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Shifting Trade Networks: Sub-Saharan to Atlantic Exchange in Central Ghana 1355-1725 CE

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Shifting Trade Networks: Sub-Saharan to Atlantic Exchange in Central Ghana 1355-1725 CE Shifting Trade Networks: Sub-Saharan to Atlantic Exchange in Central Ghana 1355-1725 CE by Anne M. Compton A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor Joyce Marcus, Chair Professor John O’Shea Professor Raymond A. Silverman Professor Henry Wright © Anne M. Compton 2014 DEDICATION To Michael Church, for always believing in me ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Words cannot express my gratitude for the constant support and guidance of so many people that made this dissertation possible. My research interests have been continually evolving and growing since my first archaeological experiences at the University of New Mexico. Since then, I have been fortunate enough to take part in projects all over the world—from Ghana, India, Italy, Senegal, Michigan, and New Mexico. Each research project has contributed to my growth as an anthropological archaeologist. I am eternally grateful to have been surrounded by a rigorous intellectual environment at the University of Michigan in both the Anthropology and African Studies Departments. Without Dr. Raymond Silverman, this dissertation would not have been possible. He taught me what engaged scholarship means. Throughout the years, he has been a patient and enthusiastic advisor. He has a knack for giving the right advice and guidance at the precise moment it is needed. Ray introduced me to Techiman and patiently guided me through the social aspects of conducting research in sub-Saharan Africa. He graciously allowed me to build upon his networks and connections that he carefully maintained since his field seasons in Ghana in the 1980s. This gave me immediate access to communities as well as the broad acceptance of my research in new areas. I could not have asked for a better advisor. Special thanks to Dr. Joyce Marcus for her excellent support and guidance through the program. She encouraged and pushed me to reach goals I thought were not attainable. Joyce is tireless in her crusade to assist graduate students, and I am grateful that she was the chair of my dissertation. Dr. Henry Wright and Dr. John O’Shea provided constant support of my project and were instrumental in providing guidance through my research design and analysis phases. Dr. Carla Sinopoli’s support has been instrumental to my success. Her selflessness, level- headed advice, and experience in directing projects in the developing world helped ground my work and helped me put my experiences in perspective. I am grateful that my undergraduate advisor, Dr. Ann Ramenofsky, has continued to play an important role. She has always believed in me and never held back. There are countless others who have iii directly commented on my research at its various stages including, Dr. John Speth, Dr. Martin Murray, Dr. Elisha Renne, Dr. Howard Stein, Dr. Richard Redding, and Dr. Meghan Howey. My fellow graduate students were instrumental in helping support me, and I appreciate their willingness to engage with my research and provide feedback. Notably, the Africanist archaeology graduate students, Dr. Amanda Logan, Dr. Daphne Gallagher, Dr. Stephen Dueppen, Dr. Cameron Gokee, and Andy Gurstelle, were unwavering in their support. Emily Holt provided ideas, resources, and a tremendous amount of help with the analysis of faunal remains. I was fortunate to have a wonderful cohort and be surrounded by curious and passionate students of archaeology. I am grateful for the support from the University of Ghana and the Ghana Museums and Monuments Board. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Kodzo Gavua, Dr. Derek Watson, Dr. Benjamin Kankpeyeng, Victoria Ayee, and William Glepkor. I was constantly overwhelmed by the hospitality and curiosity about my project in Ghana. The chiefs, students, women, and communities of Techiman, Bono Manso, Tanoboase, Nkoranza, Pinihini, and Kranka made this project a success. I am proud to call Enoch Mensah a friend and collaborator. His skills, social acumen, and experience Ghanaian archaeology are unparalleled. I am grateful for the unwavering support I received. People believed in me and encouraged me though all stages of my graduate career. This dissertation would not have been possible without help, guidance, and support from my peers, faculty, student, and staff in the United States and Ghana. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................. xviii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 The Bono: Anthropological Problem .............................................................................. 1 The Akan and Bono: Historical Problem ........................................................................ 4 Chapter 2 Historical Context ......................................................................................... 13 Early Sudanic Trade Relations...................................................................................... 13 European Contact .......................................................................................................... 19 Bono Manso .................................................................................................................. 35 Chapter 3 Understanding how Households Intersect with Political Economies ....... 53 Chapter 4 Archaeology and History of the Brong-Ahafo Region .............................. 76 Physical Setting ............................................................................................................. 78 Archaeological Background.......................................................................................... 78 Banda .......................................................................................................................... 103 Gonja ........................................................................................................................... 108 Field Methods Summary ............................................................................................. 110 Description of Sites in the Bono Area ........................................................................ 113 Chapter 5 Research Questions and Linking Arguments........................................... 125 Site Selection .............................................................................................................. 125 v Research Questions and Archaeological Correlates ................................................... 126 Field Methods and Sampling Strategy ........................................................................ 132 Household Production, Consumption, and Status....................................................... 133 Chapter 6 Description of Units Excavated and Materials Recovered ..................... 146 Mound 1 ...................................................................................................................... 147 Mound 2 ...................................................................................................................... 148 Mound 5 ...................................................................................................................... 149 Descriptive Overview Artifacts .................................................................................. 151 Chapter 7 Mound 1 ....................................................................................................... 168 Architecture................................................................................................................. 168 Production and Consumption ...................................................................................... 173 Wealth/ Status Differentiation .................................................................................... 243 Ritual Associations ..................................................................................................... 259 Chapter 8 Mound 2 ....................................................................................................... 261 Architecture................................................................................................................. 261 Production and Consumption ...................................................................................... 263 Wealth and Status Differentiation ............................................................................... 298 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 304 Chapter 9 Mound 5 ....................................................................................................... 306 Architecture................................................................................................................. 306
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