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Proquest Dissertations Saying 'G: Women, Desire and Their Depiction in East Germany by Jane Freelanci, B.A. A research essay submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Institute of European, Russian and Eurasian Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario June, 2010 ©2010, J. Freeland Library and Archives Bibliothèque et ?F? Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-71676-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-71676-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada Abstract This thesis analyses how women's desire gained expression in East Germany, either sexually or materially, and how the regulation of these desires was depicted in East German popular culture, particularly cinema from the fifties to the early seventies. In doing so it traces the evolution from the 1950s when depictions of desire emphasised the importance of socialist values for women to the early seventies, when desire was used by filmmakers to comment on the failure of the state to tolerate the protagonist's quest for self-fulfillment. Contextualised within the social and political developments from this era, this thesis explores how women's desires were essential to establishing a dialogue opposed to the regime, as exemplified in the films Der Dritte (Her Third, 1972) by Egon Günther and Die Legende von Paul und Paula (The Legend of Paul and Paula, 1973) from Heiner Carow. 11 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the assistance of the Centre for European Studies at Carleton University and the DEFA Library at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst for their support of my research. Deepest gratitude also goes to my supervisor Dr. Jennifer Evans for her guidance in my research. Thanks also goes to my parents, without whom I would not be here. Specifically, to my mother, Lesley, thank you for your patience and always pragmatic advice, and to my father, Richard, thank you for your excellent proof-reading, I know I can count on you, even though you disagree with my use of the word 'however'. iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Glossary of German Terms and Abbreviations ? Introduction 1 Equality - Without Masculinisation 17 The Difficulty of Saying T 53 Ideal and Reality Never Go Together 83 Conclusion 130 Bibliography 139 IV Glossary of German Terms and Abbreviations Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft (DEFA): German Film Corporation. DEFA-Kommission: A body formed to coordinate between DEFA and the SED Central Committee on personnel matters. Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands (DFD): Democratic Women's League of Germany. Diakonissenheim: A convent school. Der Dritte: "Her Third," directed by Egon Günther, released 1972. Ernst Thälmann Pioniere: Ernst Thälmann Pioneers, a socialist group for young children. Das Fahrrad: "The Bicycle," directed by Evelyn Schmidt, released in 1981. Frauenfilme: Gegenwartsfilme that featured female protagonists and female centred storylines. Frauenschicksale: "The Destinies of Women," directed by Slatan Dudow, released 1952. Frauenpolitik: Women's policies. Die Frau und der Sozialismus: "Woman Under Socialism," August Bebel's seminal text on women's roles under socialism. Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ): Free German Youth, a socialist youth group for teenagers and young adults. Gegenwartsfilme: Contemporary screen dramas or social dramas, set in the present day of the GDR. Kahlschlag: The colloquial term for the events of the 1965 Eleventh Plenum that saw severe censorship of DEFA productions. Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD): Communist Party of Germany. Die Legende von Paul und Paula/'Die Legende ': The Legend of Paul and Paula, directed by Heiner Carow, released 1973. Nachdenken über Christa T.: "The Quest for Christa T," written by Christa Wolf, published 1968. ? Neubau(ten): The massive apartments built during the seventies and eighties as a result of the 1971 Five-Year Plan. Neues Deutschland: "New Germany," the SED Party newspaper. Staatssicherheitsdienst or Stasi: State security service. Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED): Socialist Unity Party. Sozialistische Persönlichkeit: Socialist Personality. Utopieverlust: Loss of utopia, an aesthetic of mourning used by East German artists beginning in the sixties. Verwirrung der Liebe: "Love's Confusions," directed by Slatan Dudow, released 1959. Vl Introduction In the German Democratic Republic the emancipation of women has been achieved (Lange, 1987: 76)1 Between 1949 and 1990 Germany was divided - split between East and West, between socialism and capitalism. Daily life in the two Germanys proceeded quite differently, from the brand of coffee drunk in the morning to the television programs viewed at night. Much has been written on the everyday life and experience of socialism and dictatorship in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and attempts have been made by historians to classify and determine not only what kind of dictatorship the GDR represented, but also the extent to which the authoritarian branches of the state influenced the daily lives of East Germans (Jarausch, 1999). 2 Within the context of German reunification, debate on the question of East Germany has often split between those who emphasise the totalitarian aspects of the regime of the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party, SED) and those who empathise with the ideals of the socialist project and claim the GDR as a "failed experiment" (Ibid: 4). There are those still who claim the GDR as little more than a "footnote in world history" (Hans-Ulrich Wehler qtd in Harsch, 2010: 9). Writing in 1997 historian Konrad Jarausch called for a more nuanced approach to East German history, one that respects the "contradictions of the GDR experience so as to recover the various shades of gray, characteristic even of life under a dictatorship" (1997: 5). This thesis aims at contributing to this differentiated approach to GDR history 1 "...in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik die Gleichberechtigung der Frau wirklich ist" Throughout this thesis all quotations are presented in English. Where possible, the German original is footnoted below. 2 The terms German Democratic Republic and East Germany are used interchangably throughout this thesis. 1 through broadly examining how concepts of gender roles moderated women's desires in the GDR. More specifically, it analyses how women's desire gained expression in East Germany, either sexually or materially, and how the regulation of these desires was depicted in East German popular culture, particularly cinema from the 1950s to the early seventies. Its purpose is to determine why the portrayal of certain desires and behaviour were deemed subversive by the SED. In undertaking this study, this thesis not only examines how the authoritarian and regulatory aspects of the SED regime impacted upon women's lives, but also asks how this regulation was internalised and reflected by filmmakers. Gender Roles, Depictions of Women and Gegenwartsfilme In order to understand why certain depictions of women's desires were subversive, the role of women in East Germany under socialism must first be discussed. This is because the way that socialism saw women's place in society changed traditional notions of how women were expected to act and behave. In classical Marxist-Leninist ideology, due to women's financial dependence on men, women, like the proletariat, were fundamentally oppressed as a class under capitalism. Indeed, gender inequality was seen as "the first historical class difference" (Engels qtd in Rinke, 2006: 18). In order to emancipate women from this class oppression, women needed to be freed from their roles as domestic slaves and allowed to enter the workforce in order to gain economic independence and realise their
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