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Evaluation De L'impact Sur La Santé De L'aérosol De Combustion Pour Evaluation de l’impact sur la santé de l’aérosol de combustion pour différentes sources urbaines en Afrique de l’Ouest en saison sèche et humide : caractérisation physico-chimique et toxicologique Aka Jacques Adon To cite this version: Aka Jacques Adon. Evaluation de l’impact sur la santé de l’aérosol de combustion pour différentes sources urbaines en Afrique de l’Ouest en saison sèche et humide : caractérisation physico-chimique et toxicologique. Ecologie, Environnement. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2019. Français. NNT : 2019TOU30049. tel-02880155 HAL Id: tel-02880155 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02880155 Submitted on 24 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 5)µ4& &OWVFEFMPCUFOUJPOEV %0$503"5%&-6/*7&34*5²%&506-064& %ÏMJWSÏQBS Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) 1SÏTFOUÏFFUTPVUFOVFQBS Aka Jacques ADON le Jeudi 20 Juin 2019 5JUSF Évaluation de l'impact sur la santé de l'aérosol de combustion pour différentes sources urbaines en Afrique de l'Ouest en saison sèche et humide: caractérisation physico-chimique et toxicologique. ²DPMF EPDUPSBMF et discipline ou spécialité ED SDU2E : Océan, Atmosphère, Climat 6OJUÏEFSFDIFSDIF LA- Laboratoire d'Aérologie (Université de Toulouse -CNRS) %JSFDUFVSUSJDF T EFʾÒTF Cathy LIOUSSE-LEAL et Armelle BAEZA-SQUIBAN Jury : Céline MARI Directrice de Recherche, LA, Toulouse Présidente du Jury Béatrice MARTICORENA Directrice de Recherche, UPEC, Paris Rapporteure Arouna DIEDHOU Directeur de Recherche, IRD, Grenoble-Alpes Rapporteur Sylvain BILLET Maître de conférence, UCEIV, Cote d'Opale Rapporteur Véronique YOBOUE Professeur Titulaire, LaPA-MF, UFHB, Abidjan Examinatrice Catherine LIOUSSE Directrice de recherche, LA, Toulouse Directrice de thèse Armelle BAEZA Professeur de Toxicologie, BFA, Paris Co-directrice « Celui qui observe le vent ne sèmera point, et celui qui regarde les nuages ne moissonnera point. Comme tu ne sais pas quel est le chemin du vent, ni comment se forment les os dans le ventre de la femme enceinte, ……Dès le matin sème ta semence, et le soir ne laisse pas reposer ta main; car tu ne sais point ce qui réussira, ceci ou cela, ou si l'un et l'autre sont également bons ». Le sage Ecclésiaste. DEDICACE Dédicace A la mémoire de : Mon Père; Ma Mère; Mon frère. À . ma grande famille « …N’abandonne jamais… même si… » « ...Avec beaucoup de sagesse on a beaucoup de chagrin, et celui qui augmente sa science augmente sa douleur » i DEDICACE ii Remerciements Remerciements Cette thèse a été réalisée grâce au support financier du programme Européen DACCIWA et encadrée par le LA (Laboratoire d’Aérologie), unité mixte de Recherche CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier (UMR 5560). En premier lieu, je souhaite tout naturellement remercier mes encadrants de thèse, Mme Catherine LIOUSSE et Mme Armelle BAEZA, d'avoir accepté la lourde charge de diriger ce travail, principaux acteurs ayant rendu cette aventure possible. Par leur exigence, leur rigueur scientifique, elles m'ont toujours guidé à l'essentiel des problèmes dans un souci marqué sans cesse par la clarté et la simplicité. Ce travail n’aurait jamais été mené à terme sans elles. Merci à vous pour votre patience, vos conseils, votre facilité d’accès ainsi que la confiance accordée. Votre abnégation pour le travail de recherche, le suivi attentif de mes travaux m’ont vraiment encouragé. Tous ces points auront été des éléments déterminants pendant ces trois années, notamment dans les moments creux et les phases de grands doutes. Je vous suis infiniment reconnaissant d’avoir su orienter mon travail et pour m’avoir laissé une grande autonomie dans mes activités de recherche. Ensuite, j’exprime mes remerciements à Madame YOBOUE Véronique, Professeur Titulaire au Laboratoire de Physique de l’Atmosphère et de la Mécanique des Fluides (LAPA-MF) de l’UFR des Sciences des Structures de la Matière et Technologie (SSMT) de l’Université Félix Houphouët BOIGNY d’Abidjan-Cocody (UFHB), Directrice de l’équipe «Aérosols et pollution». Elle m’a chaque fois guidé à l’essentiel de mes préoccupations. Au-delà de son dynamisme, de son soutien inestimable et sa rigueur scientifique qui ont largement contribué à l’élaboration de ce travail, elle a efficacement contribué à la résolution des problèmes auxquels je fus confronté. Je tiens également à remercier l’ensemble des membres du jury : Mme MARTIORENA Béatrice (rapporteure), Mr Sylvain BILLET (Rapporteur), Mr Arona DIEDHIOU (rapporteur), Mme Celine MARI (examinatrice), et Mme YOBOUE Véronique (examinatrice) pour leur temps consacré à la lecture et à la critique du manuscrit. Merci pour vos nombreuses suggestions et conseils qui ont permis d’améliorer ce manuscrit. Merci également pour vos encouragements, grandement apprécies. iii Remerciements Merci également à Hélène CACHIER, et à Benjamin GUINOT, membres de mon comité de thèse, pour avoir assisté scientifiquement le déroulement de cette thèse. Les nombreuses questions scientifiques soulevées lors de discussions m’ont permis d’améliorer ce travail. Merci pour votre grande disponibilité et vos conseils avisés. Je voudrais adresser mes remerciements au Professeur TROKOUREY Albert, Professeur Titulaire, Directeur du laboratoire de chimie Physique de l’UFR des Sciences des Structures de la Matière et Technologie (SSMT) de l’Université Félix Houphouët BOIGNY d’Abidjan- Cocody (UFHB) pour ses immenses qualités humaines, pour sa grande disponibilité et ses conseils avisés. Vous m’avez donné le gout de la recherche. Par ailleurs, tout travail de thèse ne peut s'accomplir sans le support d'un laboratoire d’accueil. A ce titre, je remercie le Docteur Céline MARI, Directrice du Laboratoire d’Aérologie et les membres du laboratoire pour m'avoir accepté dans leurs locaux et pour le support logistique dont j'ai bénéficié tout au long de l’élaboration de ma thèse. Merci encore à vous Céline MARI, pour m’avoir accueilli au sein du laboratoire et permis de bénéficier d’excellentes conditions de travail. Je tiens également à remercier Mme Marisa VIALET, pour son dynamisme et pour ses services. Un grand merci à l’équipe informatique du LA, toujours réactifs, souriants et présents pour aider et régler toutes sortes de problèmes. Merci à l’ensemble de l’équipe EDI (Emission Dépôt Impact) pour la bonne humeur quotidienne et tout particulièrement sa directrice, pour son enthousiasme constant et son énergie débordante. Toute ma gratitude à Corinne GALY-LACAUX, pour sa précieuse aide technique, j'ai apprécié votre gentillesse et votre disponibilité pour le travail. Je pense également à Hélène CACHIER qui n’a pas hésité à effectuer plusieurs déplacements pour m’apprendre les techniques d’analyse de WSOC (Water Soluble Organic Carbon), avec le nouvel équipement acquis par le LA. Merci à Cyril ZOUITEN du GET (Géoscience Environnement Toulouse), qui m’a également appris à analyser les éléments traces et métaux de transition, à Eric GARDRAT (LA), à Mai-Lan Tran, et à toute l’équipe BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative) de l’université Paris Diderot. Mes remerciements vont aussi à l’endroit de Claire DELON, Jean-Francois LEON, Véronique PONT, Dominique SERCA, Karine MERCADIER, Virginie REDON, Thierno DOUMBIA, à Edith KOUADIO, à Flore TOCQUET. Je tiens à exprimer ma connaissance à la présidence de l’Université Paul Sabatier, à la présidence de l’Université de Paris Diderot, et à toute l’équipe de DACCIWA. iv Remerciements Je voudrais adresser mes remerciements à Génévieve SOUCAIL, Directrice de l’Ecole Doctorale SDU2E, au Professeur Arsene KOBEA, Directeur du laboratoire LAPA-MF, au Professeur DONGUI BINI KOUAME de l’Université de Daloa, au Professeur Paul ASSAMOI (LAPA-MF) de l’Université Félix Houphouet Boigny d’Abidjan, et au Professeur Aristide AKPO de l’Université d’Abomey Cavaly. A ceux qui ont partagé le terrain avec moi, en l’occurrence l’équipe EDI, l’équipe «Aérosols et pollution», le LAPA-MF, l’université Abomey Cavaly, je leur dis sincèrement merci pour l’assistance et la parfaite collaboration. Aux Doctorants du SD2E à ceux du LAPA-MF, du WASCAL, et de SSMT, je voudrais vous adresser toute ma reconnaissance pour la solidarité dont vous avez fait preuve tout au long de cette aventure, je retiens que nous constituons désormais une famille au-delà de la recherche. Que tous ceux, trop nombreux pour être cités nommément, qui de près ou de loin m’ont aidé, aussi bien dans la vie en général que dans la réalisation de ce travail, trouvent ici l’expression de ma profonde gratitude. Merci à ma famille, mes frères et sœurs d’avoir prié et continue de prier pour moi, et à tous mes amis. v Remerciements vi Financements Financements Cette étude a été réalisée dans le cadre du programme Européen DACCIWA, et financée par DACCIWA. Le projet Dynamics-aerosol-chemistry-cloud interactions in West Africa est financé par le 7ème Programme Cadre de l'Union Européenne pour étudier l'influence des émissions anthropiques et naturelles sur la composition atmosphérique au Sud de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et pour évaluer leur impact sur la santé humaine et des écosystèmes et la productivité agricole. Il s'agit d'un grand projet (~10 millions d'euros) avec des partenaires en Allemagne, en France, au Royaume-Uni, en Suisse, et en Afrique. Ce travail a été egalement realisé grâce au soutien de l’Université Paul Sabatier–Toulouse III, du Laboratoire d’Aérologie (LA), UMR 5560 | CNRS, de l’équipe Emission Dépot et Impact (EDI), ainsi que du Géoscience Environnemental Toulouse (GET).
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