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Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Predation by Coleomegilla Maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

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Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Predation by Coleomegilla Maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae Mortality of Eggs of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Predation by Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) R. V. HAZZARD, D. N. FERRO, R. G. VAN DRIESCHE, ANDA. F. TUTTLE Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 Environ. Entomol. 20(3): 841-848 (1991) ABSTRACT Mortality to the egg stage of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemli- neata(Say), from endemic predators was assessed in unsprayed plots within commercial potato fields in western Massacusetts in 1986 and 1987. Direct measurement of recruitment into the egg stage and of lossesto predation gave estimates of total stage-specific mortality for each generation of Colorado potato beetle and daily mortality rates. Abundance of endemic egg predators was measured through direct observation and trapping. Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), a coccinellid, was the most abundant predator and the only one con- sistently present whenever Colorado potato beetle eggs were in the field. Total mortality to eggs from predation was 39.9% in the second generation of 1986 and 37.8% and 58.1% in the first and second generations of 1987, respectively. Daily mortality rate did not change significantly during large fluctuations in prey density. Results suggest that C. maculata can contribute to the control of both early and late generations of Colorado potato beetle and efforts to conserve this natural enemy will help reduc;:ethe need for chemical control. KEY WORDS Insecta, Coleomegilla maculata, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, stage-specific mortality IN COMMERCIALPOTATO FIELDSin Massachusetts, mond et al. 1984, Tamaki & Butt 1978, Horton & management of the Colorado potato beetle, Lep- Capinera 1987, Tamaki et al. 1983). However, the tinotarsa decemlineata(Say) depends almost ex- impact of endemic predators upon the egg stage clusively on repeated applications of insecticides. of Colorado potato beetle has not yet been quan- Consequently, natural enemy populations have re- titatively evaluated. mained low and their contribution to pest control The three objectives of this study were: (1) to has been negligible. In the absence of insecticides, assess the abundance of C. maculata and other or with use of compatible insecticides, predators endemic predators; (2) to measure the daily pre- and parasites may reach densities capable of sup- dation rates on Colorado potato beetle eggs; and pressing Colorado potato beetle populations below (3) to determine mortality of successive egg cohorts economically damaging levels (Ferro 1985). and of each full generation of Colorado potato In western Massachusetts, Coleomegilla macu- beetle eggs from native predators. lata (DeGeer) migrates into potato fields shortly after plant emergence in June and is visible on plants throughout the season. This polyphagous Materials and Methods coccinellid readily feeds upon Colorado potato beetle eggs as well as on aphids and pollen and This study was conducted at Taft Farm in Great aggregates in patches where food is plentiful (Cod- Barrington, Massachusetts, which is a diversified erre et al. 1987, Wright & Laing 1980). If C. ma- vegetable farm where potatoes were grown in ro- culata colonizes potato fields in sufficient numbers, tation with sweet corn, bush beans, and other veg- its effe~t on the survival of Colorado potato beetle etables and with a history of relatively low insec- eggs may be significant. Other predators that may ticide use. Cropped fields were surrounded by contribute to egg mortality include Podisus spp., weedy uncultivated areas which provided alternate Lebia grandis Hentz, other carabids, phalangids, food sources and refugia for C. maculata and other and spiders. mobile predators. C. maculata was relatively abun- Quantifying the mortality caused by field pop- dant throughout the farm and aggregations of C. ulations of predators or parasites is an essential step maculata adults overwintered close to potato fields. in the development of management strategies which Egg Recruitment and Mortality. Measuring the include the action of natural enemies. Larval pre- total mortality occurring in a life stage during one dation by Podisus maculiventris (Say) and Perillus generation of a field population requires estimates bioculatus (F.) and parasitism by Myiopharus do- of total numbers entering the stage in the gener- ryphorae (Riley) have received attention (Drum- ation, and estimates of numbers lost to the mortality 0046-225X/91/0841-0848$02.00/0 © 1991 Entomological Society of America 842 ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 20, no. 3 factor over the entire generation. Because the pe- been removed by predation, except during the in- riod of Colorado potato beetle oviposition is long terval when hatch occurred. relative to the developmental time of the egg, eggs In 1987, a O.l6-ha study plot (C) was established begin to hatch before egg laying as a whole has in the center of one edge of a 1O.2-ha potato field ended. Therefore, no single sample reflects the total ('Russett Burbank', planted 13 May) and was not numbers entering the egg stage or total genera- treated with any insecticides. Sections of the sur- tional mortality of eggs (Van Driesche 1983), These rounding field were treated with one or more in- totals can be obtained by measuring two rates: the secticides (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. san diego, rate of recruitment of the insect into the stage of fenvalerate, azinphos-methyl, carbaryl , or oxy- interest, and the rate of deaths from the mortality demeton-methyl) for control of Colorado potato factor, for the duration of the generation. This beetle and other insect pests, except for a 100row method was used by Van Driesche & Bellows (1988) border around the study area to minimize drift to evaluate losses to parasitism in field populations into the plot. The entire planting was subject to of Pieris rapae L. attacked by the parasitoid Co- conventional commercial weed and disease control tesia glomerata L.. Values of these rates were ob- and hilling, as in 1986. Egg predation was mea- tained for each interval between successive sample sured in the same manner as in 1986 except that dates. When these were summed, they estimated observations were made three times per week and total numbers entering the stage in the generation masses were marked with colored surveyor's tape and total numbers dying in the stage from para- tied to the petiole nearest the leaflet with eggs. One sitism. hundred plants were marked on 5 June at plant In the present study, the approach of Van emergence, but this was reduced to 50 plants on Driesche and Bellows (1988) was modified for a 22 June because egg density was too high to allow predator-prey system. Because Colorado potato all eggs on 100 plants to be observed on every beetle eggs are an immobile prey, they can be sample date. marked as they enter the population in the field Because of heavy defoliation by Colorado potato and their survival can be determined by repeated beetle larvae and adults in plot C, the study was observation. Application of the recruitment meth- moved at the beginning of the second generation od of sampling enables measurement of the num- (24 July) to an area (D) previously protected by bers of eggs laid in each inter-sample interval and insecticides, This 0.08-ha plot was located ~loo m the predation on these cohorts of eggs. Total eggs from plot C, in the same potato field. Fifty com- laid and total numbers eaten by predators are found plete stalks were permanently staked, egg masses by summing all cohorts in the generation. This were marked, and their fate was recorded. method also provides a measure of the rate of pre- In both 1986 and 1987, no attempt was made to dation on the total prey available (of all ages) dur- quantify predation which occurred during the in- ing any given time interval, which may be ex- terval when eggs hatched. Egg damage from cho- pressed as a daily predation rate. rion feeding or cannibalism by Colorado potato In June 1986, a 0.3-ha plot (A) was established beetle larvae, which commonly occurs during hatch, within a 14-ha field of potato ('Russett Burbank') cannot be reliably distinguished from that caused at Taft Farm. However, the density of Colorado by chewing predators. Therefore, if first instars potato beetle eggs was so low in the first generation were found on the mass or the adjacent leaflets or that it was not possible to collect enough samples stalk, then changes in the egg mass during that to estimate predation. A second 0.2-ha plot (B) with interval were not attributed to predation. The higher Colorado potato beetle densities was estab- number of eggs surviving up to the time of hatch lished in the same field for study of the second was assumed to be the same number that were generation. Conventional commercial practices present on the previous observation date. Thus, were used for weed and disease control, fertiliza- mortality from larval cannibalism during and just tion, and tillage. No insecticide treatments were after hatch was not measured in this study, and made to the study plots or to the surrounding field. predation was underestimated to the extent that it Sampling for first-generation eggs began after occurred during the interval when hatch took place. plant emergence, on 19 June. Sampling for second- Cannibalism has been estimated in the field (Har- generation eggs began on 4 August, when ovipo- court 1971) and in the laboratory (Van Driesche sition by summer Colorado potato beetle adults was et al. 1989) to kill ~ 15% of Colorado potato beetle first observed. One hundred randomly selected eggs during hatch. plants (first generation) or stalks (second genera- Plant densities in study plots were as follows: tion) were marked with stakes and searched twice Plot B, 7.8 stalks/m2; Plot C, 2.54 plants/m2; Plot each week for new egg masses.
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