfare. © Júlia Hanuliaková the outdoor area is not excessively of how they can collaborate with the 1 Zoo Design Inc., Seattle, WA, USA large, all of this human effort creates elephants to bring physical, social, * E-mail for correspondence: emotional and mental well-being to [email protected] the group. 30 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 31

Elephant house at Zurich Zoo, with its iconic turtle shell-like wooden roof. © Jean-Luc Grossmann/Zurich Zoo

Trends in Designing Future of for Elephants Elephant Wellness Conclusion

Creating a destination for visitors, In a zoo setting, the concept of well- In March 2016, world elephant to-night, seasonal and annual. (3) Attentive animal management, along a better programming, which then re- adding plenty of seating and oppor- ness for the resident animals is some- experts met at the first Elephant Well- Program tasks that support social with well-designed space, can do sults in original design solutions and tunities to relax, increases chances times seen in competition with the ness Workshop organised by Terry interaction. Plan for the needs of much to enhance the fitness, health management styles that lead to thriv- of encounters with elephants in large need of creating a compelling visitor Maple and Tony Vecchio at Jackson- bachelor groups as well as of family and well-being of its inhabitants. ing elephants and people. Wellness as habitats and as well as satisfaction experience. We should challenge ville Zoo and Gardens, and discussed herds. (4) Create a plan for a regional Equally, it can create an aesthetic a priority opens up a world of possi- of guests. Visitors appreciate the this general perception and build the future of creating spaces that herd and migration of elephants. Plan experience for visitors where they can bilities; each institution can prioritise comfort, beauty and exotic charac- habitats that show excellent animal let elephants be elephants. Many op- for annual migration events, perhaps observe animals as fully sentient, sto- the ones that really count and are ter of the environment even if their wellness in synergy with excellent portunities arise from allowing zoo to choose mates or visit burial sites. ry-telling partners in landscapes that achievable in the reality of their zoo, encounter with animals is rarer than visitor experiences. Habitats that are staff to be inspired by the concept demonstrate a rich variety of choices choosing qualities that are already in a traditional exhibit display. The good for animals land credibility and of designing and managing not an We are just starting to understand and a complex repertoire of behav- present in their natural landscape as design aims for engagement of all authenticity to the institution and its exhibit, but the psychological wellness how to work with the myriad of iours that arise from an animal’s own well as in talents and abilities of their senses, human and elephant alike, message. of elephants. possibilities that technology brings curiosity and its use of the habitat. people and elephants. Innovation is and auditory as well as olfactory to improve animal care and welfare, not necessarily more expensive, but and tactile impulses are important. The table on the next page provides Here are some examples: (1) Climate- and how it can contribute to self- The path to improvement and in- good outcomes require thoughtful, Guests appreciate understanding that an overview of trends in designing appropriate locations are important activated wellness of elephants. Here novation does not lie in copying other thorough and brave ideas, and bold the resident elephants are well and for elephants that we are seeing for a high-quality and sustainable are some ideas: (1) Drones to deliver institutions but rather in studying effort. enjoy understanding their role in the worldwide. It highlights features that natural life (birth, life and death). (2) food and intellectual challenge to nature, and much inspiration can be betterment of the elephants’ lives. All are fun for the visitors and contribute Allow elephants to react to and in- elephants. (2) Automated systems found by using the concept of psy- habitats are bull-proof, providing for effectively to the care, welfare and teract with dynamic natural changes allow for choice, chance, surprise, chological wellness as a guiding prin- the possibility of hosting an all-male wellness of the resident elephants. in their habitat – day-to-day, day- success and failure of elephants in ciple. Working with the construct of elephant group. their habitats. (3) Microchips worn by wellness inspires zoo staff to imagine elephants to individualise personal challenge and access of elephants to different parts of their habitat. 32 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 33

Ray Hole1,* Land of Lions at ZSL London Zoo

Summary Background Towards a Project Strategic Brief In March 2016, HRH the Queen In 2013, ZSL London Zoo commis- opened ZSL London Zoo’s new Asiatic sioned Ray Hole Architects to design These local realities, with the daily lion experience. This 8,000 m2 mixed- a new Asiatic lion experience. Con- challenges of human and threatened species exhibit creates a multi-lev- sidering the “long-term” viability of species coexistence, combined with elled, richly interpretive environment the enclosure was key to the project the ubiquitous global pressure on taking visitors on a journey through and augmenting the existing “assets” limited habitat and natural resources, a sequence of Indian inspired land- with new and spatially recalibrated provided an extraordinary array of scapes and settings – encountering environments for the animals was possibilities in conservation story-tell- lions, primates and other associated paramount to the strategic approach. ing, stage setting and multi-sensory species in unfamiliar, yet “authentic” engagement mediums for the visi- situations. The integrated and enrich- This 8,000 m2 exhibit (opened by HRH tors – whilst creating a varied canvas ing animal conservation environment the Queen in March 2016) creates of environments for the lions and the also aims to experientially engage a multi-levelled, richly interpre- other incorporated species. the visitors, increasing awareness and tive environment taking visitors on bring into sharp focus the realities an experiential journey through a Our starting point was to assemble facing this endangered subspecies sequence of urban, suburban and and (re)define a new project site by and the local Gujarati community that rural Indian (Gujarati) inspired land- merging a number of existing animal share the same space and resources. scapes and settings – encountering environments (internal/external), In addition, and something quite lions, primates and other associated landscapes, infrastructure, visitor unique for ZSL London Zoo – luxury species in unfamiliar, yet “authentic” circulation routes and amenities. We accommodation is incorporated, situations. The overriding purpose of wanted to exploit these existing “as- allowing guests to enjoy an over- this new exhibit is that it becomes a sets” as an integral part of the new night stay immersed within the lions’ fundamental part of ZSL’s mission – exhibit – reinforcing our practice’s © Ray Hole Architects exhibit itself. This article explains the aimed not only at bringing increased philosophy of reduce, re-use and Varied landscapes provide contrasting environments for the lions and visitors. approach taken from establishing awareness to the ongoing plight of recycle – but which helps to reduce the aims and objectives, through the the last stronghold population of this capital expenditure and operating design development, implementation endangered subspecies (estimated costs also. In addition, we wanted Defining a Design and and operational stages of the project. to be 523 animals in 2015), but also to exploit existing building facades Project Strategic Brief Implementation Process to form part of a regional breeding as new enclosure boundaries whilst programme, dedicated to growing a providing expanded and diverse Within the new project site boundary, The programme indicated a total of Ray Hole Architects have developed a genetically healthy and thriving cap- vistas from within and beyond the the strategic brief required four prin- 18 months from inception through to number of design development tools tive population. new exhibit across the adjacent land- cipal animal environments: Asiatic opening, which had to incorporate (applicable to all visitor attraction scapes – including the surrounding lions (occupying two contrasting en- design development, permissions types) in order to assist the collabora- Although welcomed, the small Regent’s Park. vironments); Hanuman langurs (occu- (including planning and stakeholder tive project team (client, design and increase in the wild population, pying two interconnected areas); vul- approvals), relocation of species, site implementation) to arrive at an expe- predominantly located in India’s Gir Significantly increasing the scale of tures; and a number of other species assembly, demolition and enabling rientially balanced solution primarily Forest (and recognised by a recent the exhibit satisfies another of our (flamingo, mongoose and muntjac). works, construction (building and aimed at creating increased aware- status change from critically endan- practice’s principles of (re)calibrat- And five visitor environments: village interpretation) and animal reintro- ness and anticipation, extending gered to endangered) could lead to ing the balance of space shared by and suburban high street; dilapidated duction. The project budget also had dwell-time, instilling life-transform- undesirable consequences in this the animals, visitors and operational fort; railway station and railway to continually reflect the initial ambi- ing memories and behaviour change, increasingly human-dominated land- team – increasing the density and bridge; Girnar Hills and riverside trail; tion, site and construction industry and encouraging repeat visitation. scape. A disease epidemic or natural variety of animal-to-visitor engage- and lion temple. In addition, a luxury constraints – but also a number of op- disaster poses a significant threat ment whilst providing the maximum accommodation experience had to portunities that emerged during the to the population, as does increas- space for the animals, allowing them be incorporated – something quite design and implementation process. ing contact with humans in villages free choice of location and move- unique for ZSL London Zoo – where less accustomed to their presence. ment within the exhibit. Furthermore, guests can enjoy an overnight stay Therefore, the project’s strategic brief creating environments where both immersed within the lions’ exhibit demanded an integrated and enrich- visitors and animals appear to be itself. ing animal welfare and conservation within the same space (at either the environment, which would experien- same or differing level) brings addi- 1 Ray Hole Architects, Croydon, UK tially engage and transform existing tional experiential value and sensory * E-mail for correspondence: and future visitors. awakening. [email protected] 34 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 35

Realisation

By synthesising combinations of The “anchor experiences” comprise The elevated railway bridge is funda- primary experiential environments the 360 degree lion temple and Sasan mental in providing high-level van- © Ray Hole Architects (aesthetic, discovery and learning, Gir railway platform encounters, sup- tage points along its length into both Integrated glazing and shared landscape escapism and entertainment) – with ported by an array of other experi- lion and primate enclosures. Incorpo- reinforce the platform illusion. the possibility of active or passive ences as highlighted above. Both rating lift and stairs into the thematic participation and connected by ab- distinctively different settings stage architecture and interpretive props sorptive or immersive environmental exciting opportunities for animal-to- creates a central vertical circulation relationships – a spatial masterplan visitor proximity – creating the illusion point, providing access for all to the will emerge that can facilitate the of a no-barrier environment. The 360 upper level experiences. Conclusion delivery of an enhanced experience degree envelope uniquely utilises 5 m for both animals and visitors. Over- high tensioned, vertical cables that Similarly, a thematically integrated From the initial briefing to the official laying a compelling storyline that “disappear” when focussing on the “bamboo work platform” inspired opening, this project has thrown the knits together both visitor and animal lions, whereas the railway platform ramp gives access up onto the fort collective client, design and imple- environments and which activates uses the familiar integrated transpar- roof from the village. This ramp also mentation team a number of an- all the senses completes the concept ent glazing technique positioned on provides multi-level viewing points ticipated and unforeseen challenges master planning process. The imple- the centreline of the platform. Both into one half of the primate enclosure. and opportunities in equal measure. mentation process involved a hybrid rely on the continuation of the themed The upper level of the fort provides The end result is testament to the of main contractor with specialist landscape and built environment to re- the other observation platform, in ad- collaborative working approach and thematic subcontractor, in addition inforce the illusion of shared territory. dition to views into a glazed roof-top spirit that is fundamental to the suc- to interpretation expertise provided “kiosk” accommodating the primates’ cess of any project. As lead designer, by ZSL’s in-house team. Because of the increased scale of the day gym. Other primate encounters Ray Hole Architects are very proud to lions’ environment, numerous and occur within the railway station, have been given the task to deliver varied encounters have been created: village and high street, where the such an important opportunity. We a day den has been modelled from a “mischievous” langurs occupy one of believe that this sets a number of family home where lions have invaded the shops. new benchmarks and sits comfort- the back yard; the original lion exhibit ably within the lineage of zoo master water feature has been (re)contextu- Discovery and learning opportuni- planning and architecture at ZSL alised to create a river edge between ties are facilitated across the whole London Zoo. lions and visitors; elevated views into exhibit; however, the centralised the Gir Forest are given from the rail- classroom occupies a prime location way bridge; and the Girnar Hills over- between the primary enclosures head walkway trail provides glimpses within the railway station compound, at different levels as the thematic allowing close proximity to both access ramp meanders down to the lions and primates. Other segregated riverside level. Additional lion encoun- viewing areas are also provided in © Ray Hole Architects ters also occur through the peripheral this location, providing additional A multi-level ramp provides visitors varied railway goods yard fencing looking education, keeper or VIP encounter viewing points into the primate enclosure. across the mongoose enclosure. opportunities. 36 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 37

Becca Hanson1,* & Monica Lake2 Woodland Park Zoo’s Banyan Wilds: Conservation and Connection with Asia’s Malayan Tigers and Sloth Bears

Summary Introduction

Today’s zoos are faced with the very In 1949, plans were drawn up to cre- In 2011, Woodland Park Zoo, now a real dilemma of deciding what facili- ate new and expansive big cat and private non-profit conservation or- ties to save and renovate, and what bear grottoes in the heart of the City ganisation, began planning a project needs to be rebuilt from scratch, as of Seattle’s Parks and Recreation to redevelop the area around two we continue to gain a better under- facility at Woodland Park Zoo. Over grottoes as an immersive Asian zone standing of animal welfare require- the ensuing 65 years, these facili- that focused on the care, display and ments and visitor learning modalities. ties served as homes for successive conservation of Malayan tigers and This article outlines Woodland Park groups of lions, tigers and pumas as sloth bears. Neither of these two ani- Zoo’s decisions regarding their new- well as black bears, sun bears and mals share the same biogeographical est exhibit, Banyan Wilds, opened in sloth bears, as the world of zoos setting; nevertheless, they do come May 2015. and the fate of the world’s wildlife from similar forest-type habitats that changed at warp speed. Over that are affected by similar anthropogenic Plan of Woodland Park Zoo’s Banyan Wilds. same time, incremental changes threats: continued forest clearing © Studio Hanson|Roberts were made to the existing grottoes for macro-agriculture ranging from that resulted in modest renovations tea to oil palm plantations, habitat and portions being carved out to fragmentation, continued killing and create precedent-setting immersive changing food source availability. habitats for lions and gorillas. The Thus, a story could be developed The Exhibit rest of the grottoes, however, re- that linked these animals together mained more or less as they had been by virtue of the conservation work The result produces a carefully cho- The Banyan Wilds’ setting takes Face-to-Face with Sloth Bears: designed in the 1950s. that is being done in situ and ex situ reographed “journey of encounters” the form of a “nature reserve” that Monolithic rock formations, reminis- to support these animals and their that is designed to both engage visi- transcends the boundary between cent of the sloth bears’ natural range, habitats. tors’ curiosity and increase empathy primary forest and logged land being welcome visitors into their world for and understanding of the role prepared for agriculture. It portrays where the bears can be observed The goal, from a sustainability point of carnivores and large mammals in rangers and scientists and Woodland lounging on a log or searching for of view, was to reuse as much of the the health and well-being of natural Park Zoo’s on-the-ground conserva- honey. In the summer season, visitors existing back-of-grotto housing as ecosystems, as well as to increase tion work, and provides spaces for can join a keeper for interactive feed- possible, and to expand and re- awareness of the anthropogenic the visiting public who are interested ings where the bears demonstrate place the rest with landscape-based threats that these animals must deal in viewing wildlife and understanding their unique “vacuuming” capabilities facilities. The design for the new with. In addition, it performs a very the conservation work that goes on in that assure them of a steady food facilities would use an understanding simple but important functional task the “nature reserve”. The key features supply when feeding on ants and of animal behaviour and ecology as for Woodland Park Zoo as a whole of the exhibit include: termites (see https://www.youtube. well as informal public education and by creating a more flexible, safer com/watch?v=c-oqU-laixM). Care- community engagement strategies, circulation system that provides (1) a Entry to the Reserve: Visitors pass by ful listening enables visitors to tune and a strong storyline to produce a new centralised public pathway that the Gatekeeper’s Cottage and the into an acoustic system that picks up place of great beauty that meets the bisects the zoo’s existing single-loop children’s Bamboo Play Space as they the smallest sounds of the bears and long-term needs of Woodland Park circulation system and (2) a new non- enter the forested world of Banyan transmits them via the glass window Zoo, its animals, staff and visitors. public service access to the existing Wilds. Immediately beyond the Entry wall to the public standing on the big cat facility. Gateway, which marks the beginning other side – literally bringing the 1 Studio Hanson|Roberts, of the journey, visitors are welcomed bears alive visually and acoustically. Bainbridge Island, WA, USA by an extensive family of Asian small- 2 Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA, USA clawed otters. * E-mail for correspondence: [email protected] 38 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 39

In the Field House, visitors encounter signs of field biologists and conservation rangers, including maps and tools of the trade. They learn that these conservation heroes are sup- ported by Woodland Park Zoo and need the help of visitors. Audio, video and touchscreen interactives turn this space into a conservation action centre, bringing to life the stories of those who protect the forest, and inviting visitors to become part of Woodland Park Zoo’s digitally connected “Tiger Team” while they peer out the window and into the eyes of a tiger immediately outside.

Caring for Tigers: At a crossroads, visitors come across a forest gate. Tire treads and wildlife tracks show that this is an old gate used for logging and transport of forest products. Dai- ly summer programmes are delivered at the gateway here, where visitors can get up-close to tigers as keepers work one-on-one with the animals to demonstrate how Woodland Park © Ryan Hawk Sloth bears. Zoo cares for these magnificent cats. © Ryan Hawk Tiger siblings. Forest at a Crossroads: Adjacent to the crossroads is the Caretaker’s Place. It is an area that feels more built-up and open with a potted palm nursery that stands at the ready for future planting. Here, visitors learn more about why Woodland Park Zoo supports certified sustainable palm oil that is deforestation free. © Ryan Hawk Bamboo Play Space. Get Close. Get Wowed! Tiger activities – including cooling in a pool; Conclusion pushing and scratching enrichment trees in pursuit of sequestered food exhibit together. However, should The final result seamlessly combines items; prowling through the bamboo the need arise, expanded outdoor en- the renovated back-of-house spaces forest; or napping under the shade closures and an outdoor “baby tiger” of the pre-existing taxonomic grot- of an ancient banyan tree – are all maternity yard provide management toes with expansive new landscapes part of the final choreography of the flexibility for various family scenarios for Malayan tigers and sloth bears. experience. The banyan tree, with its in the future, ensuring that all animals These landscapes are experientially intertwining roots, bridges the divide can be safely managed and have both linked together in ways that provide between visitors and tigers, creating outdoor and indoor access at all times. respectful up-close encounters with an intimate space where acoustic The “baby tiger” area has additional the animals, and enable Woodland enhancements allow visitors to hear flexibility designed into its layout to Park Zoo to tell compelling stories the tigers’ softest purrs, breaths and allow for supervised visitor viewing of that can be easily updated as new woofs, as well as their ultimate form cubs once they are old enough to be conservation information comes in of communication: the deep-throat- on limited view with their mother. from the field. ed roar that differentiates a “great” cat from the rest of its felid relatives. Honouring the Community: Artist- designed, handmade tiles line a forest Feline Family Life: The individual per- path immediately outside the exhibit, sonalities of the current trio of tiger saying thank you to the many people brothers resident at Woodland Park who donated to the construction of Zoo have allowed them to remain on the exhibit. 40 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 41

Patrick Janikowski1,*, James Brighton1, Joyce Lee1 & Terry O’Connor1 A Playground in Nature: Longsha Zoological and Botanical Garden in China

Summary Introduction How Do Visitors Experience the Zoo? Most of us went to a zoo at some Longsha Zoological and Botanical point in our childhoods. In the earlier Garden is a new park that opened in The physical organisation of the park days, the animals were often ex- June 2014, located just beyond the was designed to provide distinct hibited behind metal bars, in small downtown core of Qiqihar. With a habitats that simulate the earth’s cages, barren of any furnishings. The population of five million, it is the sec- biomes and other geographical zones, exhibits felt like specimen boxes with ond largest city in the north-eastern wherein plants, animals and inter- visitors simply looking at the animals. province of Heilongjiang. Built on pretive elements are integrated to Even today, visitors still experience former agricultural and aquacultural bring the visitors multi-layered and this in some zoos. Within the last land, the 32 ha park has become a unexpected connections both within decade, a vast array of zoos, aquari- trendsetter for zoo design in China. and outside of the local region. ums and safari parks have sprung up The design was founded upon interna- throughout China, estimated at more tional standards for animal care and Local climatic imperatives: At latitude than 200 according to the Chinese welfare, natural science education and 47° N, the seasonal temperatures Association of Zoological Gardens. interpretation, and visitor interactivity swing from low –40 °C to high 30 °C, With a growing affluent population, and entertainment. All animal holding, dictating the need for interior and how does a new zoo capitalise on this management and exhibit spaces were exterior animal and visitor spaces. potential and set an example for all designed to meet or exceed the stand- Most animal species have generously future zoos? This article outlines the ards established by AZA and EAZA. The sized outdoor and indoor enclosures. design of Longsha Zoological and park’s exhibit and interactive displays Outdoor exhibits use solar orienta- Botanical Garden in China. are bi-lingual in Mandarin Chinese and tion to create micro-habitats. Large, English. The wayfinding signs use four free-range, mixed-species habitats languages: Mandarin, English, Japa- allow herd animals the freedom of nese and Korean. movement. Indoor habitats provide ample visitor viewing and animal The project set a challenge for the comfort during the long winter design team: create an interactive months, achieved through the use of experience that connects visitors with geothermal in-floor heating, skylights animals in a natural setting that is for natural daylighting and solar gain, fun, educational and promotes multi- and enrichment elements such as hot generational communication. The ap- and cool rocks, feeders and drinkers. proach to the physical layout was to merge the interpretive content into the exhibits. Interactive elements were strategically located within each zone. The conservation and educational messages are integrated with, not additive to, the animal viewing. The overall design results in a broad- ranged and meaningful experience that instils empathy for nature and wild animals. The new park offers generous outdoor and indoor animal exhibits to bridge the mild summer and severe winter. 1 PJA Architects + Landscape Architects, © PJA Seattle, WA, USA * E-mail for correspondence: [email protected] 42 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 43

Play-based elements elaborate on the story concepts to encourage family interaction and provide opportunities for children to explore animal habitats and mimic animal behaviours. Some examples include:

• Kangaroo Pouch: Visitors pop up from the oversized pouch to experience how a mother kangaroo cares for the baby joey. And it is a perfect opportunity for a photo! • Hibernation Cave: Children crawl in the cave to find life-sized animal sculptures and discover how they conserve energy by sleeping and slowing their heart rate and breath- ing when food is unavailable.

In addition, Texas Farm is a dedicated area that highlights how humans live with and care for animals, and how we manipulate nature for our survival. Upon meeting a variety of domesti- cated animals, children milk a cow, climb on farm animal sculptures and straw bales, and play on farming equipment, such as a corn crib, a trac- tor and a windmill.

The Discovery Centre is an indoor venue of 16 non-animal interactive exhibits that illustrate “animal culture” among various animal species, conspecifics and humans. Visitors © PJA explore three major storylines: A bi-lingual story sign marks each exhibit entry to prepare the visitors for the experience beyond. What Do Visitors Take away from the Zoo? • Animal Symbiosis: “Unlikely Partners” uses activities to show Habitat zones: Animals are exhibited Geographical links: Thematic ele- Conservation actions: Expressed Our design intent was to guide Story concepts are based on the how seemingly unrelated species in their natural habitats, simulating ments are designed to immerse through interpretive graphics for visitors’ interaction through multi- following categories: adaptation to cooperate for mutual benefit, such specific biomes such as wetlands, visitors in the natural and cultural each biome and animal, conservation sensory activities whenever possible. environmental and climatic condi- as dung beetle and elephant. grasslands, temperate forest and surroundings of Asia, Australia, North messages raise awareness of local, Transitioning from one zone to the tions, migration to obtain sustainable • Animal Architecture: “Making Struc- tropical rainforest. Plants are se- America, northern Europe and Africa. regional and worldwide issues, and next, visitors read text and graphics food sources, animal reproduction ture” enables visitors to explore lected to mimic the natural environ- Regional character and context are inspire visitors to take specific actions. that illustrate each biome, describe and care of young, domestication and shelters that animals and people ment found in each biome and can be reinforced through visual cues, such For example, one entire exhibit zone plant characteristics and highlight food production, and communication build to raise their young, store food sourced easily from local nurseries. as artificial geological formations is dedicated to global wetland bird conservation issues. Upon entering and intelligence as survival strategies. and provide security and comfort. Interpretive signs explain the biomes, and human elements in architecture, species, as Qiqihar is known as the the exhibits, large story and animal Specific topics for each zone include: Examples include a human igloo each with a world classification map, arts and crafts. For example, visitor “Crane City” for its proximity to Zha- identification signs focus visitors’ and weaver bird nests. graphics, images and text of the as- viewing shelters take on the look of long Nature Reserve. This wetland is attention to observe animals closely • The Hunters illustrates predator • Animal Society: “Living Together” sociated plants and animals. vernacular architecture found near home to six of the 15 crane species, and see their physical adaptations strategies of hunting prey, alone or compares solitary animals (giant the animals’ native habitats. These including the endangered red- and behaviours. Within each zone, in groups, and use of speed, stami- panda), social groups (dolphin pod), elements accentuate and enrich a crowned crane. Of the 2,000 remain- interactive elements encourage the na and stalking. pairs (cranes), family units (gibbons) visitor’s connection within each zone. ing birds worldwide, 400 return here visitors to touch, do and play. • Animal Parents discusses different and social insects (bee colony). to nest every year. breeding and rearing strategies including single versus multiple offspring. 44 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 45

Monika Fiby1,* ZooLex by the Numbers

Summary ZooLex and its Use

ZooLex is a valuable resource for zoo For 15 years, ZooLex has presented We count a monthly average of professionals around the world. This animal exhibits from around the world 32,000 single visits, 220,000 page article presents some key perfor- for free (see http://www.zoolex.org) – views and 1,100,000 hits to the Zo- mance indicators from the ZooLex since 2003 as a WAZA service. The oLex website. The monthly ZooLex database and evaluates how ZooLex purpose – according to the mission of newsletter announces new exhibit is being used, who the presenters are the non-profit ZooLex Zoo Design Or- presentations. About 6,000 subscrib- and which types of exhibits they sub- ganisation – is to help improve holding ers and thus regular ZooLex users mit. We are pointing to exhibits that conditions for wild animals in human can be recognised by their e-mail we believe exemplify conservation, care by: publishing and disseminat- addresses. Most addresses relate animal welfare and education best ing information related to zoo design; to zoos. and may be models for the future. promoting appropriate holding condi- The presentation of these exhibits tions for wild animals in human care; From feedback (see testimonials on may have an influence on zoo design providing balanced technical informa- the ZooLex website), personal com- trends. tion and advice about zoo design; and munication with designers and zoo supporting research and vocational staff worldwide, and from my own ex- training related to zoo design. perience as a zoo designer, we found how ZooLex has become a standard resource for exhibit designers, whether they are architects, curators, educators or keepers. ZooLex helps zoo Children play a game of “dung balls” through the air tubes and into the dung beetle burrows. © PJA staff get inspired and allows them to use examples from the Gallery for their own exhibit developments. Costs and sizes of exhibits that are Conclusion published on ZooLex indicate funding and space requirements for master Throughout the park, visitors are With its burgeoning middle class, The park has seen steady attend- planning and exhibit developing immersed in thematically relevant increased leisure time and public ance increases, even during the purposes. Photos included on ZooLex surroundings, and engaged in activi- interest in wild animals, China is a winter months when bone-chilling exhibit presentations are used in pro- ties directly tied to the biomes and fertile ground for advancing the ideas temperatures generally limit visita- ject briefs to illustrate and exemplify animals. The educational messages of a modern zoo. Longsha Zoological tion. The park has been granted a 4A the desirable style or specific features are conveyed through multi-sensory and Botanical Garden has set new class tourism rating from the central of a design. Zoo staff and designers experiences, and the play opportuni- standards in order to offer a multi- government Bureau of Tourism. The defend their ideas by using ZooLex as ties are purposely and conveniently dimensional experience, encourage city of Qiqihar also supports the a reference. Photos from ZooLex are placed for children to not only burn visitor interactivity, stimulate com- new zoo through expanded tourism also used as models by fabricators. off energy but also learn about nature. munication among families and im- programmes and transportation The take-away is a greater personal part knowledge of animals and plants, improvements, which attract visitors connection and deeper respect for all in an attractive and comfortable from the vicinity of a two-hour drive. animals and the environment. environment. It is a testament to a Longsha Zoological and Botanical client group willing to challenge cul- Garden has bridged a tourism gap in Monika Fiby working with a client. tural norms, cater to visitor needs and this industrial city, and will continue © Monika Fiby consumer demands, and significantly to serve as a fun, entertaining and redefine the meaning of a zoo. educational destination for generations to come.

1 ZooLex Zoo Design Organisation, Vienna, Austria * E-mail for correspondence: [email protected] 46 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 47

Publishing Policies Role Models

From 2000 to 2015, ZooLex has What will be the direction of zoo presented 204 animal exhibits from design on a global scale in the future? around the world. All of them are ap- The visitor counters on ZooLex show proved by the institution hosting the that the most frequently visited exhibit and by the ZooLex editorial presentations illustrate exhibits for board. Publishing is in English, but big charismatic species and large more than half of the presentations sophisticated theme areas, such as are additionally published in German Congo Gorilla Forest (Bronx Zoo), El- or Spanish. ephants of the Asian Forest (Chester Zoo), Manatee Springs (Cincinnati ZooLex only publishes presentations Zoo & Botanical Garden), Masoala that show the whole picture of an Rainforest (Zurich Zoo) and Tiger Lair exhibit, including animal manage- and Tiger Base Camp (Minnesota ment facilities. Apart from this rule, Zoo). This seems to mirror the inter- all exhibits are eligible for presenta- est of decision-makers and the public tion. We do not publish judgements on ZooLex as well as in the real world and personal opinions, but we use a where big openings draw big audi- standard format for describing exhib- ences. its. This format helps the reader to judge the quality of an exhibit by the Flexible facilities for managing large quality of its presentation. groups of animals may become more important in the future. After having Owners and Presenters gone from the historic taxonomic menagerie through geographic collec- WAZA members constitute 67 of the tions to habitat design, we may see 104 institutions that have published new taxonomic theme areas because on ZooLex so far. Language barri- they are effective for breeding spe- ers for sure matter. While we have cies of the same taxon. Examples on helped many zoos in German-speak- ZooLex include Nordic Owl Aviaries ing countries to get their exhibits on (Ostrava Zoo), Amphibian Ark (Paign- ZooLex, zoos from English-speaking ton Zoo), African Ungulate Conserva- countries clearly have an advantage tion Centre (Woburn Safari Park) and in publishing. This has resulted in 28 Mink–Ferret Rotation Exhibit (Fasan- institutions from German-speaking erie Wiesbaden). countries publishing on ZooLex, in comparison to 32 from other coun- Native species exhibits have a great tries in Europe. Institutions from potential for serving conservation, English-speaking countries (USA, UK, © Monika Fiby © M. Bungard animal welfare and education in a Australia, New Zealand, Singapore) sustainable way. If located in an inter- See on ZooLex how jellyfish are exhibited as Taxonomic exhibits may facilitate breeding – see Paignton Zoo’s Amphibian Ark represent almost half (50) of all Zo- Living Art at Monterey Bay Aquarium. and its wildlife garden on ZooLex. esting site, the landscape design can oLex presenters. ZooLex Gallery make use of existing habitats, such as Wolf Territory (Highland Wildlife There are obviously well-known zoos We have been evaluating which types Besides various otter species (nine), In general, we try to present exhibits Grizzly Coast (Minnesota Zoo) and Park), Bearded Vulture Aviary (Tier- that people want to see. Exhibit of exhibits can be found on ZooLex almost no mustelid exhibits are from theme areas separately for each Pongoland (Leipzig Zoo). Sometimes park Goldau) and Wetlands Aviary presentations from Bronx, Zurich and so far. The data clearly show a bias presented on ZooLex, but they are species with a common introduction, this is not possible because we can- (Healesville Sanctuary). Native animal Chester zoos are among those that towards the big charismatic species: rare in zoos as well. Red pandas are in order to show how each exhibit not obtain enough details. Overall, parks are cost effective when making receive the most visits, as indicated exhibits for big cats (26), apes (20), quite popular in zoos and on ZooLex was designed for the species it ac- 26 theme areas are on ZooLex, seven good use of their site and serving by the counter at the end of each bears (19) and elephants (nine) are too (four). Two exhibits in the Gallery commodates. Examples include Asia thereof are rainforest exhibitions. the regional population. Interesting presentation. These three zoos are at the most numerous among various are dedicated to insects, namely bees Trail (Smithsonian National Zoo- themes make them stand out and the same time among the institutions types of exhibits on ZooLex. Out of and butterflies. We hope that they logical Park), Himalayas (Zurich Zoo), attractive for tourists. The Arizona that have shared the most exhibits a total of 204 exhibit presentations, will serve as good examples for more Masai Mara (Zoo Atlanta), Russia’s Sonora Desert Museum, Alpenzoo (four to seven each). Woodland Park, only four are aquariums. These four insect exhibit presentations. Birds Innsbruck and Otter Centre Hankens- Vienna and Zurich zoos were the first were presented by the National (24) are well represented on ZooLex, büttel, for example, are represented supporters of ZooLex. As a conse- Aquarium Baltimore and Monterey with the most numerous exhibits be- in the Gallery. quence, they are also well repre- Bay Aquarium and prepared from ing for penguins (five). sented on ZooLex, with four to nine AZA award submissions. exhibits each. 48 WAZA 17 (2016) EXPERIENCEWAZA 17 (2016) ARCHITECTURE III MASTERPLAN · ARCHITECTURE · LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE · ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL ENRICHMENT · DESIGN · STORYTELLING

Pointing to the Future

When integrated into traditional zoos, Since ZooLex helps zoo staff and ated because they can help others native species exhibits need a special designers to develop exhibits, ZooLex improve holding conditions and save wow factor to be attractive among has an influence on design. ZooLex money at the same time. ZooLex edi- elephants and tigers. Creatures of the content is shaped by ZooLex editors tors diversify the Gallery by helping to Wollemi (Taronga Zoo) is a large ex- who approve all submissions for pub- present exhibits for species that are hibit with a mix of various species and lication and actively invite contribu- rarely kept or considered difficult or a special story. Nature Experience tors. not worthwhile to exhibit. Walk (Vienna Zoo) is an exhibition of free-range and captive native animals Most presentations published on Preparing a presentation from in a managed part of the local forest. ZooLex (141 of 204) were initiated by scratch seems time consuming, but The highlight of the exhibition is a us and our editors, particularly during is an interesting task for interns or view of Vienna from a giant hanging the first years. Meanwhile more zoos students. They can use the ZooLex bridge. We will show more examples and designers have found their way template, take photos and make of free-range and captive native to submit presentations, usually of interviews on site, and look for a plan animal displays, for example in the newly built facilities. AZA award sub- or draw a sketch of the exhibit layout Bavarian Forest National Park, on missions are easy to get onto ZooLex. to scale. Preparing a presentation for ZooLex in the future. Their format is very similar to ours. the Gallery is a rewarding exercise for Submissions by zoos and design- the author and a beneficial contribu- Tigers at Ranthambore (Rantham- ers tend to cover theme areas and tion to our shared expertise. bore National Park) is an example of exhibits for big and charismatic spe- how the differences between a zoo cies. These presentations are appreci- and the wild may blur in the future,

when we have to manage the last ISLANDS Zoo Chester | specimens of large species in frag- mented pieces of land.

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