Kristina Brevoch Skrifter

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Kristina Brevoch Skrifter Kristina Brevoch skrifter SVENSKA KLASSIKER utgivna av svenska akademien Kristina Brev och skr ifter I urval och under redaktion av Marie Louise Renata Rodén, i översättning av Cecilia Huldt och Viveca Melander samt med inledning av Peter Englund SVENSKA KLASSIKE R utgivna av svens ka ak ademien i samverkan med bok för laget atlantis Kristina Brev och skrifter Atlantis, Stockholm © 2006 inledning: Peter Englund och Svenska Akademien urval, textredigering och kommentarer: Marie Louise Renata Rodén och Svenska Akademien översättning: Viveca Melander (»Sveriges forna vapen«), Cecilia Huldt (övriga texter) och Svenska Akademien formgivning och typograf i: Anders Ljungman oc h Johan Melbi pdf-generering: Megin Media, 2007 Inn ehåll Peter Englund: Om den skrivande Kristina ..................... vii valda skrifter Drottning Kristinas historia, skriven av henne själv, tillägnad Gud .. 1 Sveriges forna vapen .......................................... 58 Om Amarantas brödraskap .................................... 67 Alexander den store .......................................... 70 valda brev Till Johan Oxenstierna, Stockholm den 11/21 december 1647 ..... 99 Till Johan Adler Salvius, Stockholm den 11/21 december 1647 ... 101 Till lantgreve Fredrik av Hessen, Stockholm den 10 mars 1652 ... 103 Till Axel Oxenstierna, Ulvsunda den 14 augusti 1652 ............ 106 Till änkedrottning Maria Eleonora, odaterat ( 165 4) ............. 107 Till Karl X Gustav, Innsbruck den 4 november 1655 ............ 109 Till kardinal Decio Azzolino, Pesaro den 30 december 1656 ...... 110 Till kardinal Jules Mazarin, odaterat ( 165 7–58) ................. 116 Till kardinal Decio Azzolino, Hamburg den 23 juni 1666 ........ 117 Till Hugues de Lionne, Hamburg den 10 juli 1666 .............. 122 Till kardinal Decio Azzolino, Hamburg den 28 juli 1666 ......... 124 Till kardinal Decio Azzolino, Hamburg den 15 september 1666 .. 128 Till kardinal Decio Azzolino, Hamburg den 23 september 1666 .. 132 Till kardinal Decio Azzolino, Hamburg den 26 januari 1667 ..... 137 Till friherre Göran Gyllenstierna, Rom 1679 ................... 143 Kommentarer och ordförklaringar ................................ 145 Om den skrivande Kristina av Peter Englund Det finns många porträtt och avbildningar som föreställer drott - ning Kristina, och i dem kan man möta henne i en rad olika sam - manhang, livsskeden och poser. Dock är det en situation som, kanske något förvånande, lyser med sin frånvaro. Det är den som visar henne skrivande. En ej obetydlig del av hennes vakna tid torde nämligen ha tillbringats med papper och penna. Det är okänt hur mycket, men av volymen på hennes efterlämnade dokument att döma torde det ha rört sig om minst flera tim - mar varje dag. Hennes sekreterare hade ofta ett styvt arbete, då hon ständigt gjorde nya rättelser och tillägg. Och om de missa - de något av dessa blev de utskällda: »Ser ni inte, att jag rättat det? Och ni har skickat tillbaka det till mig utan att utföra rät - telsen! Öppna ögonen!« Inte sällan satt hon och skrev långt in på nätterna, medan tjänarna kom och gick med nya vaxljus. Hon hade sedan ungdomen för vana att vakna med en bok, samti - digt som hon många gånger somnade med en penna. Kristina skrev mest hela tiden. Dels av nödvändighet, då hen - nes stora politiska ambitioner givetvis krävde en vidlyftig kor - respondens, och senare, efter det att dessa vida ambitioner dom - nat, då hon istället ville hålla kontakten med olika skyddslingar, agenter och gamla bekanta. Dels av lust, då hon inte bara roa - des av ord utan även närde litterära ambitioner. Ibland kunde hon förebrå sig själv sin »starka skrivlusta«. Inte sällan sågs hon med bläckfläckade kläder. Allt detta gör henne inte mindre unik som monark. För det mesta var Kristina alltså upptagen med brev i olika former. Även i skäligen enkla missiv kan hennes uppenbara språktalang och ordglädje skina igenom, samtidigt som hennes mer genomarbetade epistlar inte sällan kännetecknas av en hög vii peter englund och vacker stilkonst. Hennes av antika ideal präglade stil och hennes uppenbara känsla för rytm och komposition gör breven till en lättillgänglig och behaglig läsning. Precis som gällde för hen nes övriga författarskap var även denna gren av Kristinas skrivande format av ideal i tiden. Hon hade heller inga bekym - mer med att leva upp till de förväntningar som ställdes på både formell och informell korrespondens. Dock stiger det sällan eller aldrig någon doft av brevställare ur dessa papper. Tvärtom. Bre ven är utan tvekan den allra mest personliga delen av Kri - stinas författarskap. Särskilt i den mer intima korrespondensen blandas högt och lågt på ett synnerligen lockande vis: skarp - sinniga diskussioner om politiska intriger eller rapporter om belägringar samsas med små scener ur vardagslivet eller dis - kussioner rörande hennes hälsa. Breven till hennes förtrogne och livskamrat, kardinal Azzolino, står här i en klass för sig. Inte sällan kan vi skåda henne obeslöjad, bortom förställning- en, lögnerna och de föreskrivna poserna – och detta är inte all - tid till hennes fördel. Ofta kan man nästan höra hennes egen röst: stark, skarp och uppfordrande, snabb till både missnöje och sarkasmer. Men inte sällan är det just i breven vi möter hen - nes bästa sidor och kan känna hennes mod, vilja, oro och intel- ligens som en vag, varm strålning. Hennes litterära ambitioner förde dock henne långt vidare. Kristina skrev essäer i både historiska och samtida ämnen, skis - sade på ett naturvetenskapligt verk, prövade lyrisk dikt, skrev text till ett musikaliskt herdespel efter ett motiv från Petrarca, författade kolossala mängder aforismer och arbetade länge på en självbiografi. Även i sina övriga skrifter var hon i högsta grad närvarande, och då inte bara genom sin stil. Mycket är på ett direkt eller indirekt vis självbiografiskt. I den stora och ambi- tiöst upplagda essän över Alexander den store håller hon sitt jag i schack – åtminstone i dess pronomenform. Samtidigt finns hon tydligt närvarande i det för henne självklara ämnesvalet. Alexan- viii om den skrivande kristina der var hennes ideal, lika eggande som omöjligt i sin heroiska storslagenhet. Redan på sin trettonde födelsedag hade hon upp - trätt utklädd till den berömde makedoniern och reciterat hans tal till de persiska emissarierna. (Med åren blev det också många avbildningar av henne med tydliga anspelningar på Alexander.) Det är också lätt att se hur hon sökte läsa in sitt eget öde i hans, och då inte bara i Alexanders egenskap av underverk i männi - skohamn, utan även i hans uppväxt i skuggan av en berömd far, hans vilda ambitioner, hans kulturella intressen och – inte minst – den otacksamhet som blev hans lön. I andra skrifter, som es- sän om Sveriges forna vapen, finns hon med själv, i tredje per - son. Resultatet blir en blandning av genealogi, heraldik och samtidshistoria – med henne själv som givet centrum.* Den mest spännande enskilda text hon lämnat efter sig är dock självbiografin. Den är viktig, inte bara för vad den säger om henne – direkt eller indirekt – utan också genom att den visar på Kristina som en person vilken befinner sig mitt i sam - tidens litterära strömdrag. Hennes antikdyrkan till trots fanns inget ängsligt eller damminkrusterat över Kristinas litterära ideal: för marinismens tillgjordhet hade hon inga sympatier, och inte heller ville hon att man bara skulle efterapa storheter som Boccaccio eller Dante. Nej, i litteraturen ville hon se det levande, samtida språket. Och den bild av henne som kulturellt radikal, som man får när man studerar hennes synnerligen liv - liga teaterintresse, bekräftas även av hennes memoarer. Mitten av 1600 -talet var nämligen en tid av pånyttfödelse för den självbiografiska texten. Tidigare hade den framför allt haft ett religiöst syfte, med reflekterandet över det egna livsloppet som ett medel att komma närmare Gud, och med Augustinus Bekännelser som den stora och ofrånkomliga förebilden. Den * Just den texten har sitt intresse inte minst på grund av sin uppenbara konflikt med självbiografin: här förklarar hon inte sin abdikation med hänvisning till reli- gionen utan talar istället om sin grundläggande motvilja mot att gifta sig. ix peter englund uppsjö av memoarlitteratur som vällde fram i Europa kring det 17:e seklets mitt var dock ofta påfallande profan. Många av de mest kända verken skrevs av krigare, statsmän, hovfolk och andra högt uppsatta, inte sällan fransmän: La Rochefoucauld, Retz, Richelieu, Montresor, Chanut med flera. Syftet var att ge sin egen version av den samtida historien, allt för att urskulda, försvara och upphöja sig inför eftervärlden. Och Kristina hade läst många av dessa och i några fall även gjort personlig bekant - skap med författaren.* En annan viktig gren av denna förnyade självbiografiska gen - re var något vi skulle kunna kalla salongsporträtten: långt mer personliga verk, inte sällan föga mer än skisser, där människor beskriver sig själva eller andra i detalj. Som genre har den ofta nedvärderats – dess främsta utövare var också mycket riktigt preciöser och kvinnor i aristokratin –, men för oss framstår den inte sällan som mer levande än de stora männens apologier. I motsats till dessa erbjuder den nämligen en betydligt högre grad av konkretion i form av noggranna beskrivningar av människors gester och utseenden, samtidigt som den inte väjer för att visa upp objektens lyten och svagheter. Det resulterar ofta i en na- ken närhet som kan kännas mycket modern. Kristina skrev sin egen självbiografi mitt i detta starka litterä - ra magnetfält, och i den finns
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