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Home , Epiphenomenalism, Ghost in the machine

-Body Problem Nagel, “What Is It Like To Be a Bat?” (1979)

Mind and Body “ is what makes the mind- body problem really intractable. Without consciousness, the mind-body Fall 2014 problem would be much less interesting.

With consciousness, it seems hopeless.”

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Descartes‘s Doctrines The Cartesian Impasse Meditations (1641)

• Strict Separation between Humans, Animals • How Can a Material Substance Affect an – Animals as Unconscious Reflex Machines Immaterial Substance? – Consciousness Frees Humans from Reflex • The Pineal Gland • Substance Dualism – Location – Body Characterized by Extension – Singular – Mind Characterized by Thought – Uniquely Human • Interactive Dualism – Through Sensory Organs – Thoughts Affect Bodily Actions 3

The Persistence of Dualism Escaping Descartes's Impasse: Varieties of Dualism • Religious Doctrine • – Separates Man from Animals – Nicholas Malebranche (1638-1715) – Soul = Mind = Consciousness – All Resides with God • As “” • Dual-Aspect Theory () – We have Bodies and – (1632-1677) – They are Somehow Different – God Ordains Isomorphism between Mind and – Mind and Body Interact Somehow Body • As Scientific Psychology • Psychophysical Parallelism – Doctrine of Mentalism – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) – Psychology as the Science of Mental Life 5 – Correlation Established by God 6

1 Escaping Descartes' Impasse: Escaping Descartes' Impasse: Varieties of Immaterialist Varieties of Materialist Monism

• Mentalistic Monism () • The Automaton Theory – George Berkeley (1685-1753) – Julien Offray de la Mettrie (1709-1751) – No Other than the Mind • Pierre Jean George Cabanis (1757-1808) – Humans are Conscious Automata • Mind-Stuff Theory – Morton Prince (1854-1929) • – All Matter Contains “Mind-Stuff” – T.H. Huxley (1874) • Shadworth Holloway Hodgson (1870)

7 – Consciousness Has No Causal Efficacy 8

The Steamwhistle Analogy T.H. Huxley (1868) at Descartes‘s Impasse Principles (1890) “The consciousness of brutes would appear to be related to the mechanism of their body simply as a collateral product of its working, and to be completely without any power of • Rejected Mind-Stuff theory modifying that working as the steamwhistle which • is Right, but… accompanies the work of a locomotive engine is without influence upon its machinery.” T.H. Huxley (1868) – Rejected Automaton Theory – Rejected Epiphenomenalism • Mind has Causal Efficacy • Psychophysical Parallelism – Secular Version

“The Sespe”, built 1891 (Fillmore & Western Railway, California) 9 10

The Behaviorist Revolution The of Mind Watson (1913, 1919) Ryle (1949) • Humans are Behaving Organisms – Behavior, Conditions Under Which it Occurs, Can Be Objectively Described • Mind as “The ” • Mental States are Not Causally Efficacious • Category Mistake – Behaving Organisms React to Environmental – Identify Mind with Brain Stimuli – Treat Mind as Separate Component of Body • Psychology a Natural Science • In Addition to Physical Parts – Predict Behavior to Advance Scientific Theory • Mind as Behavior or Disposition – Control Behavior to Promote Human welfare • Circumstances for Using Mental Terms

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2 “Mind” in Philosophical Denying Consciousness • Consciousness Does Not Really Exist • “Thinking” – Illusory – Talking to Oneself • Positivistic Stance (“”) • “Believing” – Nothing Exists Which Cannot Be Publicly Verified – Behaving As If Something Were True • Consciousness is Irrelevant to Function • Mental Terms – Plays No Causal Role in Behavior – Behavior • Mind as “Virtual Machine” – Circumstances Under Which It Takes Place • Processes Stimulus Inputs • Generates Response Outputs

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Descartes’ Impasse and Back at Descartes' Impasse the Explanatory Gap Levine (1983) • James' Conundrum – Science Forces Us to Materialism • Physicalist Theories of Mind Cannot Explain – Inclines Us to Dualism How Physical Properties Give Rise to • Responses Experience – Give Up Folk Psychology • Consider the Plausibility of the Following: – Non-Reductionist Materialism – The Motion of Molecules Creates Heat – Blend Materialism, Dualism – Electromagnetic Radiation at 700nm Creates Red – Embrace Dualism – Give Up Entirely 15 16

Mysterianism Searle’s Biological McGinn (1989, 2000) The Rediscovery of the Mind (1992)

We have been trying for a long time to solve the mind-body problem. It has stubbornly • Consciousness is a Causal Property of the resisted our best efforts. The mystery Brain… persists. I think the time has come to admit – At Certain Levels of Anatomical Organization candidly that we cannot resolve the mystery. • Human, Primate Brain [W]e know that brains are the de facto causal • Invertebrate Brains? basis for consciousness, [but] we are cut off – In Certain Types of Physiological States by our very cognitive constitution from • General Anesthesia? • Concussion, Coma? achieving a conception of… the

psychophysical link. 17 18

3 Intertheoretic Reduction Folk Psychology and Neuroscience Churchland & Churchland (1998) Churchland & Churchland (1998)

“When the propositions and principles of a • Folk Psychology Talks About Mental States new theory mirror the propositions and principles of an old theory; and • Real Science Talks About Physical States The new theory gives better explanations and • Therefore “Psychology must be grounded in predictions than the old one; then the real-world findings of neuroscience” The new theory contains the correct • The World of the Mind is the World of Ether description of reality and is to be preferred on and Phlogiston and Fairies that ground.”

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Should Have What Pat Said to Paul… ^ Quoted in The New Yorker, February 12, 2007 What Pat Said to Paul… “Paul, don’t speak to me, my serotonin levels have hit bottom, “Paul, don’t speak to me, my Your Broca’s area should be releasing my brain is awash in serotonin levels have hit inhibitory neurotransmitters for a bottom, my brain is awash while, so that my mirror neurons glucosteroids, my blood vessels in glucosteroids, my blood don’t automatically emulate your are full of adrenaline, and if it vessels are full of articulatory gestures as you push air weren’t for my endogenous adrenaline, and if it weren’t into your larynx, across your vocal for my endogenous opiates cords, and into your mouth and nose. opiates I’d have driven the car I’d have driven the car into into a tree on the way home. My a tree on the way home. Mix me a 12.7% solution of alcohol in dopamine levels need lifting. My dopamine levels need water, along with some glycerol and lifting. Pour me a a little reducing sugar, plus some Pour me a Chardonnay, and I’ll Chardonnay, and I’ll be tartaric, acetic, malic, and lactic be down in a minute.” New Yorker (02/12/07) down in a minute.” acids, with a pH level of about 3.25. 21 22

Touching a Nerve A Reductio ad Absurdum? , Touching a Nerve (2014) McGinn (2014)

Churchland’s reasoning is as unsound as the following bit of invented “I began to learn neuroscience in the mid- autobiography: “I began by studying biology, but then I realized that 1970s after having begun a career in organisms are made of molecules, so I switched to chemistry—this the only rational course of .” That declaration can only seem remotely philosophy. This transition was motivated plausible if we assume a very strong form of , namely that by the realization that if mental processes psychology (or biology) can be translated into neurology (or chemistry). Indeed, anyone studying virtually any subject, following Churchland’s , are actually processes of the brain, then should switch immediately to physics, since everything is ultimately made of you cannot understand the mind without elementary particles and depends on their activity. Historians should become physicists, as should students of literature, because people and books are how the brain works.” made of elementary particles! Churchland herself should abandon neuroscience and take up basic physics, because she must realize that brains are made of matter and physics is the science of matter.

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4 But Why Not Ground Neuroscience “in Four Problems of Body and Mind the Real-World Findings of” Psychology? Kihlstrom (2010) • From Body to Mind • Examples – Neural Correlates of Consciousness – Color Vision – Structure of Memory • From Mind to Body – The Great Mental Imagery Debate – Placebo and Other “Psychosomatic” Effects • Mind Without Body “Without neuroscience, psychology – , Parapsychology is still the science of mental life; • Body Without Mind without psychology, neuroscience is – Zombies and Other “Reflex Machines” just the science of neurons.” 25 26

The “Unbridgeable Gulf” “The Hard Problem” of Consciousness Between the Body and the Mind Chalmers (1996) Wittgenstein (1953) Philosophical Investigations, Part I, Section 412, p. 124e

“The feeling of an unbridgeable gulf between consciousness and brain-process…. When • How Do Brain-Processes Produce does this feeling occur in the present case? Consciousness? It is when I (for example) turn my attention – What is the Mechanism? in a particular way on to my own • Why Do Brain-Processes Produce consciousness and, astonished, say to Consciousness? myself: THIS is supposed to be produced by a process in the brain! -- as it were – Why Doesn’t It All Just Go On In the Dark? clutching my forehead.”

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The Neural Correlates Aspects of Consciousness of Consciousness Koch (2004) • Principle of Covariance Searle (1992) Rinder & Lakoff (1999) – For Each and Every Conscious , There is • Subjectivity •Awareness a Corresponding Brain Event •Unity • Attention • • • Mood •Unity Where in the Brain do These Events Occur? • Gestalt Structure • Memory What are “the Minimal Neuronal Mechanisms • Attention • 1st-Person Perspective Jointly Sufficient for Any One Specific • Boundary Conditions • Self-Awareness • Familiarity • Conceptual Framing / Conscious Percept”? •Overflow Metaphor • Pleasure/Unpleasure • Empathy 29 30

5 Coma Two Continua of Consciousness Jennett & Plum (1972) After Laureys (2005) • Loss of Consciousness Conscious – Eyes Closed Wakefulness – Unresponsive to Stimulation Drowsiness • Auditory, Visual • Somatosensory Reflexes REM – No Signs of Emotion Sleep Light Sleep – Spared Vegetative Function • No Sleep-Wake Cycle Awareness Deep Sleep • Posterior Brain Stem Sleepwalking – Reticular Formation Complex Partial Seizures General Anesthesia Absence Seizures • Periaqueductal Gray • Parabrachial Nucleus Coma Vegetative State

Wakefulness 31 32

Persistent Vegetative State Minimally Conscious State Jennett & Plum (1972) Giacino et al. (2002) • Follows Coma • Minimal but Definite Evidence of Awareness – Usually Within 1 Month – Self, Environment • Wakefulness Without Awareness – Inconsistent – Sleep-Wake Cycle • Eyes Sometimes Open • Cognitively Mediated Behavior – No Communication – Follow Commands – Partial Response to Stimulation – Vocal/Gestural Yes/No • Auditory, Visual Startle – Intelligible Vocalization – Sometimes Brief Orientation • Somatosensory Reflexes – Appropriate Response to Objects – Withdrawal from Noxious Stimulus • Reaching • Few Signs of Emotion – Sometimes Reflexive Crying, Smiling • Touching, Holding • Diencephalon (Bilateral) – Eye Movements – Thalamus, Hypothalamus • Pursuit, Fixation 33 34

“Locked-In” Syndrome Consciousness as Attention Plum & Posner (1966) Fan et al. (2005), after Posner & Peterson (1990) • Quadriplegia – Paralysis of Limbs • Alerting and Interruption – Anarthria – Fronto-Parietal • Loss of Articulate Speech – Thalamus – Aphonia • Loss of Vocalization • Orienting and Localizing • Full Consciousness – Superior Parietal – Preserved Auditory, Visual Function • Startle, Orienting • Executive Control • Localization, Fixation, Pursuit – Anterior Cingulate Gyrus – Preserved Communication – Frontal • Blinking, Vertical Eye Movements • Disengage – Preserved Emotional Response • Move (Shift) • Anterior Brain Stem • (Re-) Engage – Pons 35 • Inhibit 36 – Excludes Reticular Formation

6 Unilateral Spatial Neglect Consciousness as Working Memory Passingham et al. (2011) • Brain-Damaged Patients • Features – Temporary memory representations • Fail to Acknowledge Objects/Events – Activated by Perception or Memory – Contralateral to Lesion – Relevant to current tasks – Guide Thought and Action • Location – Prefrontal Cortex • Anterior •Dorsolateral – Superior Parietal Sulcus – Inferior Frontal Gyrus 37 38

Consciousness as Qualia Explicit vs. Implicit Memory Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies in the Amnesic Syndrome Doctrine of Specific Fiber Energies Schacter (1987) • Damage to Hippocampus – Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System • Anterograde Amnesia – Events Since Brain Damage • Impairs Explicit Memory – Recall, Recognition • Spares Implicit Memory – Priming

39 • Failure of Conscious Recollection 40

Explicit vs. Implicit Perception in Blindsight A Consciousness Module? Schacter (1990) Weiskrantz (1986) • Damage to Primary Visual Cortex •Scotoma – Visual Field Defect • Impairs Explicit Perception – No Visual Experience • Spares Implicit Perception – “Guesses” About Visual Stimuli • Failure of Conscious Vision

– Cognates: Deafhearing, Numbsense 41 42

7 Identifying Natural Objects Consciousness as Intentionality From Patterns of fMRI Activity Kay, Naserlaris, Prenger, & Gallant (2008) • What are the Neural Correlates of Particular Intentional States? – Thinking Particular Thoughts Cogito, ergo sum Topographical • Perceiving Particular Objects • Remembering Particular Events Organization – Feeling Particular Emotions of Visual System • Pleasure/Unpleasure – Having Particular Desires • Approach/Avoidance • Back to the Theory 43 44

Identifying Natural Objects Accuracy of Identification From Patterns of fMRI Activity Kay et al. (2008) Kay, Naserlaris, Prenger, & Gallant (2008) • Topographical Organization • Chance = 1/120 = 0.8% of Visual System • 13 Repeated Trials • Record Activity in V1-3 While – Subject 1: 92% Viewing 1,750 Images • 1000 Images: 82% – Chance = .001% • Create Receptive-Field Model – Subject 2: 72% for Each Voxel in fMRI Image • Single-Trial Performance • Record Activity in V1-3 While – Subject 1: 51% Viewing 120 Novel Images – Subject 2: 32% • Attempt to Identify Novel Images from Pattern of Brain Activity 45 46

The “Unbridgeable Gulf” Reconstructing Natural Images Naselaris, Prenger, Kay, Oliver, & Gallant (2009) Between the Body and the Mind Wittgenstein (1953) Philosophical Investigations, Part I, Section 412, p. 124e

“The feeling of an unbridgeable gulf between consciousness and brain-process…. When does this feeling occur in the present case? It is when I (for example) turn my attention in a particular way on to my own consciousness and, astonished, say to myself: THIS is supposed to be produced by a process in the brain! -- as it were clutching my forehead.”

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8 The “Puzzling Leap” The Psychoanalytic Legacy from the Mind to the Body Selected from Alexander (1950) Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1916-1917), p. 258 • Anorexia Nervosa – Envy, Jealousy • Peptic Ulcers – Infantile Dependency vs. Ego Pride, Aspiration [T]he leap from a mental process to a • Bronchial Asthma somatic innervation… can never be fully – Excessive Unresolved Dependence on Mother comprehensible to us.” • Essential Hypertension Freud, Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis (“The Rat Man”), 1909 – Chronic inhibited aggressive impulses • Rheumatoid Arthritis – Rebellion against restrictive parental influences 49 50

Etiology of Peptic Ulcer Ulcers: Alexander (1950) A Modern Psychosomatic Formulation

• “Flight or Fight” • Autonomic Nervous System – Sympathetic Branch – Parasympathetic Branch • Prolonged Stress • Secretion of Gastric Acid – Creates Ulcers

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The Stress-Disease Connection Cohen et al. (2007) Classic Definitions of Stress

• Exposure to Psychological Stress • Implied: W.B. Cannon (1915) – Acute or Chronic – Stimulus that Elicits “Flight or “Fight”) • Increased Risk of Disease • S. Taylor: also “Tend and Befriend” – Depression • Explicit: Selye (1936, 1956) – Cardiovascular Disease (<50% increase) – Any Event Which Challenges the Organism’s Current Level of Physiological – HIV Progression to AIDS (<50% increase) or Psychological Adaptation – Increased Risk of AIDS-Related Complications – Distress (-) vs. Eustress (+) – Cancer (Virally Mediated?) • Cohen et al. (1999) • Evidence from “Natural Experiments” – Perception that environmental demands tax – Onset, Progression, Recurrence, Complications or exceed adaptive capacity 53 54

9 “Another One Bites the Dust” Helicobacter pylori and Ulcers Hyman (1994) Marshall & Warren (1984) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2005 “The time-honored attribution of symptomatic ulcers to stress alone may result from a theory-driven retrospective falsification – that is, when an ulcer occurs, prior stressors are sought and blamed. Stress and the perception of 100 stress are notoriously difficult to define with any precision, 80 contributing to the lack of convincing prospective evidence that stress plays a significant role in peptic ulcer disease.” 60 Mental Illness as “Real” Illness 40 Biological Basis, Biological Diagnosis, Biological Cures % of Patients % 20

0 Ulcers Inflammation Bile Normal Diagnosis 55 56

Diathesis-Stress Model H. Pylori and Ulcers: for Ulcers Prospective Study Overmier & Murison (1997, 2001) Nomura et al. (1994) Ulcer Control •Stress 100 – Secretion of Gastric Acid into Stomach 80 60 • Gastric Acid Erodes Stomach Lining

40 – Sufficient to Cause Ulceration

% of Subjects 20 • H. pylori Increases Vulnerability 0 Gastric Duodenal • Treatments Diagnosis – Antibiotic (e.g., Rantidine) – Stress-Reduction 57 58

The Placebo and the Placebo Effect Shapiro & Shapiro (1997) Placebo Response in After Evans (1974, 1985) • Placebo – Any treatment... used for its ameliorative effect 100 on a symptom or disease but… [which] is not 80

specifically effective for the condition being 60 treated. 40 • Placebo Effect 20

– The nonspecific psychological or Placebo Efficiency (%) 0 psychophysiological effect produced by a Morphine Darvon Codeine Zomax Aspirin placebo Active Drug

The “Jewel in the Crown” of Psychosomatics59 60

10 “Pharmacological” Properties of Placebo “Cosmetic” Properties of Placebo Evans (1974) Evans (1974) • Severity •Size • Dose-Response Curve • Color • Time-Effect Curve •Taste • Additive Effects • Delivery – Drug Effects in Placebo Responders • Patient Beliefs •Cost – Double Blind, Drug Effectiveness • Physician Practices

– Frequent Resort to Medications 61 62

Effects of Suggestion Placebo Effect on Pain Ratings Waber et al. (2007)

30 • Hypnosis 25 • Symptom Provocation 20 Price – Asthma 15 Regular 10 Low – Allergies

M 5 • Hidden vs. Open Treatments 0 -5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Shock Intensity

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Effect of Hypnotic Suggestion Biopsy of Response Area Black (1963) Normal Mantoux-Negative on Mantoux Reaction Normal Mantoux-Positive Black (1963) Pre Post • Diagnostic Skin Test for Tuberculosis 400 350 – Inject Purified Protein Derivative Tuberculin 300 – Positive: Size of Induration 250 200 • Raised, Hardened, Red Blister 150

• 4 Mantoux-Positive Patients mm.) Area (sq. 100 50 – All Highly Hypnotizable Essentials of Clinical Immmunology 0 • “You no longer react to the injection as Swelling Erythema

you did before…no redness, no swelling, no But Underlying heat, no itching, no pain…” Histology Not Affected  65 66 Uninhibited Response Inhibited Response

11 Psychosomatic Effects Three Kinds of Psychosomatic Effects

• On • Stress and Disease • On Central Nervous System • Effects of Suggestion, , Expectation • Outside Central Nervous System – Hypnotic Analgesia – Psychosomatic Effects of Suggestion •Integumentary System •Lymphatic System • Effects of Belief •Skeletal System •Respiratory System •Muscular System •Digestive System – Platonov, The Word as a Physiological and •Endocrine System •Urinary System Therapeutic Factor (1955) •Psycho(neuro)endocrinology •Reproductive System •Cardiovascular System •Immune System •Psycho(neuro)immunology 67 68

19th-Century Spiritualism Is There Mind Without Body? Braude (2001); Weisberg (2005) •19th-Century Spiritualism • Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772) • Parapsychology • Andrew Jackson Davis (1826-1910) • Transpersonal Psychology – “The Poughkeepsie Seer” • Spirits as “Disincarnate” Humans • Fox Sisters (March 31, 1848) – Margaret, Kate, Leah – “Mr. Splitfoot” – “Charles B. Rousma” – Careers as Mediums

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Spirtualistic Practices Parapsychology • Mediums (Clairvoyants) – Seances • Study of “Psi” Phenomena – Ouija Board, Chevreul Pendulum • Anomalous Processes of Information or – Automatic Writing Energy Transfer – Table-Rapping, Table-Turning – Currently Unexplained in Terms of Known • Society for Psychical Research (1882, 1884) Physical or Biological Mechanisms • Seybert Commission (1887) • Two Versions • Margaret’s Confession (1888) –Soft – Recanted (1889), Died (1893) –Hard

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12 Typical “Psi” Phenomena Early Studies of Telepathy Tart, The End of Materialism (2009) J.B. Rhine, New Frontiers of the Mind (1937) • Extrasensory Perception – Telepathy • Zener Cards – Clairvoyance (Remote Viewing) – Precognition • Sender – Postcognition • Psychokinesis (Telekinesis) • Receiver • Spiritual Healing (“Energy Medicine”) – Distant Healing – Contact Healing (Therapeutic Touch)

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Problems of Parapsychology “Ganzfeld” Procedure National Research Council (1988) Honorton (1974, 1977, 1985) • Noise Reduction Model • Outright Fraud “[A]dmitting even one – ESP Entails a “Weak Signal” instance of paranormal • Masked by Internal, External “Noise” • Experimenter Bias causation would overthrow virtually all • Sender Concentrates on 1 Photo • Loose Controls the established laws • Receiver Guesses 1 of 4 Test Items • Sensory Leakage and principles of science….” – 25% Chance Hit Rate APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2007 • Failures of • Restricted Sensory Environment Randomization – Reclining Chair • Capitalization on Chance – Homogeneous Visual Field

75 – White Noise 76

Analysis of 11 “Autoganzfeld” Studies The “Old Ganzfeld Database” Bem & Honorton (1994) Storms & Ertel (2001) Mean Effect Size = .162 • 28 Studies Reviewed by Honorton (1985) • 11 Additional Studies Published 1982-1986 – Missed by Honorton (1985, 1990) – Identified by Storms & Ertel (2001) • Mean Effect Size = .227 – Statistically Significant – Cohen’s (1988) Standards: .00 - .10 “Trivial” .11 - .35 “Small” .35 - .65 “Medium”

77 .66 – 1.00 “Large”78

13 Re-analysis of the Autoganzfeld Studies Further Ganzfeld Meta-Analyses Hyman (1994) • Milton & Wiseman (1994) • Hyman-Honorton Guidelines (1986) – 30 New Studies Since 1987 • Presumably Following H-H Guidelines • Methodological Problems – Overall Effect Size = 0.013 – Not Truly Independent • Storm & Ertel (2001) – Failure to Replicate Earlier Effects – Complete Database of 79 Studies • Obtained with Standard Ganzfeld Paradigm • Ganzfeld & Autoganzfeld – Inadequate Randomization – Overall Effect Size = .138 Best Estimate of • 39 Studies in “Old Ganzfeld Database = .227 – Experimenter Prompting Unbiased Hit Rate • 40 Studies in “New Ganzfeld Database” = .05 • Effects on Hit Rate = .275 – Caveats (Milton & Wiseman, 2001) – Problematic Trials: HR = .471 • Include Studies Prior to Hyman-Honorton Guidelines • Usual Statistical Problems 79 80 – Least Problematic Conditions: HR = .178 • Includes “Bidirectional” Psi

A Secular Trend in Ganzfeld Research “Survival of Consciousness” Schwartz (2002, 2005) Storm & Ertel (2001) • Out-of-Body Experience (Tyrell, 1943) – Astral Projection – Dissociative Disorders • Derealization • Depersonalization • Near-Death Experience (Moody, 1975) –OBE – Passage Through Tunnel – “Entering the Light”

81 – Life Review 82

NDEs in Popular Culture Prospective Study of NDEs Todd Burpo (2010); Neal (2012); Eben Alexander (2012) Von Lommel et al. (2001)

• 344 Patients – Clinically Dead • No Brainstem Electrical Activity – Resuscitated Following Cardiac Arrest • 18% Experienced NDE – OBE, Tunnel, Light • Radio Analogy – Brain Acts as a “Receiver” of Consciousness – Consciousness Independent of Receiver 83 84

14 Zombies Is There Behavior Without Mind? Campbell (1970); Kirk (1974); Chalmers (1996) • Innate Behaviors • Philosopher’s Zombie – Reflexes – Physiologically Identical to Humans • Spinal, Cranial • Lack Conscious – Taxes – Dennett’s Zimboes • Invertebrates • Zombie that It Is Conscious Decartes – Instincts (Fixed Action Patterns • Hollywood Zombies • Ethology – Simply Lack Consciousness • Conditioning • Though They Might Evolve It? – Classical – Inspired by Haitian Zombies • “Undead”, Lack Soul, – Instrumental 85 86

The Unbearable Automaticity of Being Mind in Body, Body Without Mind Bargh & Chartrand (1999)

Neural Correlates of Consciousness “[M]ost of a person’s everyday life is What Is the Difference that Makes Consciousness? determined not by their conscious and deliberate choices but by The Automaton Question mental processes that are put into What is the Difference that Consciousness Makes? motion by features of the environment and that operate outside of conscious awareness and guidance.”

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Are We Automatons After All?

The Jaquet-Droz Automata: The Draftsman, The Musician, and the Writer 17668-1774 89 \Musee d’Art et d’Histoire, Neuchatel, Switzerland

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