Tables in Italics, Figures in Bold

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82213-8 - Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management Edited by Marcos Kogan and Paul Jepson Index More information

Index

(Tables in Italics, Figures in Bold)

Africa 3–5, 11, 14, 27, 188, integration of rural, pesticides and 539–45, 250, 317, 456 suburban and (see also pesticide(s)) African woolly pine aphid urban 57 principles and goals 23, (Pineus pini) 472 management 58,(see also 462 Agenda 21 integrated pest self damping 49 agricultural production management) stability 173, 444 systems 5, 22 sustainable 23, 34 sustainable agriculture agricultural system uncertainty in 54–6 and 43 agronomy in 69 agrochemicals 70 See also agricultural characteristics 68–9 agroecology 23, 433–5 system complexity 68 agroecosystem(s) Alaska Nature Preserve enhancement 69 biodiversity in 172, 386, (ANWAR) 19 instability 69 462,(see also alfalfa 313–15, 314 management 69,(see also biodiversity) aphid 305, 314, 447 management) community model of 49 weevil 314 population develop- continuity 438 alga (Caulerpa) 365 ment suppression density dependence 54 allelopathy 373 in 69 design of 303, 459, 460 allomones 177 agriculture diversified 452–9 allozymes 469 chemicals 10 ecology 435–9 ambrosia beetle 100–1, 114 de-specialization 57–8 guidelines for 70, 82, Gnathotrichus sulcatus 100 ecology and 444 459–61 Trypodendron lineatum genetics 58,(see also invisibility of 50–1 100 genetics; geneti- level III IPM 22 amplified fragment cally modified management 244 length polymor- organisms) manipulation 434, 435 phism (AFLP) 473, geographic diversifica- mechanized 435 483, 485, 499 tion 57–8 natural ecosytems and Anagrus integrated pest man- 172, 437 atomus 327 agement and pest outbreaks in epos 327, 457 23–4 439–44 ANOVA 493

553

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82213-8 - Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management Edited by Marcos Kogan and Paul Jepson Index More information

554 Index

antibiosis 173, 195, scab (Venturia inaequalis) Asian rice gall midge 282 316 (Orseolia oryzae) 471 antixenosis and antixeno- tree, phenology and Asia 4–6, 11, 13–14, 34 tics 90, 173, 177, growth 315–16 Artogea rapae 447 195 Arachnidomyia aldrichi assignment tests 489–91, ants 185 231 490 Apanteles diatraeae 253 Arachys hypogaea 191, 194 attracticide formulations Aphelinus Archytas marmoratus 272 137–9 hordei 475 ARC/INFO 8, 331 Australia 6, 144, 234, 400, mali 257 area-wide management., 407, 442, 479, 481 aphid 72, 73, 101–2, 114 See management: Austria 255 grain 471 area-wide Avena fatua 379 Metopolophium dirhodum Argentina 174, 498 average distance of band 449 Argentine stem weevil migration (ADBM) as prey 281 (Listronotus bonar- 493 resistance 275 iensis) 477 Rhopalosiphum maidis ARLEQUIN software 493 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 31, 283, 447 armyworm 58 Rhopalosiphum padi 283, Pseudaletia unipuncta endotoxin 270, 271 475, 476 231, 448, 458 genes for toxin 322, 329 viral transmission by Spodoptera exempta 484 indirect effects 284–5, 101 Spodoptera exigua 143, 322 Aphidius 152, 283, 323 pest adaptation to 290 colemani 475 Spodoptera frugiperda population level effects ervi 314, 480, 483 288, 471, 480, 568 285–6 smithi 314, 315 Spodoptera litorallis 288 resistance 323 Aphytis maculicornis 312, Spodoptera litura 152 specificity 282 313 arthropod pest toxic effects 282–4, 288 apple management toxins 282 aphids 305 artificial stimuli in in transgenic plants 174, -grass aphid behavioral approaches 195, 282–8, 323, (Rhopalosiphum biological control 381, 329, 415, 442, 443 insertum) 482 (see also bactericide 26 leafminer (Lyonetia management) bait clerkella) 152, 305 census 89 costs 124 leafminer companion planting 90 ecologically based 399 (Phyllonorycter field studies 89 performance 97, 99 ringoniella) 152 foraging behavior and rodenticide 398, 399 maggot fly (Rhagoletis 89 sprays 95, 105 pomonella) 55, 107, spatial scales and 94 sticks 100 105, 113 temporal scales and 94 traps 113, 124, 153, 325, pests 145,(see also trap cropping 90 397 codling moth) undersowing 90 See also pesticide(s)

555Index

balloon vine invasion resistance and frequency and number (Cardiospermum 50 of 6 halicacabum) 185 loss 11, 29 irreversibility 246 barnyard grass (Echinochloa in natural systems 235, models of 47 crus-galli) 369, 379, 434 negative effects of 247 380 pest control and 236, plant 6 Bathycoelia thalassina 188 386 prevention 31 bats 55 protection of 62 bioterrorism 6 Bayesian threats to 234 birch (Betula pendula) 423, clustering methods 495, biological control 45, 70, 424 496 88 bird cherry-oat aphid genotypic approaches advantages and dis- (Rhopalosiphum 496 advantages 46 padi) 483 statistics 490 annual crops 86 birds bean bug (Riptortus linearis) benefits and risks 264 aqua-culture losses 205 classical 246, 248, from 393 beetle (Dicladispa gestroi) 250–4, 261, 263 insectivorous 55 328 conservation 230, black aphid (Aphis fabae) beetle banks 70, 237 238–9, 254 484 behavioral control 88, 96, ecological concerns blackberry (Rubus) 461 101 246–50, 254–5, 260 blackberry leafhopper of apple maggot fly 105 establishment rate 247 (Dikrella californi- habitat structure and extinction and 253 cus) 327 105, 106 hazards 250–4 black cherry (Prunus behavioral management insect 84, 247, 250 serotina) 187 90–104, 177 integrative pest blue alfalfa aphid Bessa remota 248, 253 management and (Acyrthosiphon big-eyed bug (Geocoris 257, 259–63 kondoii) 314 punctipes) 272, 283, inundative 246, 254, 257 blue butterfly (Maculinea 286, 323 invasive plants 36–7, arion) 230, 248, BIOCAT database 251 41–3 315 biodiversity non-target effects of 252 blue mold, tobacco 55 in agroecosystems 172, orchard pests 146 boll weevil (Anthonomus 235–8, 451, 462 regulation 255, 263 grandis grandis) 29, assessment 235 risks 256, 258 99–100, 114, 306, conservation biology strategies 69 321, 325, 480, 484 and 225 success rate 234 bollworm criticisms of 235 tens-rule and 252 Helicoverpa armigera 323, ecosystem stability and weed control 247, 381 479, 482, 484 29 See also biological Helicoverpa punctigera integrated pest invasion(s) 323 management and biological invasion(s) Helicoverpa zea 229, 274, 224, 235 effects 5–7, 247–8 323, 385

556 Index

bollworm (cont.) California red scale cherry borer (Synanthedon Pectinophora gossypiell parasitic wasp hector) 152 128, 132, 133, 137, (Aphytis melinus) 76 Chile 478, 481 141–3, 152, 154, Campoletis sonorensis 285, China 3, 29, 174, 456 156–8, 306, 322–3, 290 cinnamaldehyde 103 333 Canada 144, 146, 149, 174, citrus mealybug Bracon hebetor 498 364, 457 (Planococcus citri) Brazil 17, 178, 182, 185, cane grubs (Melolonthini) 458 195–8, 196, 201, 475 clearwing borers 150–1 202, 203, 205, 206, cane toad (Bufo marinus) climate 12–13, 230, 333., 208, 209, 325 234 See also global brinjal borer (Leucinodes canonical correspondence warming orbonalis) 124 analysis (CCA) 494, clover broad-headed bug 495 Melilotus indica 187 (Megalotomus carabid ground beetle Trifolium repens 184, 187 quinquespinosus) (Pterostichus coalescence theory 498 185 melanarius) 71, 538, Coccophagoides utilis 312, brownish root bug 539, 542 313, 324 (Scaptocoris carbon dioxide cockfoot grass (Dactylis castanea) 209 elevated 13 glomerata) 473 brown planthopper greenhouse gas 12 codling moth (Nilaparvata lugens) Carson, Rachel 25 Cydia pomonella 29, 30, 274, 276, 329 Cardiochiles nigriceps 285 32, 132, 136, 138, brown stink bug (Euschistus Caribbean fruit fly 145–7, 152, 153, heros) 182, 183, 186, (Anastrepha 155 188, 189, 199, 203, suspensa) 484 virus (Trichogramma 203–7, 209, 210 cassava brassicae) 143, 259, buckwheat (Fagopyrum greenmite 475 esculentum) 335, 457 (Mononychellus coffee butyl hexanoate 106 tanajoa) 305, berry borer 317–19, 319 (Hypothenemus cabbage mealybug (Phenacoccus hampei) 484 aphid (Brevicoryne brassi- manihoti) 250, 305, rust (Hemileia vastarix) cae) 450, 447 318, 319, 333 458 aphid parasite models 316–17, 317, 330 colonization 66, 72, (Diaeretiella rapae) castor bean (Ricinus 209–10, 247 475, 480, 483 communis) 184, 187, Colorado potato beetle maggot (Delia radicum) 201, 206 (Leptinotarsa 345 Central America 458 decemlineata) 281, rootfly 305 cereal aphid (Sitobion) 285, 290 Cales noacki 258 avenae 74, 473, 477, 493 commodity systems 411, California red scale fragariae 473 419, 425, 426 (Aonidiella aurantii) cheat grass (Bromus common velvetgrass 71,76 tectorum) 364 (Holcus lanatus) 457

557Index

communication cotton bollworm., See spatial arrangement of disruption 130 bollworm 54 competition cowpea (Macrocentris tillage 70 for light 371–2 cingulum) 205, 307, transgenic (see plant(s): for nutrients 372–3 442 transgenic) temporal aspects of 374 creosote bush (Larrea trap 174–5, 195–7, for water 372 tridentata) 448 204–5 weed management and crop(s) uncertainty and 55–6 376–7 abandonment 208 value 113, 383 Comstock mealybug competition 376 variety 70, 269 (Pseudococcus contamination 7–10, 74, Cuba 52, 53, 57, 201 comstocki) 448 394 currant borer (Synanthedon conservation biology 68, cosmetic perfection in tipuliformis) 152 79, 80, 223–7 224 cutworm 376 Consultative Group on diversification 175, 384 cycles., See energy: cycles; International domestication 435 nutrient cycles; Agricultural fertilizers and 448 water: cycles Research (CGIAR) genetically modified (see 25 genetically modi- damsel bug (Nabis spp.) Convention on Biological fied organisms) 286 Diversity 21, 250 growing season 54 Daphnia pulex 334 Convention on Climate harvesting date 70 Datura stramonium 183, 186 Change 23 islands 440 DDT 10 corn (Zea mays) 207 losses 364, 393 deforestation 11, 13, 17, corn earworm lure 402 18., See also forest (Helicoverpa zea) mixed 175–6, 197 regeneration 448, See bollworm monoculture 70, 436, desertification 5 Cotesia 439 deterrents 91, 104 congregata 273 no-tillage 208, 419 development flavipes 253 permanence 172 integrated pest man- plutellae 284 physiologically based agement and 22–3 cotton models and sustainable 3, 19–23 Bt- 158 312–29,(see also Diadegma insulare 287, 474 Gossypium barbadense physiologically diamondback moth 324 based) (Plutella xylostella) Gossypium hirsutum 324 polyculture 176 152, 284, 287, 447, pests 321 prices 55 479, 482 physiologically based production 15, 16, 18, diapause 208, 305, 322, models of 319–25 24–5, 301, 374, 327, 345., See also pink bollworm and 423, 424, 452 estivation; 141–3, 321,(see also protection, in Cuba 53 hibernation bollworm) residues 208–9 digestibility reducing cotton boll weevil., See boll resistance 70 factors 177 weevil rotation 70, 78, 384, 423 dipropyl disulfide 104

558 Index

Directory of Least-Toxic ecology environment., See ecosys- Pest Control behavioral 105 tem; habitat Products 60 homeostasis 433 Environmental Protection disasters 4, 25–30 human factor in 2, 4 Agency (EPA) 134, disease molecular 469, 493 287, 322, 525 development rate 54 nutritional 171 enzymes, digestive 174 infection rate 54 theory 223, 431 Epidinocarsis prevention 56 See also ecosystem diversicorsis 317, 318 resistance 54, 56,(see economic lopezi 317, 318, 334 also specific diseases) growth 3 Eretmocerus 474, 475 diversity., See biodiversity optimum threshold Eriborus terebrans 458 DNA (EOT) 60, 382–4, ermine moth (Yponomeuta) chips 485, 488 411 474 fingerprinting 471, uncertainty 55 estivation 396., See also 474–5 ecosystem diapause; introduction 61,(see also adaptability 439 hibernation weed(s): invasion) contamination 7–10 ethanol 100 mitochondrial 470, herbivore effects 419–26 Eucelatoria bryani 272 473, 474, 477, 479, human manipulation of Europe 4, 9, 82, 258, 327, 489 436 535 PCR (see polymerase insect effects 420–3 European and chain reaction) prairie 34 Mediterranean pest investigation and stability 173, 423–5 Plant Protection 469,(see also structure 420 Organization pest(s)) sustainability 224 (EPPO) 261, 262 recombinant 270 tradeoffs 418–19 European cherry fruit fly ribosomal 474 web map 59 103 sequencing 55, 469, 472, See also ecology Rhagoletis cerasi 103 486 ecotoxicologists 524, 526 Rhagoletis pomonella 103 Dominican Republic 52 ecotoxicology 522, 525–8, European corn borer drought 372–3., See also 546 (Ostrinia nubilalis) water: Edessa meditabunda 181, 140, 285, 442, 443, conservation 189, 204 448, 449, 458, 480, emigration, costs 108 482, 484, 499 Earth Summit 21 Encarsia European grape moth Eastern black nightshade meritoria 475 (Eupoecilia (Solanum pergandiella 258, 475 ambiguella) 135, 152 ptycanthum) 379 energy European grapevine moth ecogenomics 498–500 alternative 19 (Lobesia botrana) 152 ecological risk assessment consumption, world 19 European red mite 255–9, 262, 522, cycles 12 (Panonychus ulmi) 523, 525., See also England., See United 326 regulation; risk Kingdom European Union 534 assessment and entomologists 23, 201 evolutionary biology 105

559Index

exotic species 425–6 Food Quality Protection GenAlEx software 492 extinction Act (FQPA) 30 gene flow 152, 470, biodiversity loss and 11 forest bark beetle 125 477–80, 482, 489, biological control and Forest Principles 21 498 253 forest regeneration 401., genetically modified local 76, 540, 541 See also organisms (GMOs) models 66 deforestation 30–1, 174, 336, non-target 249 forest-tent caterpillar 415, 419, 546 population 231 (Malacosoma genetics 61, 470, 477, 496., by predation 247 disstria) 231 See also genomics rate 10–12, 78 4-methoxycinnamalde- genomics 498–500., See hyde 99 also genetics facultative hyperpara- France 370 geographic information sitism 249 free enterprise system 35 systems (GIS) 302, famine 33 fruit 331–3 farm odor, synthetic 106 geographic information labor 55 trees 150 technology (GIT) margins 458 fruitfly (Anastrepha 302, 336 organic 444, 449 fraterculus) 479 Germany 417, 458 unit of integrated pest functional gene arrays Ghana 334 management 51 (FGAs) 499 giant hogweed (Heracleum feeding fungicide 26 mantegazzianum) 8 guild biology 170 fungus 257, 273 giant ragweed (Ambrosia stimulant 99, 100 Beauveria bassiana 257, trifida) 365 fertilizers 436, 446–9, 446, 273 giant salvinia (Salvinia 447 Botrytis 440 auriculata) 365 Fiji 253 leafspot (Cercospora glassy winged sharp- Finland 258, 261 coffeicola) 458 shooter fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) Metarhizium 257 (Homalodisca coagu- 498 Neozyites fumosa 317, lata) 461, 480, 484 flea beetles 72 319 global warming 12, 29, Apthona lacertosa 72 Nomuraea rileyi 273, 290 311., See also Apthona nigriscutis 72 Pandora neoaphidis 314 climate Phyllotreta cruciferae rust (Puccinea jaceae) 332 gophers 386, 401 450 Fusarium 385 gorse thrips (Sericothrips fly (Carcelia malacosomae) staphylinus) 232 231 Galanthus nivalis aggluti- gossypol 177 food nin (GNA) 284 grape berry moth production (see crop(s): Galapagos Islands 366 (Endopiza viteana) production) gall mite (Cecidophyopsis) 152 safety 30 475., See also grape leafhoppers 327 webs 362, 363 mite(s) Empoasca vitis 327 Food and Agriculture gas chromatography (GC) Erythroneura elegantula Organization 3 155 327

560 Index

grape phylloxera ground squirrels 386., See herbivory 48, 421, 422, 425 (Daktulosphaira also vertebrate Heteropan dolens 253 vitifoliae) 478, 481, pests hibernation 203, 396., See 493 gypsy moth (Lymantria also diapause; grape root borer (Vitacea dispar) estivation polistiformis) 140 area-wide management hive beetle (Aethina tumida) grapevine (Vitis vinifera) 147–8, 158 479 307, 325–8 infestations 31 Honduras syndrome 27–8 grasses and grasslands mating disruption 139, Horismenus 484 403, 417, 453 152, 155 host green bean (Phaseolus microsatellite markers density 277–9, 278, 415, vulgaris) 179, 183, 484 421 185, 186, 191, 193, pheromones 135 range 254 194 range 147, 471, 474, resistance 88, 174 green belly stinkbug 491 spacing 415 (Dichelops mela- house fly (Musca domestica) canthus) 207, 209, habitat 484 210 abiotic factors 114, 204 human(s) green bug (Schizaphis gra- disturbance 70, 231, 238, demographics 15–19 minum) 447, 471, 364 ecosystem alteration by 472, 480, 481 fragmentation 233, 234, 436 greenhouse gases 12, 13, 413 pest species and 395,(see 21, 28 patchiness 79 also pest(s)) green peach aphid (Myzus variation 95 population growth 13, persicae) 446, 447, harlequin bug (Murgantia 14, 20, 33 471, 478, 481 histrionica) 73, 205, pre-farming societies of Green Revolution 25, 174, 253 4 449 harlequin ladybird relationship with green stink bug (Harmonia axyridis) nature 2 Acrosternum 189 258 as vectors for microbes Piezodorus guildinii 178, harvest mouse (Micromys 6–7 187, 188, 198, 199, minutus) 238., See hunting 11 199, 201, 202, 205, also vertebrate hyacinth bean (Dolichos 210 pests lablab) 183, 186 ground beetle 72 Hawaii 248, 251, 253, 255 hybridization 249 Abax parallelepipedus 484 hedgerows 47–9, 48, 237 Hyposoter exiguae 273 Bembidion lapros 445 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Carabus insulicola 484 446 ICIPE 456 Carabus problematicus hemp sesbania India 174, 449 484 Sesbania emerus 182, 191, indigo 205 Lebia grandis 285 192, 194 Indigofera endecaphylla groundnut seed beetle Sesbania vesicaria 191, 184, 187, 188 (Caryedon serratus) 192, 193 Indigofera hirsuta 184, 484 herbicides 26, 364, 442 187, 201

561Index

Indigofera suffruticosa parasitism 413 ecological theory and 184, 187, 201 parasitoid 255, 257,(see 46–50 Indigofera truxillensis also specific species) environmental impacts 182, 184, 187, 201 parthenogenesis 475 on 28–30 Indonesia 205 pheromone detection expectations 32–3 input substitution 432 154 food production and insect(s) -plant interactions 171 24–5 behavior 174,(see also population dynamics fruit 29 behavioral control) 21, 412–19, 453–6 goals 65 beneficial 47 predation 413 history 23, 25, 45, 65, biological control 250 pruning and thinning 223, 431 biology 475–7 by 421 holistic 171 climate and 412–13 refugia for 47 human role 1 colonization 72 regulatory effects of implementation 20, crop effects 180 420, 423 55–6, 61 development time 186, resistance 275, 414 integration 34 188, 311, 343 suppressants 177 level II 386 diapause (see diapause) see also specific species mixed crop cultivation dispersion 176, 188–90 insecticide 26 in 175–6 egg production 182 aerial spraying 96 models 302,(see also energy storage 175 carbaryl 99 models) fecundity 174, 183 organophosphate (OPs) molecular ecology in feeding mechanisms 30 470 180–1 resistance 99, 481 molecular techniques in feeding preference 175, See also pesticide(s) 473–500 190–4, 197–200, integrated pest manage- nutritional ecology 173 204–7, 248 ment (IPM) pest scouting 397 flight 108, 315 anthropogenic disasters pheromones in 123,(see growth 174 and 27 also pheromone) inoculative release 47 areawide 33 population-level effects life histories 72, 179–80, of arthropod pests 88–9, 274–7 424 170 population viability life span 174 assessment 82 analysis (PVA) and malformations 174 biodiversity and 224 232 monitoring 176 biological control principles 361, 411, 526 mortality 174, 185, 188, impacts on 257 regional control 51–4 206 bottom-up 56 reproduction 181–2, 310 nutritional ecology commercialization 60–2 research 62–3 171–210, 174 complexity 79, 82 resource limitations nymphal biology 182–8 constraints on 56 and 26–7 in organically managed conversion to 450–2 societal impact on 30–2 systems 449–50 cost/benefit analysis 24 success 25, 32–3 overwintering 205, crop production and 301 sustainable agriculture 209–10, 475 definition 88 and 23–4, 56

562 Index

integrated pest manage- Japanese blood grass diversity 70, 78, 432, ment (IPM) (cont.) (Imperata 439–40, 463 sustainable develop- cylindrical) 379 ecology 233–4 ment and 22–3 Japanese knotweed elements for pest and tactics 32, 56 (Fallopia japonica) 8 prey species 69, 72, top-down 56 jimson weed (Datura stra- 415–17 weed impact 384–6 monium) 183, 186 level effects 279–81 See also mating Johnsongrass (Sorghum metapopulation 76 disruption halepense) 8 scale 73–5 integrated weed manage- simplification 438 ment (IWM) 362, kairomones 100, 177 lantana (Lantana camara) 376 Kenya 456 381 intercropping 70 Klamath weed (Hypericum law of minimum 432 International Biocontrol perforatum) 381 lead tree (Leucaena leucoce- Manufacturer’s kochia (Kochia scoparia) 8 phala) 183, 186 Association (IBMA) kudzu (Pueraria montana) 9 leaf miner 261 Kyoto Climate Change Liriomyza 474, 475 International Protocol 21 Phyllonorycter blancar- Organization for della 315 Integrated and lacewing (Chrysoperla leafroller 148–50, 152 Biological Control carnea) 283, 285, obliquebanded (IOBC) 262 323, 443 (Choristoneura rosa- introduced species 6, 8, lacy phacelia (Phacelia cena) 149, 150, 155 46., See also tanacetifolia) 457 pheromones in 149 invasion ladybug Planotortrix 472 invasion Coccinella septempunctata Platynota stultana 152 biodiversity and 50 73, 530 redbanded (Agyrotaenia distribution changes Coleomegilla maculata velutinana) 149 and 234–5 272, 280, 281, 284, threelined (Pandemis economic costs 260 285, 290, 482 limitata) 149, 150 model 51 Hippodamia convergens tufted apple (Platynota windows of opportunity 258 idaeusalis) 149 50 lady’s thumb (Polygonum leafy spurge (Euphorbia invasive species 5 persicaria) 379 esula) 9 island biogeography lambsquarters Leschenaultia exul 231 theory 73, 83, 226, (Chenopodium lesser peach tree borer 228, 233 album) 379 (Synanthedon pic- Israel 4, 33, 152 land tipes) 150 Italy 315 availability index 17 lettuce root aphid Ivory Coast 334 conversion 11, 17 (Pemphigus bursar- ethics 23 ius) 481, 483 Jadera choprai 185 landscape life history Japan 147, 156, 449, alteration 4–5, 79 habitat characteriza- 452 conservation 233–4 tion 107–8

563Index

model 106 ecotoxicology and 544, Ceratitis fasciventris 479 species characterization (see also Ceratitis rosa 479 in 107 ecotoxicology) melaleuca (Melaleuca quin- theory 105, 106, 112 genetic-based 88 quenervia) 9 life tables 377 integrated pest (see inte- metapopulation(s) light 371–2 grated pest age-mass structured 343 growth response to management) biological control and 372 intensity 69, 172 77 interception by weeds land 15 concept 65–8, 80 371 managers and 59–60 connectivity in 226–7 quality 371 pest 433–6, 445, 452–9, dynamics 66, 72, 340–1 light brown apple moth (see also arthropod landscape 76 (Epiphyas postvitta- pest management) models 66, 76–8, 227, naa) 138, 152 water 15–17 330–1 lion ant (Pheidole megace- weed 376–7 non-equilibrium 68 phala) 47 marker immunoglobulins patchy 67 liver nematode (Capillaria (IgGs) 482 persistence in 67 hepatica) 400 mating delay 140–1 processes and IPM 67, lupine (Lupinus luteus) 183, mating disruption 130, 75–8 185, 186 146 resistance and 77 Lysiphlebus testaceipes 477 camouflage 132–3 spatial terminology 80 case histories 141–51 synchrony/asynchrony Macrocentrus cingulum 482 competition and 82 Macroptilium lathyroides 131–2 Mexican bean beetle 183, 187 efficacy 148, 153, 158 (Epilachna varivestis) Madagascar 334 escaping from 157 275–6 maize 307 field tests 151–2 Mexican fireplant malaria (Plasmodium) 28., methods 32, 103, 123, (Euphorbia hetero- See also mosquito 140, 145, 155,(see phylla) 183, 186, malathion 100., See also also pheromone) 203, 204 pesticide(s) population and 139–40 Mexico 158, 327 MALDI-TOF mass spectrom- resistance to 155–8 microarray technology etry 485, 486 sensory adaptation and 485, 499., See also Malthus, Thomas 14 130–1 DNA management species differences in microsatellites 475, 477, agroecosystem 69, 438 154–5 478, 481, 483, 498., area-wide (AWM) 124, worldwide use of 151, See also DNA 142–4, 147–8, 155, 152 Microtonus 158, 159, 238, 480 maximum likelihood aethiopoides 77, 481 behavioral 89, 90–1, methods 490 hyperodae 477 93–104 Mediterranean fruit fly minute pirate bug 286, cultural 88 Ceratitis capitata 94, 114, 323, 474 decentralization 58 471, 476, 478, 483, Orius insidiosus 258 ecological basis of 431 491 Orius tristicolor 283

564 Index

mite(s) pesticide application natural enemies Anystis baccarum 482 76–7 artificial dispersal 70 biocontrol using 255 physiologically based diet 531 Brevipalpus phoenicis 476 (PBM) 301, 305, dispersal ability 71, 71, Bryobia praetiosa 446 304–29, 335–45 76, 531, 541 Metaseiulus occidentalis 77 population 49, 81, 232, ecological traits 69, 531 Neoseiulus fallacies 75 335, 337–9, 545 exotic 246, 248–50 predatory 257 predator-prey 49 hypothesis 454, 455 Tetranychus aripoi 319 predictive 366 individual-level effects Tetranychus manihoti 395 single patch canopy 272–4 Tetranychus urtica 75, 78 330 life history 462, 527, 531 miticide 432., See also tritrophic 302, 313, 316, in polycultures 176 insecticide 331–5, 339 population viability models molasses grass (Melinis analysis 233 age-mass structure minutifolia) 457 predation rate 289 341–2 molecular recovery from pesticides autoregressive 334 data analysis 488–9 536–8 backwards induction ecology 469 resistance and 276, 278, 110 markers 469, 474, 476, 291 biological control 269 479, 482 transgenic crops and demographic 320 mongoose 404 282–93,(see also deterministic 232 monoclonal antibodies Bacillus diapause 322 482 thuringiensis) distributed maturation mosquito (Aedes aegypti) natural succession 362, time 311, 312, 28, 307, 449, 498 438 342–3 mountain pine beetle nematode 255, 257, 259, extinction 66 (Dendroctonus 385 forward iterations 111 ponderosae) 97, 114 Steinernema feltiae 257, functional response Mouser software 407 258 337–9 multivariate statistical Neomegalotomus parvus 179, genetic simulation 288 methods 333–5, 182, 183, 185, 186, integrated pest 493–4 189, 190, 205, 207 management 302 mustard 447 nested clade analysis invasion 51 Brassica campestris 201, (NCA) 496–8, 497 life history 106 446 Netherlands 543 Lotka-Volterra Brassica kaber 183, 186 New Guinea sugarcane equations 78 Myzus persicae 285, 447, 476, weevil (Rhabdos- metabolic pool 498 celus obscurus) 474 approach 309, 310 New Zealand 77, 250, 255 metapopulation 66, napier grass (Pennisetum Nile tilapia (Oreochromis 76–8, 227, 330–1 purpureum) 456 niloticus) 328 mortality 344 National Soybean non-metric multidimen- multispecies 82 Research Center of sional scaling neighborhood 366 Embrapa 199 (NMDS) 494, 494

565Index

non-polymerase chain overwintering 205 herbivores 59 reaction 470–3 oviposition 106, 107, 177 immigration 111 North African catfish insect (see insect(s)) (Claria gariepinus) parapheromones 136., See management (see inte- 328 also pheromone grated pest Northern croton (Croton parasitism 48 management) glandulosus) 186 partridge pea (Cassia, mobility 68 Norway 255, 261 fasciculata) 186 monitoring 176, 412 no seed threshold (NST) Patelloa pachypyga 231 outbreaks 70, 439–44 383 pathogen vectoring 250 repellents 177,(see also nutrient cycles 433, 434 pea antixenosis and fluxes 419 aphid (Acyrthosiphon antixenotics) interference with 12 pisum) 314, 315, soil and 444 nutsedge 315, 471, 481, 484 suppression 79, 94–8 Cyperus esculentus 378 moth (Cydia nigricana) vertebrate (see verte- Cyperus rotundus 378 128, 136 brate pests) peach pesticide(s) OECD 261 fruit moth (Carposina) application model 76–7 Oencyrtus johnsonii 73 152 broad-spectrum 70, 534, okra (Ebelmoschus tree borer (Synanthedon 546 esculentus) 186 exitosa) 152 carbamate 546 oleander scale (Aspidiotus tree borer (Synanthedon crop biochemistry and nerii) 331 pictipes) 152 441 olive twig borer (Anarsia ecological selectivity fly 333 lineatella) 152 and 526 scale 313 pear ester attractant 153 environmental risks 524 onion pear Psylla (Cacopsylla failures 223 maggot (Delia antiqua) piricola) 448 labels 524 103, 114 Pediobius foveolatus 275, long-term effects of thrip (Thrips tabaci) 481 276 530–2 on-line databases 484 permethrin 138., See also macro scale impacts 538 orchardgrass (Dactylis insecticide microbial 432 glomerata) 457 pest(s) natural enemies and orchards, managed 111 concept 1 435, 526–8, 532–3, oriental fruit fly crop effects 180 536–9, 544 (Bactrocera dorsalis) definition 1, 50, 361 organosynthetic 25, 546 479, 484 dispersal ability 71, 102, paradox 224 oriental fruit moth 541 physiological selectivity (Grapholita molesta) ecological traits of 69, and 526 131, 133, 139, 395 pyrethroid 530, 546 143–5, 155 fertilization and 446–9 registration by EPA 134 oriental peach moth foraging behavior 92 regulation 522, 523, (Grapholita molesta) geographic origin 534–5 152 477–9, 482 residues 436

566 Index

pesticide(s) (cont.) See also allomones; as insect food source 171 resistance 103, 481 mating disruption invasions 365–6 short-term effects of technology; kairo- leaf area index 420 528–30, 544 mones; paraphero- life cycle 378 toxicological testing of mones; synomones natural enemy interac- 534–7 phylogenetic methods tions 271–81 use 26, 58, 88, 431, 546 496–8 perennials 462 phenology modeling phytochemicals 271 photosynthetic system (PETE) 315 Phytophora 55 pathways in 372 pheromone 122, 301 Phytoseiulus persimilis 75, resistance 173–4, 176, adsorption 128 78, 258, 330 194–5, 274 analogs 136–7 Pierce’s disease 461 resource allocation 420 application 123–6, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) stability 172–3 137–9, 154, 151, 182, 183, 184, 186, successional 414 127 187, 201, 203, 205 toxin synthesis 177, 178 biosynthesis 159 pigweed (Amaranthus) 379 transgenic 174, 270, blends and formula- pine shoot beetle (Tomicus 282–7, 292, 442, tions 122, 123, piniperda) 484 480 125–8, 126, 134–6, pink bollworm, See planthoppper (Sogatella 151–4, 156, 159 bollworm furcifera) 449 dispersion 125, 128–9, pinyon pine beetle (Ips planting date 70 416 confusus) 481 plume moth (Platyptilia disruption mechanisms plant(s) carduidactyla) 152 126, 129–39 antagonistic 177 poaching 11 electroantennograms biomass 171 poison ivy (Toxicodendron and 140 canopy 420, 422 radicans) 365 emission 122, 125, 154, competition (see poison oak (Toxicodendron 155 competition) diversilobum) 365

habituation 131, 155, C3 372 policy makers 2., See also

156,(see also sen- C4 372 regulation sory adaptation) decomposition 419 polymerase chain reaction history 122 defensive compounds (PCR) 472–4, 481, inhibitors 136 272, 414 483, 485 lineatin 100 density related phe- Polynema striaticorne 257 male 181 nomena in 373–4 population microcapsules 125, diversity 172–3, 440, bottlenecks 479, 480 133 454–6 declining 229–31 registration by EPA 134, diversity-stability density 18, 229–31, 397 137 hypothesis 172 dispersal 477–9, 482 release 132 dynamics 419 dynamics 62, 87, 301, resistance 155–8 evolution 435 335, 337–9 structure 122 growth plasticity 383 genetics 489, 491, 493 sulcatol 100 height 420 meta- (see verbenone 102 host metapopulation(s))

567Index

monitoring 545 186, 187, 190, 191, -fishpond systems 328, multitrophic 302 192, 193, 194, 205 329 re-introductions 232 showy (Crotalaria, leaf-folders 328 structure 477–9, 482 spectabilis) 186 Oryza sativa 308, 328–9, translocations 232 redbanded leafroller 445, 452 variation 470 (Argyrotaenia veluti- water weevil 308, 328 viability analysis (PVA) nana) 124, 131 Rio Declaration 21 231–3, 238 redbanded stinkbug Rio Earth Summit 21 predation 108, 249, 393, (Piezodorus guildinii) risk assessment., See eco- 403, 404, 416 182, 184, 188, 189, logical risk predator-prey relations 67, 202 assessment 70, 75, 78, 79, 302, redroot pigweed RNA 472 324 (Amaranthus rodent(s) prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) retroflexus) 369, barriers for 408 6, 362 372, 373 crops and 393, 394 primary productivity 419 red spider mite dispersal 396 privet (Ligustrum lucidum) (Panonychus ulmi) ecological relationships 182, 183, 186, 187, 75, 446 400–5 188 regulation exclusion 404–5 progress, measurement of authorities 255 feeding habits 400, 401 3 pesticides and 522, 523, fertility control 400 propagules 369 534–5 habitat 402 Pseudomonas chloroaphis planting prohibitions 52 integrated pest 261 processes 250, 261, 262 management 406 puncturevine (Tribulus risk assessment and life-span 396 terrestris) 379 262, 523 management 398–400, purple loosestrife (Lythrum remote sensing 302 402–3, 405–6,(see salicaria) 9 repellents 91 also integrated purslane (Portulaca reproductive host 54 pest management; oleracea) 379 resource(s) rodenticides) acquisition 310, 343 monitoring 397

Q10 rule and temperature concentration mortality rate 396 310 hypothesis 455 non-lethal control 394 quackgrass (Elytrigia conditions 413–14 population dynamics repensi) 379 density 310, 454 395–7 quality of life 3, 23 global 15–19 predation rates 403 Queensland fruit fly restriction fragment repellents 405, 408 (Bactrocera tryoni) length polymor- reproductive potential 484 phism (RFLP) 470, 396 472, 483 rodenticides (see rape pollen beetle 458 rice rodenticides) rattlebox brown planthopper r-selected life strategy lanceleaf (Crotalaria, (Nilaparvata lugens) 396 lanceolata) 183, 184, 329 See also pest(s)

568 Index

rodenticides 394, 398, 408 Senegalese grasshopper smaller tea tortix acute 398 (Oedaleus (Adoxophyes honmai) aluminum phosphide senegalensis) 78 135, 152, 158 398 sensory adaptation soil anticoagulants 398, 399 130–1 conservation 433, 445, brodifacoum 398 sensory fatigue 131 461 bromadiolone 398 sensory impairment 131 erosion 364, 402, 434 chlorophacinone 398 sensory interference 131 fertility 419, 423, 434, chronic 398 sesame (Sesamum indicum) 444–50, 463 difethialone 398 182, 184 organic matter in 463 diphacinone 398 sesbania pests and 444 fumigants 398 Sesbania aculeata 184, sorrel (Rumex) 380 methyl bromide 398 187, 188 South Africa 144, 174, regulation 399 Sesbania emerus 184, 187, 479 resistance 400 193, 196 South African citrus thrips strychnine 398, 399 Sesbania rostrata 205 (Scirtothrips warfarin 398, 399 Sesbania vesicaria 184, aurantii) 479 zinc phosphide 398, 399 187 Southern green stink bug root-feeding weevil sheep blowflies (Lucilia Nezara viridula 189, 192, (Ceratapion cuprina) 482 193, 199, 200, 202 bassicorne) 332 shepherd’s purse (Capsella soybean (Glycine max) 196, rotation., See crop(s): bursapastoris) 379 208., See also specific rotation Siberian motherworth pests Russia 147, 394, 457 (Leonurus sibiricus) spatial autocorrelation Russian wheat aphid 183, 187, 201, 210 491–3, 492 (Diuraphis noxia) 71 silkworm moth (Bombyx spiders 71, 78, 274–7, 445, mori) 282 455, 482, 539, 543 SADIE statistics 80 silverleaf 456, 457 spotted alfalfa aphid Salmonella 400 Desmodium canun 186 (Therioaphis trifolii) saltcedar (Tamarix sp.) 9 Desmodium tortuosum 474 saltlover (Halogeton 183, 186, 191, 192, springtail (Collembola) 445, glomeratus) 365 193, 194 482 scale (Lepidosaphes gloverii) silviculture 414, 420 spruce bark beetle (Ips 49 SIMCOT II 320 typographus) 484 Scotch broom (Cytisus Single Large or Several stable fly (Stomoxys scoparius) 9 Small (SLOSS) calcitrans) 484 sedge (Cyperus) 369 debate 227–9, 228 star bristle seed single nucleotide poly- (Acanthospermum banks 380 morphisms (SNPs) hispidum) 182, 183, dormancy 380 477, 484, 485, 486, 201, 203, 206, 207 longevity 380 488 sterile males, pest control predation 381 Sitona 481 and 95, 96, 158 production 383, 417 discoideus 77, 84 Stethynium triclavatum semiochemicals 125, 373 Sitobium avenae 250, 472 327

569Index

stinkbug 196 tobacco tsetse fly 96–7, 114 Aelia 188, 189, 204 blue mold 55 Glossina moristans 96 Dichelops furcatus 209 budworm (Heliothis Glossina pallidipes 96 Loxa deducta 182, 183, virescens) 137, 282, management 96 186, 188 285, 290 turnip weed (Rapistrum Mormidea 189, 204 hornworm (Manduca rugosum) 184, 187 Oebalus sp., 190, 205 sexta) 273 two-spotted spider mite Perillus bioculatus 284 transgenic Bt 285 (Tetranychus urticae) Podisus maculiventris 185, tomato (Lycopersicon 75, 330, 446, 474., 258, 272, 273 hirsutum) 272 See also mite(s) stochastic dynamic fruitworm (see boll- Typhlodromus pyri 75 programming 110 worm: Helicoverpa Stockholm Agreement 20 armigera) Unidades Basicas de Streptomyces griseoviridis pests 143 Produccio´n 261 pinworm (Keiferia Cooperativa striped rice borer (Chilo lycopersicella) 139, (UBPC) 52 suppressalis) 152 143, 152, 155 United Kingdom 69, 82, strychnine 398, 399 tortrix (Archips) 152 230, 248, 255, 449, Sudan grass (Sorghum transgenic plants., See 457, 473, 541, 542 vulgare Sudanese) plant(s): United Nations 456 transgenic Conference on the sugarcane borer (Diatraea trap crops 174–5 Human saccharalis) 253 trapping Environment 20 sunflower (Helianthus bait 113, 124, 153, 325, Food and Agriculture annuus) 457 397 Organization 3 suni bug (Eurygaster) 188 barrier-system 402 urban/rural dichotomy supplemental feeding high-dose 153 31 402 light 153 Sweden 255, 262 perimeter-row 112 variegated leafhopper sweet potato tree squirrel 402 (Erythroneura weevil (Cylas formicarius Trichopoda pennipes 259 variabilis) 327 elegantulus) 47 Trioxys pallidus 476, 482 velvetleaf (Abutilon theo- whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) Trissolcus phrasti) 379, 380 324, 470 basalis 196 vertebrate pests 229, 334 Switzerland 235, 255, 315, murgantiae 73 cost of damage by 408 316, 335, 443 tristeza disease human disease trans- synomones 177 (Xanthomonas mission from 393 systems analysis 301 campestris) 55 See also specific species trophic relationships Verticillium wilt 325, 385 Tachyporous hypnorum 530 362–3 vine mealybug (Planococcus thermodynamics 303 tropical rain forests 3, 12, ficus) 331 thrip (Frankliniella 13 Virginia occidentalis) 446 Tryoxys utilis 305 groundcherry (Physalis Thripobius semiluteus 257 Trypanosoma evansi 400 virginiana) 183, 187

570 Index

Virginia (cont.) ecosystems 361–3 Western grape leafhopper pepperweed (Lepidium fecundity 378 (Erythroneura virginicum) 206 fire and 364 elegantula) 457 virus genetics368 Western tarnished plant coddling moth 258 impacts 364–6 bug (Lygus hesperus) gemini 54, 55 interference 370–3 306, 321, 417 myxomatosis 248, 400 intraspecific competi- wheat (Triticum aestivum) rabbit calicivirus 400 tion 371, 373 184, 201, 206, 207, transmission by aphids invasion 370,(see also 308 101, 476 invasion) whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) 52, voles 386, 394 light and 371–2 53, 324, 474, 475, management 362, 375, 481, 484 warfarin 398, 399 376, 382 wild daffodil (Narcissus water monitoring 377 radiiflorus) 335 aquifers 19 pests and 385–6 wild oats 373 conservation 433, 461, poisoning 365 wild radish (Raphanus (see also drought) population dynamics raphanistrum) 184, consumption 19 377–82 187, 201 cycles 12 regulation 377 winter dormancy 396 pesticide contamina- reproduction 368 witchweed (Striga) 456, tion of 524, 525, seed production 369, 457 528 368, 378, 379, 383 Wolbachia sp. 476 water hyacinth, Eichornia self-fertilization 367 World Commission on crassipes 365 self-thinning 373 Environment and weed(s) suppression 59 Development allergic reactions to 365 trophic positions of 363 (WCED) 20 aquatic 365 undesirable traits 368 World Health beneficial organisms wild game and 386 Organization and 386 weevil (Sitona discoideus) (WHO) 3 biomass in fields 372, 77, 481 373 Western corn rootworm competition 371 (Diabrotica virgifera) yellow star thistle critical period 374, 375, 98–9, 114, 480 (Centaurea 382 Western flower thrips solstitialis) 9, 308, definition of 367, 368 (Frankliniella 331, 332 dispersal 368, 378–9 occidentalis) 457, Zeuzerina pyrina 152 economics 364–6, 382–4 484 Zimbabwe 96