Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics ISSN: 2541-5395 (ONLINE)

Vol. 8, No. 2, August 2020, page. 55-70 https://jiae.ub.ac.id/

HANDLING STRATEGIES AND MAPPING OF PEOPLE WITH SOCIAL WELFARE PROBLEMS (PMKS): A STUDY IN

*1Rofiaty,Rofiaty

University of Brawijaya,

ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT Article History The research aims to analyze the strategy of handling people with Published Online: social welfare problems (Penyandang Masalah Kesejahteraan Sosial/ PMKS) in Pamekasan Regency. Further, this study also JIAE (Journal Indonesian Applied Economic) aims to determine the most appropriate strategy in handling PMKS and determine the priority scale in PMKS policy making in

Pamekasan regency. The foundation to determine the PMKS Keywords handling strategy is derived from the mapping outcome as handling strategy, mapping, reflected from its indicators which show a number of major social penyandang masalah welfare problems that emerge in the region based on important kesejahteraan sosial (PMKS) scale. The strategy of handling social welfare problems is explored *Corresponding Author based on the root of the problem such as the emergence of Email: [email protected] abandoned child problems as triggered by the lack of job vacancy in Pamekasan Regency. The low employment rate is due to environmental conditions with limited resources in Pamekasan Regency. The PMKS handling strategies are through: increasing the awareness and responsibilities of parents on the obligations of their children for not neglecting their children, creating new jobs for abandoned children in various business fields, intensively providing counseling and social communication services to all levels of society to prevent more victims of drugs, raising funds associated with poverty alleviation, raising CSR funds from banks, cooperatives and others to care for people with social welfare problem, providing training and entrepreneurship skills, supporting the creation of a scavenger positive image as friendly and honest part of the society instead of thief, giving spiritual and mental guidance, providing CD4 testing program, as well as intensively providing counseling and social communication services to all levels of society about this problem.

Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University 55 Rofiaty

INTRODUCTION Laos (130), Cambodia (131) and Myanmar (132). However, while this position was far Planning a region development is about below Singapore (25), Brunei Darussalam (30), various fields including economic, politic and Malaysia (63), Thailand (78), and the social, as well as the provision of facilities and Philippines (80), this ranking was also infrastructure to support the successfulness of surpassed by Vietnam (105), which ranked 109 regional development in general and in in 2006 (UNDP, 2007; Suharto, 2009a). The Pamekasan Regency in particular. In line with HDI is a composite index that measures the the effort to achieve the development success, average achievements in a country in three the indicator of the development basic dimensions of human development: successfulness should be reflected from economic (a decent standard of living indicated education, income, and health matters. It by gross domestic product/GDP per capita in requires several efforts and appropriate Purchasing Power Parity US dollars/PPP US$); strategies for achieving development goals health (a long and healthy life measured by life successfully in accordance with the mission and expectancy at birth); and education (access to vision of Pamekasan Regency which is knowledge examined by adult literacy and pronounced as "The realization of advanced combined gross enrolment in primary, Pamekasan, prosperous, competitive and secondary and tertiary level education) sustainable agri-politan and Minneapolitan respectively (UNDP, 2007). Entering the year towards Allah bless". 2010, the Indonesian people are still faced with poverty, neglect, disability, social and Each region in its development behavioral disabilities, remoteness, disaster implementation always strives to implement the victims and violence, both primary and non- program by reaching all fields fairly, equitably social impacts, which are not yet fully covered and continuously. Given in the era of Regional by the welfare development process Social Autonomy, each region both City and Regency, (Sudarso, 2012). The result of this activity is is not only demanded to success but also expected to get "root of problem" in handling of independence, so that it will support the PMKS. realization of local governments are advanced and highly competitive. The success and To achieve competitive Pamekasan independence of regional development Regency, it needs to accomplish development covering the economic field such as in the field success first both through achieving qualified of handling social welfare problems/ human resource and providing required Penyandang Masalah Kesejahteraan Sosial facilities and infrastructures. One of the focuses (PMKS). Efforts to achieve the success of the to achieve qualified human resource development is the implementation of one of the development is done through improving social activities that are the priority scale that must be welfare so that it will be able to reduce the implemented immediately is the mapping and number of people with social welfare problems strategy of handling social welfare issues, (PMKS). This activity starts from the considering the results of these activities will be implementation of PMKS identification in all guidelines, the right direction and clear districts in Pamekasan Regency. The according to the environmental conditions in the identification involves 26 PMKS indicators cited area. Development of social welfare is an from the Regulation of the Social Minister No. 8 integral part of national development, also take of 2012. an active role in improving the quality of life of Bahri (2015) examined the PMKS the Indonesian nation (Sudarso, 2012). Without handling strategy through communication this activity, it will be difficult to determine which strategy. The result shows that communication activities should take precedence, and which strategy through counseling that were done in ones may be temporarily suspended in the four times for one year is not yet an effective handling of PMKS due to limited resources, strategy because it still needs to be further especially time, cost and labor. The situation of explored again through further research; thus, it social welfare in can be seen in the becomes a pivotal point to conduct this Human Development Index (HDI). In 2007, research. The purpose of this research is to Indonesia’s HDI ranked 107 among 177 analyze the handling strategy for people with countries of the world. Compared with the index social welfare problems in Pamekasan in the ASEAN neighboring countries, it shows Regency. In addition, this study also aims to that Indonesian’s standard of living was above determine the best suit strategy in handling 56

Handling Strategies and Mapping Of People with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS): A Study in Pamekasan Regency

PMKS and determine the priority scale in PMKS Strategy for Handling People with Social policy making in Pamekasan regency. Welfare Problems (PMKS) The strategy is related to the local LITERATURATE REVIEW government policy as stated in the decision of Mapping the regional head (the like), and the involvement Mapping is the clustering of a set of of the Local Government Work Unit (SKPD) to areas that relate to several geographical bridge, provide solutions to PMKS. In addition, locations of the region that include highlands, it embraces all elements of society, youth mountains, resources, and potential organizations and other organizations to care populations affecting socio cultural that have and engage both directly and indirectly to special characteristics in appropriate scale use address the problems of PMKS. (Soekidjo, 2004). One example of a handling strategy that can be done especially by the government is to In the preparation of a map, the first prepare a rehabilitation facility that houses step that needs to be done is the process of street children, abandoned, homeless and mapping is the stage of the stage that must be beggars who are under the auspices and done in the design of a map. According to Intan responsibilities of the Social Service; Involving Permanasari (2007), explains three stages of various related agencies and establish the mapping process that must be done: (1) cooperation with various parties for handling the Data collection phase, (2) Data presentation problem of PMKS. Another handling strategy is phase and (3) PMKS mapping phase. that private institutions, together with the government and the community, help to deal Strategy with people with disabilities by organizing Each region is very important in dealing institutions or training places for them to provide with PMKS, as this is one of the benchmarks of jobs so that they can live independently regional success in the implementation of its (Christiani, 2013) development. For that we need the right Another solution of PMKS handling is to strategy target. The strategies of each region provide guidance and counseling for PMKS, should be tailored to the problems in the area. It find solutions/facilitate/create jobs by engaging is also necessary to determine the priority scale business people to participate in handling. in the strategy of handling because of the limited resources available. People with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS) Definition Strategy is the plan of a series of maneuvers, covering all visible and invisible People with social welfare problems elements, to ensure success in achieving goals. (PMKS) are individuals, families or groups who, According to Fred R. David (2008: 5) defines due to an obstacle, difficulty or disruption, Strategic Management as an art and knowledge cannot fulfill their social functions, so that they in formulating, implementing, and evaluating cannot adequately fulfill their life (physical, cross-functional decisions that enable an spiritual and social) needs; Such barriers can be organization to achieve its goals. Hunger and poverty, neglect, disability, social impairment, Wheelen (2003) divide the strategic underdevelopment, alienation and management process into four steps or four environmental changes (suddenly) that are less basic elements of environmental scanning, supportive of a disaster occurrence (Regulation strategy formulation, strategy implementation, of the Social Minister No. 8 of 2012). and evaluation and control. Basic Problems of PMKS Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) There are many types of social welfare This Declaration is an agreement of problems. The following will be presented five members of the United Nations (UN) on a types of barriers that are the basis of the package of global development directions that problem of people with social welfare problems are formulated in several objectives: (1) are: (1) Economic dependency, (2) Inability to Tackling Poverty and Hunger, (2) Achieving adjust, (3) Poor health, (4) Lacking or absence Basic Education for all, (3) Encouraging Gender of leisure and recreational facilities, and (5) Equality, and Women's Empowerment, (4) Social conditions, the provision and Reduce Child Mortality Rate, (5) Improving management of social services that are less Maternal Health, (6) Fighting HIV / AIDs, good or not good. As for the types of PMKS Malaria and Other Diseases, and (7) Ensure based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environmental Sustainability, and Establish a Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Global Partnership for Development. Number 08 of 2012, there are 26 types, with the 57 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Rofiaty

definition and criteria of Social Welfare neighborhood: pedestrian friendly. Both factors Problems (PMKS), as follows: (1) Neglected can be used as a basis in determining the toddlers, (2) Neglected children, (3) Children in PMKS handling strategy in the research. conflicted with the law, (4) Street children, (5) Children with disabilities (ADK), (6) Children Suharto (2009) found that there is a who are victims of violence or mistakenly need to have the paradigm shift in the treated, (7) Children with the need of special development of social welfare. While the protection, (8) Abandoned elderly, (9) People system should be responsive to the dynamic with disabilities, (10) Prostitution, (11) Vagrants, and more complex social problems, the (12) Beggar, (13) Scavenger, (14) Minority approaches need to celebrate the principles of groups, (15) Former citizens of prison facilities human rights, democratization, and the role of (BWBLP), (16) People with HIV / AIDS (ODHA), civil society both in the formulation and in the (17) Drug abuse victims, (18) Trafficking implementation of social programs. This victims, (19) Victims of violence, (20) Migrant paradigm shift encompasses six broad themes: workers with social problems (PMBS), (21) a. The result of development should benefit Natural disaster victims, (22) Social disaster all people. victims, (23) Socially vulnerable women, (24) In the past, the results of development The poor, (25) Family with psychosocial benefited only a small portion of problems, and (26) Remote indigenous community which caused socio‐economic communities. gap. Now, we need to reform the process of development to make it more poor Potential and Sources of Social Welfare people‐oriented by providing chances to (PSKS) people with social problems to get an access to development resources, It is the potential and the resources including easy access to capital, social available to humans, nature and social services and sustainable social protection institutions that can be used for social welfare schemes. efforts. Types of PSKS include: (1) Social b. The strategies of development need to Workers of the Community, (2) Social considers human being as subject of Organization, (3) Karang Taruna, (4) Wahana development. Kesejahteraan, (5) The Business World The development paradigm that positions undertaking UKS, (6) Pioneer and Heroism. human beings as subjects of development will position the people with social EMPIRICAL problems as active players in activities STUDY meant for them and gives proper appreciation to their potentials and resources. Dempsey et. al (2011) in a study c. The approaches of development need to entitled The Social Dimension of Sustainable reflect on local potentials and culture. Development: Defining Urban Social the empowerment of people with social Sustainability described urban development problems should be implemented by strategies through physical and non-physical digging out, maintaining and developing factors. Non-physical factors include: education social resources, including local wisdom. and training. Social justice: social, interpersonal Socio‐cultural values, such as social and intra-generational, participation and social solidarity, cooperation, and trust should be democracy, health, quality of life and well-being, optimized as basic resource in creating social inclusion (social erection, social capital, social responsibility. community, safety, mixed tenure, fair d. Basic social services are provided for all distribution of income, Social networks, social citizens. cohesion, community cohesion, social Accessibility to basic social services networks, social interaction, sense of should be open to all people (universal community and belonging, employment, approach), including people with social residential stability (vs turnover), active problem who so far have been community organizations and cultural traditions. marginalized. The predominantly physical factors include e. Empowerment of people with social urbanity, attractive public realm, decent problems become joint‐commitment housing, local environmental quality and between the central government and local amenity, accessibility (e.g. to local services and government. facilities/green space), sustainable urban design, neighborhood, and walkable 58 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Handling Strategies and Mapping Of People with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS): A Study in Pamekasan Regency

The relationship between central and local Assistan toddlers government is no longer structural but ce obtaining  Family birth functional. Local governments need to Counseli certificates, have strong political will in designing and ng foster implementing social welfare programs for  Administ parents or their citizens. ration alternative Services care and f. Empowerment of people with social access to problems is done on individual, family, resources group and community basis, and in an (health, integrated way. education, sanitation) Empowerment of people with social systems. problems should not be done by group  The approach only, but also by individual, decline in family, group and community approach. the number of children The facilities to be provided should also be under five in various forms in accordance with the suffering potentials and needs of people with social from problems, including access to financial abandonm ent, assistance. violence, According to Christiani (2013), PMKS mistreatme handling strategy found in Semarang City are nt, as follows: exploitation and discriminati on. Table 1  Increased PMKS Handling Strategies in Semarang City capacity of parents / N PMKS Forms of Indicator of families in o. Types Activities success carrying 1. The  Food aid  Fulfillment out poor  Establish of basic responsibili ment of needs such ties in child Joint as food and care and Business nutrition, protection. Groups clothing,  Increased  Housing shelter. ability of assistan  Implement organizatio ce ation of ns /  Educatio productive institutions n business of social assistan activities welfare of ce and  Affordabilit children in skills y of social providing upgradin and services to g economic children  Business resources under five. capital  Break  Increasing assistan away from the role of ce; the the  Setup mentally community back to impoverish (business home ed culture world, area and always universities feel the ) in same supporting dignity and the dignity. sustainabili 2. Neglect  Reunific  Increased ty of ed ation of number of services in Toddler abandon neglected children ed toddlers to under five. babies obtain  Increasing  Baby essential the Role of and needs Local Environ services, Governme mental  Increased nt in Health accessibilit supporting y of the 59 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Rofiaty

success of based providing society services to  More children support under five. Budget 3. Neglect  Group  Parents / from ed Coachin families do various Children g not neglect parties in  Formatio children handling n of (provide Homeles Forum / care, care s and Containe and beggars r protection Communi  Place of for ty-based Activities children)  There is Establish so that their willingnes ment of basic rights s from Informati are homeless on increasingl and Center y met beggars  Mental  Children To follow Guidanc are not actively e exploited and  Family for the complete Guidanc purpose of social e begging / communit begging. y-based 4 Abando  Social  Abandone rehabilitat ned Services d elderly ion Elderly in the  Home  There is a orphana  Safe change of ge shelter attitude  Out-of-  Potentially and home neglected Behavior Social elderly of the Services people can homeless  Social take care And Services of and begging Protectio support from n and themselve Negative Accessib s to ility own positive  Institutio  Increase nal d Social communit Services y stigma 5 Vagrant  House  Increasin against s and  Lipases g number homeless and Beggar  Transit of beggars home institution  Increasin  Settleme s gly nt involved decreasin  Transmi in social g number gration rehabilitat ion of of vagrants homeless and and communit beggars y-based 6 People  Rehabilit  People beggars with ation with  The more disabiliti center disabilitie people es  Skills s Have Stakehol improve skills ders who ment  People proactive  Capital with in the Assistan disabilitie social ce s are able rehabilitat  Educatio to take ion of n care of vagrants Assistan themselv and ce es. beggar-  People with disabilitie 60 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Handling Strategies and Mapping Of People with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS): A Study in Pamekasan Regency

 Giving s can priority scale in PMKS policy making in field nourish Pamekasan regency. The data collection is work themselv es done through identifying the emergence of 7 Street  Establish  Parents / PMKS in several villages of each sub-district in Children ment of a families Pamekasan Regency. Children' do not s Center abandon  Include s the Street child Children (Providin to g care, Educatio Parenting nal and Institutio protectio ns n for  Increasin children) g Family so that Income their of Street basic Children rights are  Quality increasin Improve gly met ment  Children Protectio are not n and exploited Care for the Street purpose children of begging / begging  Street children no longer Doing economic activities on the streets, returning to school children, returning to families (for separate d children), Follow the activity Increase d self- potential / Skills  The abandon ed child is in parent / family care or alternativ e care Source: Christiani, 2013.

RESEARCH METHOD The type of this research is an applied research. The analysis technique uses two type of approaches including qualitative descriptive approach to determine handling strategy and quantitative approach to map and determine the 61 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Rofiaty

FINDINGS Problem of PMKS in Pamekasan Regency

Table 2 Problem Comparison and Problem in PMKS Handling at Pamekasan Regency in 2015 Number Number of NO Type of Problem of Conducted Percentage (%) Problem Handling

1 Neglected toddlers (1) 1,120 13 1.16

2 Neglected children (2) 14,379 1,372 9.5

3 Children with The Need of Special Protection (7) 55 0 0

4 Abandoned elderly (8) 7,370 821 11 5 People with disabilities (9) 1,271 60 4.7 6 Prostitution (10) 12 0 0 7 Beggar (12) 130 0 0 8 Scavengers (13) 167 0 0 9 Former Citizens of Prison Facilities (BWBLP) (15) 77 0 0 10 People with HIV / AIDS (16) 30 30 100 11 Drug abuse victims (17) 153 0 0 12 Victims of violence (19) 61 0 0 Migrant workers with social problems (PMBS) 13 403 0 0 (20) 14 Natural disaster victims (21) 1,274 110 8.6 15 Socially vulnerable women (23) 7,106 120 1.7 16 The poor (24) 85,878 1,631 1.9 17 Family with psychosocial problems (25) 1,426 0 0 18 Remote indigenous communities (26) 1 0 0 Source: Primary data, data proceed, 2016.

The foundation to determine the PMKS handling strategy is derived from the mapping outcome as reflected from its indicators which show a number of major social welfare problems that emerge in the region based on important scale. The strategy of handling social welfare problems is explored based on the root of the problem such as the emergence of abandoned child problems as triggered by the lack of job vacancy in Pamekasan Regency. The low employment rate is due to environmental conditions with limited resources in Pamekasan Regency.

62 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Handling Strategies and Mapping Of People with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS): A Study in Pamekasan Regency

The Mapping of PMKS Problem in Pamekasan Regency

Table 3 PMKS Problem Rank in 2015 at Pamekasan Regency

Number Sub- 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 s of Rank No 1 2 7 8 9 12 district 0 3 5 6 7 9 0 1 3 4 5 6 Proble ms 1 Tlanakan  -  - - -  ------   -  - 7 2 2 Pamekasan -  -   - -    - - -   - - - 8 1 3 Galis - - - -   ------ - - - - 3 5 4 Larangan - - - -  - -  ------2 6 5 Pademawu  - -  - -  -  ------4 4 6 Proppo ------ ------  - 3 5 7 Palengaan - - -   - -  - -   - -   - - 7 2 8 Pegantenan -  -  - - -  -  - - - -  - - - 5 3 9 Kadur ------ - - 1 7 10 Pakong -  -  ------ - - - 3 5 11 Waru   ------ - - - - -   - - 5 3 12 Batumarmar - - -  ------1 7 13 Pasean - - -  - - - -  ------  4 4 Source: Primary data, data proceed, 2016. Pademawu and Pasean sub-districts are Pamekasan sub-district ranks 1st as ranked fourth (4th) in blue markings and have 4 reflected in yellow marking and has 8 priority problems, including neglected toddlers (1), problems, including neglected child (2), persons with disabilities (9), scavengers (13), neglected elderly (8), people with disabilities people with HIV / AIDS (ODHA)) (16). The (9), scavenger (13), former citizens of prison problems of Pasean sub-district include facilities (BWBLP) (15), people with HIV / AIDS neglected elderly (8), former citizens of prison (16), natural disaster victims (21), socially facilities (BWBLP) (15), families with vulnerable women (23). psychosocial problems families (25), and Tlanakan and Palengaan sub-districts are remote indigenous communities (26). ranked second (2nd) in green markings and have 7 problems, including neglected toddlers (1), children needing special protection (7), beggars (12), migrant workers with social problems (20), victims of natural disasters (21), socially vulnerable women (23), families with psychosocial problems (25). While the problems of the District of Palengaan are, neglected elderly (8), persons with disabilities (9), scavengers (13), drug abuse victims (17), victims of violence (19), socially vulnerable women (23), and the poor (24). Pegantenan sub-district and Waru sub- district are ranked third (3rd) in pink markings and have 5 problems, including neglected children (2), neglected elderly (8), scavengers (13), people with HIV / AIDS (ODHA) (16), socially vulnerable women (23). The problems of Waru sub-district include neglected children (1), neglected children (2), former citizens of prison facilities (BWBLP) (15), socially vulnerable women (23), and the poor people (24).

63 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Rofiaty

Figure 1 People with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS) Mapping in Pamekasan Regency

4

1

5

3

5

7 1

2

3 3 8

7

4

Note: Based on Table 3 and Figure 1 above, it can be Round blue markings ( ) with the highest figure described that the sub-district which has the indicating the districts with the biggest problems of most problems (8) is considered to have the PMKS. highest ranking (1st) and vice versa, the lowest ranking with the least number of problems (1), more detail information is described below:

64 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Handling Strategies and Mapping Of People with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS): A Study in Pamekasan Regency

1. Pamekasan sub-district with the highest orphanage in Sidoarjo if there is a similar number of problems (8) portrayed in blue case. round marking ( 8) is ranked in first. 4. Making effective empowerment and 2. Tlanakan and Palengaan sub-districts with involvement of related institutions in 7 problems portrayed in blue round handling abandoned children/ toddler marking ( 7) is ranked in second. problem. 3. Waru sub-district with 5 problems portrayed in blue round marking ( 5) is Neglected Children (2) ranked in third. The average number of abandoned 4. Pademawu, Pegantenan and Pasean sub- child problems (pr 2) in Pamekasan Regency is districts with 4 problems portrayed in blue 1,106 children. Based on the average number, round marking ( 4) is ranked in fourth. problem 2 (abandoned toddlers) that occurs 5. Galis, Proppo and Pakong sub-districts beyond the average happens in the following with 3 problems is portrayed in blue round districts: Waru sub-district consists of 3,067 marking ( 3) is ranked in fifth. people, Pamekasan sub-district consists of 6. Larangan sub-district with 2 problems is 2,435 people, Pakong sub-district consists of portrayed in blue round marking ( 2) is 1,458 people, and Pegantenan sub-district ranked in sixth. consists of 1,214 people. Problem handling that 7. Kadur and Batumarmar with one problem had been done looking after 1,373 children or portrayed in blue round marking ( 1) is 9.5%. The handling strategy that has been done ranked in seventh. is like providing entrepreneurship training and supporting tools that encourage new business startup in several fields such as workshop, Neglected Toddler (1) sewing, and make-up. This effort is expected to The average number of neglected be able to open new business in those fields. children (pr Those children were previously interviewed 1) in Pamekasan Regency is 86 children. before getting relevant training based on their Based on the average number, problem 1 interests and talents. The handling strategy that (neglected toddlers) that occurs beyond the should be done are as follows: average happens in the following districts: 1. Creating new jobs for abandoned children Pademawu sub-district consists of 390 people, in various business fields by growing and Tlanakan sub-district consists of 270 people, improving entrepreneurial spirit in and Waru sub-district consists of 93 people. accordance with the potential of Problem handling that had been done is Pamekasan Regency including Fishery, handling only 13 children or 1.16%. While the Agriculture, Animal husbandry, Workshop, handling strategies that have been done so far Tailor, Cosmetics (Make Up), Catering, are: Trading, etc. a. Helping children who are abandoned by 2. Inviting private companies (Honda, Suzuki, parents by sending them to a government Auto 2000), SOEs and Local Government- orphanage center in Sidoarjo (one baby). Owned Enterprise (BUMD) to conduct b. Police Resort of Pamekasan helped to relevant trainings and workshops. make a deal with a toddler who is abandoned by his parents and sent him Children with The Need of Special to an orphanage. Protection (7) c. The health office provided milk and The average number of children who need snacks supply as an effort to improve the special protection (pr 7) in Pamekasan Regency nutrition of abandoned toddlers. is 55 children. The only district that has this problem is Tlanakan; yet, there is no problem The recommended handling strategies that handling that has been conducted in Tlanakan should be done are as follows: Sub-district until now. The handling strategy 1. Increasing the awareness and that should be done are as follow: responsibilities of parents on the obligations of their children for not 1. Intensively providing counseling and social neglecting them. communication service to all levels of 2. Local governments need to create new society to prevent more victims of drugs. jobs for vulnerable parents who have 2. Intensively carrying out raids in places that neglected toddlers in order to have are prone to child exploitation and sexual economic capability. violence (such as bus station, markets, 3. Continuing to distribute the abandoned entertainment venues, etc.). children to related institutions like public 65 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Rofiaty

3. Intensively carrying out the raids to the Prostitution (10) places that sell liquor and enforcing the The average problem of prostitutes (pr 10) in rules firmly associated with this matters. Pamekasan Regency is 12 people. The sub- district that experiences this problem is Galis Abandoned Elderly (8) sub-district; yet, there is no problem handling at The average number of abandoned elderly (pr all. The handling strategy that should be done 8) problems in Pamekasan Regency is 566 are as follows: people. Problem handling that had been done is 1. Providing training and entrepreneurship for this problem looked after 821 people or 11%. skills to be able to engage in society by Based on the average number, problem 8 conducting various economic activities in (neglected elderly) that occurs beyond the accordance with their talent and ability. average happens in the following districts: 2. Informing through religious or health- Pamekasan sub-district consists of 895 people, related counseling that the prostitute action Pegantenan sub-district consists of 887 people, is immoral and against any religion rule Palengaan sub-district consists of 873 people, 3. Eradicating the places of prostitution as Pakong sub-district consists of 729 people, well as enforcing strict regulations that Batumarmar sub-district consists of 668 people result in deterrent effect. and Pasean 617 sub-district consists of people. 4. Improving the quality of religious faith and While the handling strategy that has been done obedience (IMTAQ) to the God Almighty. are as follow: a. Providing home construction assistance for Beggar (12) 2 residents whose condition is very The average case occurrence of beggar (pr 12) apprehensive. problem in Pamekasan Regency is 130 people. b. Providing food aid from the social ministry. The sub-district that faces this problem is c. Provision of sleeping equipment aid. Tlanakan sub-district; yet, there is no problem handling at all. The problem handling strategy The handling strategy that should be done are that should be done is to intensify the as follows: implementation of counseling to increase the 1. Funds associated with poverty alleviation awareness of the beggar community about should also be allocated to these people. human dignity to be willing to work hard and feel 2. Raising CSR funds from banks, embarrassed to be beggars from scholars and cooperatives and others to care for people public figures. Further, they should also with this problem by allocating the funds of internalize and implement the values that CSR. practiced by the holy prophet.

People with Disabilities (9) Scavengers (13) The average number of disability problems (pr The average occurrence of scavenger 9) in Pamekasan Regency is 97 people. problems (pr 13) in Pamekasan Regency is 12 Problem handling that had been done so far people. Based on the average number, problem included as many as 60 people or 4.7%. Based 13 (scavengers) that occurs beyond the on the average number, problem 9 (disabled average happens in the following districts: people) that occurs beyond the average Pemekasan sub-district consists of 22 people, happens in the following districts: Galis sub- Larangan sub-district consists of 22 people, district consists of 199 people, Larangan sub- Pademawu sub-district consists of 20 people, district consists of 146 people, Pademawu sub- Proppo sub-district consists of 19 people, district consists of 140 people, Pemekasan sub- Pegantenan sub-district consists of 17 people, district consists of 139 people, and Palengaan and Palengaan sub-district consists of 16 sub-district consists of 122 people. people. Pamekasan, Larangan, Pademawu, While the handling strategy that has been done Proppo, Pegantenan and Palengaan sub- by Social Service Institution in cooperation with districts has not yet conducted problem handing inter-religions forum of East facilitates effort until. The handling strategy that should be people with disabilities to get artificial hands and done are as follows: feet. The recommended strategy that should be 1. Supporting to build a positive image of done is to allocate some funds from inter- scavenger as friendly and honest for religions forum, ZIS institution, and various preventing miss-perception of the society government institutions for people with as scavenger is often perceived as a thief. disabilities by providing training for them to 2. If possible, the local government should achieve productive competencies and skills. provide assistance to the scavenger group in the form of waste treatment facility like 66 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Handling Strategies and Mapping Of People with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS): A Study in Pamekasan Regency

paper and plastic wastes processing 1. It is recommended to continue the existing machine to be processed into recycled program like free test, medication and CD4 products. testing program. 3. Providing training on how to process 2. Providing counseling to the public to avoid products that have more economic added free sex behavior and other behaviors that value than recycled products. is contagious the HIV / AIDS.

Former Citizens of Prison Facilities Drug Abuse Victims (17) (BWBLP) (15) The average occurrence of drug abuse victim The average occurrence of former prisoners (pr (pr 17) in Pamekasan Regency is 152 people. 15) problem in Pamekasan Regency is 11 The Pakong sub-district which experiences this people. Based on the average number, problem problem has not yet conducted any problem 15 (former citizens built institutions prisoner) handling until now. that occurs beyond the average happens in the The handling strategies that should be done are following districts: Pasean sub-district consists as follow: of 24 people, Waru sub-district consists of 17 1. Intensively providing counseling and social people, and Pamekasan sub-district consists of communication service to all levels of 16 people. There is no treatment or problem society for not repeating the behavior of handling in these three sub-districts so far. The drugs abuse. handling strategy that should be done is: 2. Intensively carrying out raids to places that 1. Spiritual and mental guidance to prevent provide narcotics, psychotropic them to be a bully in the community and substances and other legally forbidden shame to commit a crime so that it will not additives. eventually make them become inmates of 3. Providing action explicitly and legal prison again. sanctions for drug dealers and users to 2. Providing training in order to make them cause deterrent effect. have a productive business so that they will not have any intention to commit a crime Victims of Violence (19) again. The average occurrence of victims of violence 3. Providing skills training in any field of (pr 19) in Pamekasan Regency is 30 people. business so that they are not clumsy to The sub-districts that face this problem are blend with the community which eventually Palengaan and Pasean sub-districts; yet, there will make them become the part of a is no problem handling treatment at all and until productive society. now. The handling strategy that should be done are: People with HIV / AIDS (ODHA) (16) The average occurrence of people with HIV / 1. Avoiding direct contact with person or AIDS (prison) problems (pr 16) in Pamekasan parties who often do violence. Regency is 3 people. Based on the average 2. Being more careful in public places, and number, problem 16 (People with HIV/ AIDS) not dress up conspicuously (wearing that occurs beyond the average happens in the excessive jewelry and wearing clothes that following districts: Pamekasan sub-district seem to attract sexual arousal). consists of 7 people, Pegantenan sub-district 3. Backing up yourself and belongings consists of 6 people and Pademawu sub-district (installing alarm, CCTV, double lock). consists of 4 people. Problem handling that had Socially problematic migrant worker (PMBS) been done looked after 30 people or 100%. (20) While the handling strategy that had been done The average occurrence of problematic so far are as follows: migrant worker problem (pr 20) in Pamekasan a. Free testing and free counseling for people Regency is 100 people. Yet Tlanakan sub- with HIV / AIDS. district has beyond average number of which b. Free regular medical treatment. reaches 274 people. Tlanakan Sub-district until c. Free CD4 checking for revealing immune now has not yet handled this problem. The antibodies with HIV / AIDS per six months or handling strategy that should be done is to per year depending on the patient's provide skills training in any field of business so condition. that they are not clumsy to the community, and they become part of a productive society. The handling strategy that should be done are as follows: Victims of natural disasters (21) The average occurrence of disaster victims (pr 21) in Pamekasan Regency is 159 people. 67 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Rofiaty

Based on the average number, problem 21 and Kadur sub-district consists of 8,624 people. (victims of natural disasters) that occurs beyond Problem handling had been done for 1,631 the average happens in the following districts: people or merely 1.9% of the population. While Tlanakan sub-district consists of 415 people, the handling strategy that had been done were: Pamekasan sub-district consists of 203 people a. The fund assistance of home renovation and Galis sub-district consists of 162 people. with a budget of 10 million rupiah Problem handling has been done for 110 people b. Air compressor assistance. or 8.6%. While the handling strategy that had c. Hair-do equipment assistance that can been done are providing cash aid and providing support them to become entrepreneurs in food directly to the victim. The handling the field of makeup, which at the same time strategies that should be done are: it can create jobs. 1. Implementing fund raising movement for d. Facilitate the children of the poor to obtain the natural disaster victims considering the assistance in education and living occurrence of natural disasters are expenses through government- uncertain. administered orphanages. 2. Implementing identification and evaluation The handling strategy that should be done are of conditions prone to natural disasters, as follows: such as the existence of old trees 1. Providing assistance in the form of activity alongside roads that are vulnerable to creation as a livelihood (income center). tumbles, as well as roads and areas prone This can be achieved when there is a new to landslides. investment or business that can absorb the workforce from the poor people. Socially vulnerable women (23) 2. Creating new jobs that accommodate the The average occurrence of problems of socio- poor by connecting the industry from economic vulnerable women (pr 23) in upstream to downstream in order to have Pamekasan Regency is 546 people. Based on more added value so that they can get a the average number, problem 23 (women higher wage rate in order to meet the basic vulnerable to social economy) that occurs needs that are appropriate for the needs of beyond the average happens in the following themselves and their families. districts: Pamekasan sub-district consists of 1,394 people, Pagantenan sub-district consists Family with Psychosocial Problems (25) of 759 people, Waru sub-district consists of 756 The average occurrence of family with people, Palengaan sub-district consists of 707 psychological social problem (pr 25) in people, Tlanakan sub-district consists of 680 Pamekasan Regency is 238 people. Based on people, and Pakong sub-district consists of 628 the average number, problem 25 (family with people. Problem handling has been done for psychosocial problem) that occurs beyond the 120 people or 17% of the population. While the average happens in the following districts: strategy of handling that had been done is to Proppo sub-district which consists of 404 provide livestock grant. The handling strategy people and Tlanakan sub-district which consists that should be done are: of 295 people. Proppo and Tlanakan sub- 1. For population in productive age, they districts had not yet conducted any treatment for should take business opportunities from this problem. The handling strategy that should the surrounding environment at a scale be done are as follows: that they can manage. This will be 1. Mental development and enhancement of strengthened by a high entrepreneurial the devotion of married couples to be more spirit. committed to their obligations. This is in 2. Leave the unproductive lifestyle and alter line with the realization of the vision and to more productive activities to attain mission achievement of Pamekasan income. Regency to Gerbang Salam. 2. Improving the relationship through The Poor (24) silaturrahim with surrounding neighbors so The average occurrence of the problem of the as to build cooperation among members of poor (pr 24) in Pamekasan Regency is 6,606 the community, such as the formation of people. Based on the average number, problem piggy bank groups (arisan) in holy quran 24 (the poor) that occurs beyond the average recital and family empowerment program happens in the following districts: Proppo sub- (PKK). This activity will help them to meet district consists of 12,103 people, Tlanakan the needs of children both physically and sub-district consists of 10,062 people, spiritually. Palengaan sub-district consists of 9,831 people 68 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Handling Strategies and Mapping Of People with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS): A Study in Pamekasan Regency

3. Increase the logical and mature thinking of 1. Batumarmar sub-district handles 73% husband and wife to be always grateful for 2. Pademawu sub-district handles 70% whatever is conferred on them so that will 3. Pasean sub-district handles 68% create a sakinah mawaddah warohmah 4. While the lowest handling is in Proppo (peaceful, happy and happy world sub-district which handles only 11%. hereafter) family. Remote Indigenous Communities (26) IMPLICATION The average occurrence of the remote indigenous communities (pr 26) problem in 1. This research can be used as a Pamekasan Regency is 1 person. Pasean sub- reference for further research in district is the only sub-district that faces this handling PMKS, though it should be problem but not yet take action to handle the adapted to the recent situation in other occurring problem. The strategy handling that areas should be done are: 2. There is a need of conducting an in- 1. Increasing awareness of the community depth analysis based on the root of the and religion in accordance with the problem that occur in the handled area applicable norms in accordance with the so that it can reflect a situation analysis 1945 Constitution which is full of tolerance. through observing both internal and 2. The Government should pay attention to external environment. the existence of these remote indigenous groups by engaging in dialogue to RECOMMENDATION accommodate their needs though the 1. It needs a commitment of local government government itself has limitations and in handling the problems continuously in constraints. order to solve the existing PMKS issues. 2. Local Government needs to intensively CONCLUSION propose plans of activities at the central government which its output can provide 1. The largest number of problems in each solutions and reduce the PMKS problems sub-district of Pamekasan Regency is the in the region of Pamekasan Regency. huge number of the poor people. The 3. It needs to increase the amount of funds in strategy taken by Local Government various assistance in handling PMKS through related institutions should be more issues. focused on handling the problems of the poor. It can be through engineering technology in the field of agribusiness to GLOSSARY increase soil fertility, encourage new PMKS: Penyandang Masalah Kesejahteraan entrepreneurs, more job creation for Sosial/People with Social Welfare Problems people with limited formal education. CD4: T cells that have CD4 proteins. It works as 2. The number of neglected children is the a respirator for HIV second largest number that must be prioritized to be handled strategically. The REFERENCES handling strategy that can be done like: a. Providing non formal education Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah b. Distributing those abandoned children Kabupaten Pamekasan, 2015. Profil in public school as their affirmative Kabupaten Pamekasan 2015, Badan students. Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah 3. The number of socio-economic vulnerable Kabupaten Pamekasan. women occupies a sizable number of Bahri, Samsul. 2015. Strategi Komunikasi PMKS in Pamekasan Regency. The Dinas Kesejateraan Sosial Dalam handling strategy to do may include: Menangani Penyandang Masalah a. Fostering mental, moral, and religious Kesejahteraan Sosial (PMKS) Di Kota aspect of society. Samarinda. Journal Universitas b. Developing the knowledge and skills Mulawarman : Samarinda. of the women resources by providing Christiani, Charis. 2013. Strategi assistance for entrepreneurship even Penyelenggaraan Kesejahteraan Sosial on a micro scale. Masyarakat Kota Semarang. 4. The highest PMKS handling in Pamekasan (https://jurnal.untagsmg.ac.id/index.php/ Regency based on its sub-districts is sa/article/view/60). Diakses Juni. presented below: 69 Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University Rofiaty

Dempsey, Nicola, Bramley, Glen, Power, Sugiyono, 2009. Metode Penelitian Bisnis. Sinead, Caroline Brown. 2011. The Bandung : Alfabeta Social Dimension of Sustainable Suharto, Edi. 1997. Pembangunan, Kebijakan Development: Defining Urban Social Sosial dan Pekerjaan Sosial: Spektrum Sustainability. Oxford Brookes University Pemikiran. Bandung: Lembaga Studi : United Kingdom. Pembangunan STKS (LSP-STKS). Fred R. David. 2008. Manajemen Strateg : Suharto, Edi. 2014. Metode dan Teknik Konsepdan Studi Kasus. Jakarta. Pemetaan Sosial : Jurnal Hunger, J. David., and Thomas L. Wheelen. Suharto, Edi. 2009. Development of Social 2003. “Manajemen Strategis”, edisi II, Welfare in Indonesia. National Institute of Diterjemahkan oleh: JuliantoAgung, Public Administration: Jakarta. Penerbit ANDI Yogyakarta. UNDP (United Nations Development John A. Pearce II dan Richard B.Robinson, Jr. Pogramme). 2007. Human Development 2008. Manajemen Strategis. Formulasi, Report 2007/2008 Fighting Climate Implementasi dan Pengendalian. Change : Human Solidarity in a Divided Jakarta: Salemba Empa. World. New York: UNDP. Malhotra. 2005. Riset Penelitian. Jakarta: Twelvetrees, A. 1991. Community Work, Gramedia Pustaka Utama London: McMillan. Netting, F. Ellen, Peter M. Kettner dan Steven Warren, R. L. 1978. The Community in America. L. McMurtry. 1993. Social Work Macro Chicago: Rand McNally. Practice. New York: Longman. ----- (2002). Profiles and Dynamics of the Urban Informal Sector in Bandung: A Study of Pedagang Kaki lima, unpublished PhD thesis. Palmerston North: Massey University Peraturan Menteri Sosial RI No. 08 Tahun 2012.Pedoman Pendataan dan Pengelolaan Data Penyandang Masalah Kesejahteraan Sosial dan Potensi dan Sumber Kesejahteraan Sosial. Singarimbun, Masri dan Sofian Effendi. 2008. Metode Penelitian Survei. Jakarta: LP3ES Soekidjo.2004. Pengembangan Potensi Wilayah.Bandung :Gramedia. Stalker, Peter. 2008. Millennium Development Goals. UNDP : Indonesia Sudarso, 2012, Identifikasi dan Strategi Penanganan PMKS Studi Kasus di Kabupaten .(http://sudarso- sbyfisip.web.unair.ac.id/artikel_detail- 68026-UmumI- DENTIFIKASI%20DAN%20STRATEGI %20%20PENANGANAN%20PMKS%20 STUDI%20KASUS%20DI%20KABUPAT EN%20PASURUAN.html). Diakses Juni 2017. Suharto, Edi. 2006. Membangun Masyarakat Memberdayakan Rakyat: Kajian Strategis Pembangunan Kesejahteraan Sosial dan Pekerjaan Sosial (Building Community Empowering People: Strategic Analysis on Social Welfare Development and Social Work). Bandung: Refika Aditama (second edition) Suharto, Edi. 2009. Kemiskinan dan Perlindungan Sosial (Poverty and Social Protection). Bandung: Alfabeta

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