L'element Portugais Dans Les Univers Linguistique Et Onomastique Du Golfe De Guinee: Etude De Cas

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L'element Portugais Dans Les Univers Linguistique Et Onomastique Du Golfe De Guinee: Etude De Cas UNIVERSITE SORBONNE NOUVELLE - PARIS 3 ECOLE DOCTORALE 122 – EUROPE LATINE AMERIQUE LATINE En Cotutelle avec UNIVERSITE DE COCODY/ ABIDJAN, UFR DES LANGUES, LITTERATURES ET CIVILISATIONS THESE DE DOCTORAT NOUVEAU REGIME Discipline : Etudes du monde lusophone Auteur : Tougbo KOFFI Titre : L'ELEMENT PORTUGAIS DANS LES UNIVERS LINGUISTIQUE ET ONOMASTIQUE DU GOLFE DE GUINEE: ETUDE DE CAS Thèse dirigée par Mme le Prof. Jacqueline PENJON et Codirigée par M. le Prof. François ASSI ADOPO Thèse soutenue le 09 Octobre 2010 Jury : M. le Prof. François ASSI ADOPO (Abidjan) Mme le Prof Jacqueline PENJON (Paris3) Mme le Prof. Maria Helena ARAUJO CARREIRA (Paris 8) M. Nicolas QUINT, Dir. de Recherche LLACAN (Inalco – CNRS) 1 QUATRIEME PAGE DE COUVERTURE Résumé en Français La période du XVe au XVIIe siècle a été, pour le Portugal, sa culture et sa langue, l’âge d’or par excellence1. Pendant ces trois siècles, ce pays a dominé les mers et occupé la première place parmi les états les plus avancés de son temps. C’est pendant cette époque d’expansion spectaculaire que ses explorateurs lui ont permis d’atteindre pour la première fois, certaines régions des continents africain et asiatique, l’Amérique et même l’Océanie. A travers les âges et l’histoire, de nombreux travaux de recherche ont été réalisés sur cette vitalité du royaume portugais. Des historiens, des anthropologues, des critiques et des écrivains ont publié des ouvrages dont la qualité et l’intérêt demeurent jusqu’à nos jours. Sur le plan linguistique, beaucoup a été également dit et écrit2. En ce qui concerne la question de la lexicologie relative à l’espace géographique ouest-africain par rapport au Portugal, seules quelques bribes d’informations sont connues, tant les lusistes sont quasiment muets sur la question. Or, lorsque nous observons bien l’univers linguistique local, nous nous rendons compte que certaines manifestations lexicales ne sont pas innocentes. Le passage des Portugais dans la sous-région à partir du XVe siècle a contribué à y laisser des empreintes linguistiques devenues indélébiles au fil du temps. Celles-ci seront renforcées au XIXe siècle avec le retour des Noirs de l’Etat brésilien de Bahia après la révolte de ceux-ci en 18353. Notre recherche dont le titre est « L’élément Portugais dans les univers linguistique et onomastique du Golfe de Guinée : étude de cas » est donc une étude qui vise à montrer et à démontrer l’actualité effective de ces empreintes lusitaniennes aussi bien dans les langues locales que dans l’anthroponymie, la toponymie, l’hydronymie et l’oronymie de la région pré-citée. Nous avons mené notre investigation dans la partie australe de quatre pays de la zone : la Côte d’Ivoire, le Ghana, le Togo et le Bénin. Le corpus est composé de quelques centaines d’entrées que nous avons répertoriées à travers une recherche 1 Cf. SILVA TERRA, José da – « Toponymie afro-portugaise au XVe siècle » in La Fabrique des mots, la néologie ibérique, Paris, Presses de l’Université de Paris – Sorbonne, 2000, pp 131-157, parmi tant d’autres. 2 L’état des lieux des études lusophones montre, en général, une fertilité assez représentative sur la plupart des continents, hormis le volet de la lexicologie portugaise en Afrique occidentale. 3 En 1835, dans l’Etat de Bahia au Brésil, une grande révolte des Noirs a éclaté. A l’issue de celle-ci, beaucoup de Noirs ont décidé de regagner l’Afrique, terre de leurs ancêtres. Une fois en Afrique, ces descendants se sont majoritairement installés sur les côtes au Ghana, au Togo et au Bénin. 2 bibliographique et une enquête4 que nous avons réalisée sur le terrain. Durant huit ans, nous avons parcouru les différentes contrées, en quête de matière, en quête d’éléments pour constituer notre banque de données. Par conséquent, cette thèse est le résultat de l’analyse d’un corpus pragmatique et synchroniquement pertinent. Pour le traitement des données, un éventail de modèles théorico-méthodologiques s’est offert à nous. Notre choix s’est porté sur une méthode bipolaire qui combine à la fois l’histoire et des théories linguistiques dont le structuralisme, dans son approche contrastive car, au fond, il s’agit de comparer deux types de structures phonétique et morphologique ; d’une part, la structure d’une langue romane et d’autre part, celle des langues africaines. Dans sa forme, notre étude respecte la division ternaire classique : trois parties dont chacune se subdivise en trois chapitres ; soit un total de neuf chapitres. La première partie contextualise le problème en commençant par un rappel historique de la présence et du rôle commercial et socioculturel des Portugais dans la région aux XVe, XVle et XVIIe siècles. Ensuite, nous passons à la présentation panoramique des quatre pays concernés avant de refermer cette partie initiale sur l’univers linguistique cible dominé respectivement par les langues kru et kwa, deux groupes de la famille Niger-Congo, selon la typologie officielle des langues africaines5. La deuxième partie analyse l’emprunt lexical portugais dans les langues cibles. Elle fait d’abord le constat que l’état des lieux des études lexicologiques sur la langue portugaise dans la région inspire : productions scientifiques insuffisantes ou même inexistantes. Ensuite, elle aborde l’emprunt lexical sous deux formes : systématique et systémique6 ce qui emmène à une nomenclature tripartite des emprunts : les emprunts par assimilation, les emprunts par corruption sémantique et les emprunts sémantiques par snobisme ou modisme. L’analyse elle-même nous a conduit à deux axes de développement : l’axe phonologique et l’axe morphologique. 4 Voir fiche d’enquête en annexe 5 La typologie des langues africaines affiche quatre grandes familles ; Kay-Williamson (1989) et Bernd Nurse (2004) sont unanimes. Ce sont les familles Niger-Congo, Nilo-saharienne, Afro-asiatique et Khoïsan. 6 Ces deux modalités d’emprunts sont définies dans le chapitre 1 de la seconde partie de cette thèse. 3 L’analyse phonologique nous a permis d’apprécier les différentes formes d’intégration des phonèmes portugais dans les langues locales. La réduction, la mutation par épenthèse, la dénasalisation, le traitement des consonnes sont quelques points saillants qui ont retenu notre attention. Quant à l’analyse morphologique, elle nous a révélé trois types de modifications : les modifications par addition, par soustraction et enfin la dérivation et les hybridismes lexicaux. Dans la première modalité de modifications, l’agglutination, l’épenthèse, la gémination vocalique, la paragoge, la réduplication, la préfixation ont amplement été développées à l’aide d’exemples concrets. Dans la seconde modalité, l’apocope, l’aphérèse, l’élision ont été démontrées et également justifiées par des exemples précis. Enfin, la troisième catégorie de modifications a été étalée et illustrée par des exemples de dérivation et d’hybridismes lexicaux. De cette double analyse, il ressort que les emprunts sont à divers degrés d’intégration sémantique, phonologique et morphologique. Nous en avons dégagé quatre: - Les emprunts phonétiquement, morphologiquement et sémantiquement intégrés ; - Les emprunts phonétiquement et morphologiquement intégrés mais sémantiquement non intégrés ; - Les emprunts sémantiquement intégrés mais phonétiquement et morphologiquement modifiés pour mieux s’adapter aux langues endogènes; - Les emprunts sémantiquement intégrés mais phonétiquement et morphologiquement non intégrés. La troisième partie, quant à elle, présente l’élément portugais dans l’onomastique au sens large du terme. Après avoir relevé la valeur ontologique que revêt le concept dans les sociétés traditionnelles d’Afrique Noire7, nous montrons comment, à travers les anthroponymes, les hydronymes, les toponymes et les oronymes, le Portugal s’est, à jamais, fixé dans le Golfe de Guinée. En nous appuyant sur la bibliographie existante et 7 Cf. LIFCHITZ, D. – Les noms individuels chez les Dogon, Dakar, IFAN, 1954 et TIEROU, A. – Le nom africain ou langage de la tradition, Paris, GP Maisonneuve et Larose, 1977. 4 notre propre expérience, nous démontrons l’actualité de l’héritage onomastique portugais dans les quatre pays cibles. En conclusion, il n’est pas superflu de dire que cette recherche se situe à la confluence entre l’histoire, la linguistique et l’anthropologie. Nous sommes face à une étude originale de lexicographie et de lexicologie lusophone en Afrique occidentale qui a permis de répertorier aussi bien dans les langues locales que dans l’onomastique, des lexèmes dont la lusitanité est démontrée à l’aide de la méthode contrastive. Des études ont été généralement réalisées sur les africanismes dans la langue portugaise8 mais trop rarement sur l’inverse ; les lusitanismes dans les langues africaines ont bien rarement fait l’objet de travaux. Et c’est en cela que notre étude trouve toute son importance et son originalité. Le chemin est désormais tracé et notre souhait le plus ardent est qu’il soit emprunté et élargi par les générations futures. Tittle in Inglish: The portuguese element in linguistics and onomastics universes of Guinea Gulf: study of cases. Summary in inglish The period from the 15th to the 17th century has been for Portugal, his Culture and its language, the golden Age for excellence9. During those three centuries, this country has dominated the seas and was in the first rank among the prominent countries of its time. It is during that time of spectacular expansion that its explorers permitted the country to reach for the first time some regions of Africa and Asia continent, America and Oceania. Througth ages and history, numerous research works have been achieved on the portuguese kingdom’s vitality. Historians, anthropologists, critics and writers have publisched pertinent documents with credibility and rigours are still in use today. 8 Cf. RAIMUNDO, Jacques- O elemento afro-negro na língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro, Renascença, 1933. TOUGBO, Koffi- « Présence linguistique négro-africaine dans le portugais du Brésil » in En Quête n° 1, Abidjan, PUCI, 1997, pp.241-255 BOLOUVI, Lébéné Philippe- Nouveau Dictionnaire Ethymologique afro-brésilien : afro-brasilérismes d’origine éwé- fon et yoruba, Lomé, Presses Universitaires du Bénin, 1994.
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