Die Pleistozäne Makrofauna Des Bocksteins (Lonetal – Schwäbische Alb) Ein Neuer Ansatz Zur Rekonstruktion Der Paläoumwelt

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Die Pleistozäne Makrofauna Des Bocksteins (Lonetal – Schwäbische Alb) Ein Neuer Ansatz Zur Rekonstruktion Der Paläoumwelt Die pleistozäne Makrofauna des Bocksteins (Lonetal – Schwäbische Alb) Ein neuer Ansatz zur Rekonstruktion der Paläoumwelt I. Text Dissertation der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Petra Krönneck aus Pforzheim Tübingen 2012 Tag der mündlichen Qualifikation: 06.07.2010 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Peter Grathwohl (ehemalige Geowissenschaftliche Fakultät bis 30.09.2010) 1.Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans-Peter Uerpmann 2.Berichterstatter: Prof. Nicholas J. Conard, Ph.D. Für Nadja & Klaus Danksagung Am Zustandekommen dieser Arbeit haben sehr viele Menschen ihren Anteil. Es mögen mir daher all die verzeihen, die ich hier nicht namentlich erwähne. Ein besonderer Dank geht an Herrn Prof. Hans-Peter Uerpmann, der mich über die ganze Zeit hinweg stets unterstützt hat. Ebenso danke ich Herrn Prof. Nicholas J. Conard. Ihm gebührt mein Dank nicht zuletzt für die Vermittlung einer zweijährigen Finanzierung meiner Dissertation (1998-1999) im Rahmen des SFB 275 „Klimagekoppelte Prozesse in Meso- und Känozoischen Geo-Ökosystemen“ der Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Tübingen. An dieser Stelle sei auch den Geldgebern, der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, gedankt. Besonderen Dank schulde ich Herrn Kurt Wehrberger, Stadtmuseum Ulm, der mir nicht nur problemlos das Fundmaterial des Bocksteins zur Bearbeitung überließ, sondern mir auch mit zahlreichen Tipps und Unterlagen (u.a. das Grabungstagebuch Robert Wetzels) hilfreich zur Seite stand. Mit ihren Tipps und Diskussionen haben mir u.a. folgende Kollegen wertvolle Hilfe geleistet: Susanne Münzel, Margarethe Uerpmann, Can Gündem, Hannes Napierala, Roland de Beauclair, Jordi Serangeli. Bei den zahlreichen Tücken in der Welt der Computer standen mir Hannes Napierala und Johannes Kutterer dankenswerter Weise zur Seite. Für die Übersetzungen danke ich Herrn Andrew Kandel (englisch), Frau Irina Moos (französisch) und Frau Maria Ronniger (russisch). Freunden und Bekannten danke ich für Bier und Salzstangen, Kaffee und Kuchen und die stets geduldigen Ohren. Nicht zuletzt gilt mein Dank meiner Familie, ohne deren Unterstützung diese Arbeit nicht hätte geschrieben werden können. Band I: Text Band II: Anhänge Inhaltsverzeichnis Band I Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................ 5 Tabellenverzeichnis ................................................................................................................................. 6 1 Einleitung und Fragestellung ................................................................................................................... 8 2 Methoden ................................................................................................................................................. 10 2.1 Datenaufnahme und -auswertung ................................................................................................. 10 2.1.1 Bestimmung der Fundstücke und Organisation der Daten............................................... 10 2.1.2 Quantifizieren ........................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Klimadaten aus Großsäugern und Vögeln .................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Morphologische Anpassungen .............................................................................................. 13 2.2.2 Aktualistische Methode ........................................................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Rekonstruktion der Vegetation über das Nahrungsspektrum der Pflanzenfresser ........ 13 2.3 Taphonomie ..................................................................................................................................... 14 3 Die Fundstelle – Der Bockstein ............................................................................................................ 16 3.1 Geographische und naturräumliche Lage .................................................................................... 17 3.1.1 Geologie und Geomorphologie ............................................................................................. 18 3.1.2 Hydrologie ................................................................................................................................ 19 3.1.2.1 Die Hochfläche ..................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.2.2 Das Lonetal ........................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.2.3 Das Donauried ...................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.3 Zusammenfassung Geologie und Hydrologie ..................................................................... 20 3.1.4 Gegenwärtige Pflanzen- und Tierwelt .................................................................................. 21 3.1.5 Gegenwärtiges Klima .............................................................................................................. 22 3.2 Forschungsgeschichte ..................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Forschungsgeschichte im Lonetal ......................................................................................... 22 3.2.2 Forschungsgeschichte am Bockstein .................................................................................... 24 3.3 Archäologie – Funde/Datierungen .............................................................................................. 25 3.3.1 Absolute Datierungen ............................................................................................................. 25 3.4 Grabungstechnik und Fundbearbeitung Bockstein .................................................................... 30 3.5 Die Befunde ..................................................................................................................................... 30 3.5.1 Bocksteingrotte ........................................................................................................................ 33 3.5.2 Dachsloch ................................................................................................................................. 34 3.5.3 Bocksteinloch/Bocksteinschmiede ....................................................................................... 35 3.5.4 Quergraben bzw. Querschacht .............................................................................................. 39 3.5.5 Südwestlich der Bastion/Schmiede ....................................................................................... 40 3.5.6 Buchenstotzen/Brandplatte ................................................................................................... 41 3.5.7 Hang .......................................................................................................................................... 43 3.5.8 Höhle ......................................................................................................................................... 48 3.5.9 Törle .......................................................................................................................................... 49 3.5.10 Westloch und Westgraben.................................................................................................... 51 3.5.11 Schräge .................................................................................................................................... 52 3.5.12 Ohne Zuordnung .................................................................................................................. 52 4 Die Tierarten ............................................................................................................................................ 54 1 4.1 Insektenfresser , Insectivora .............................................................................................................. 54 4.1.1 Maulwurf, Talpa europaea Linné, 1758 ................................................................................... 54 4.2 Hasentiere, Lagomorpha.................................................................................................................... 55 4.2.1 Feldhase, Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1798 .................................................................................... 55 4.2.2 Schneehase, Lepus timidus Linné, 1758 .................................................................................. 57 4.3 Nagetiere, Rodentia ........................................................................................................................... 58 4.3.1 Biber, Castor fiber Linné, 1758................................................................................................. 58 4.3.2 Murmeltiere, Marmota sp. ........................................................................................................ 59 4.3.2.1 Alpenmurmeltier, Marmota marmota (Linné, 1758) ........................................................... 59 4.3.2.2 Steppenmurmeltier, Marmota bobak Nehring, 1876 .......................................................... 60 4.3.2.3 Eiszeitliches Murmeltier, Marmota primigenia (Kaup,
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