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“Leaked Files” and China's Ethnic and Religious Polices

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“Leaked Files” and China's Ethnic and Religious Polices “Leaked Files” and China’s Ethnic and Religious Polices (Research Report) Liang Zheng Nov.28,2019 applied for 70 years. Ethnic relations were stable for most of that time. The On Nov. 16, 2019, the New York shift from a planned economy to a Times reported that it acquired 403 market economy transformed the pages of “leaked files” from “a member situation for ethnic districts as well as of Chinese political establishment”. The other districts in China. In the process content of those files concerns China’s of transformation, different social ethnic and religious policies and problems occurred in ethnic districts. In counter-terrorism and de-radicalization Xinjiang, apart from the efforts in Xinjiang. 1 transformational problems brought by Since from New York Times reported reform and opening up, religious the “leaked files” on November 16th, no extremism, ethnic separatism, think tank or research institution has terrorism and violence have long conducted any research and analysis on plagued society. These conditions pose it. This possibly was because the source hazards and challenges to the of documents is unclear, and its development of Xinjiang and the authenticity is not verifiable. Despite stability of the western area. The violent their lack of authenticity, the content of terrorist incidents between 2009 and the “leaked files” can be used as a 2015 demonstrated Xinjiang’s problems reference and attracts public attention to others in inland provinces. These to Chinese long-term ethnic and attacks, widely covered by the media, religious policy and practice. have imbued fear among viewers. The China is a multi-ethnic country. direct response of many in inland Since 1949, there have been 55 officially provinces was “what’s going on in recognized ethnic minorities. China Xinjiang?” This involves a major established five provincial-level ethnic question: what ethnic and religious autonomous regions. In 1984, the policies is the Chinese government Central Government of China pursuing in Xinjiang? Or is there any implemented the Law on Regional policy issues? What goes wrong? The Ethnic Autonomy, which brought legal governance of Xinjiang is confined to basis to China’s ethnic policies and the mass media’s mechanical reports on management measures. policy. It is difficult to grasp the ethnic The ethnic policy of China has been and religious policy pursued by Chinese 1https://www.nytimes.com/interacti ve/2019/11/16/world/asia/china- xinjiang-documents.html 1 government unless there is long-term to terrorist attacks that happened in field research and study of Xinjiang. Xinjiang, the The New York Times This report about “leaked files” from reported：“In 2014…two Uighur The New York Times offers an militants staged a suicide bombing opportunity to answer these questions. outside a train station in Urumqi that Based on the text of “leaked files” injured nearly 80 people, one fatally. from The New York Times, this research Weeks earlier, militants with knives had will be conducted from the following gone on a rampage at another railway questions: station, in southwest China, killing 31 1.According to the text of “leaked people and injuring more than 140. And files”, what ethnic and religious policies less than a month later, assailants are applied by Chinese government in tossed explosives into a vegetable Xinjiang? market in Urumqi, wounding 94 people 2. Is there any difference between and killing at least 39.” the document’s version of ethnic and In 2014, The New York Times religious policies in China’s in Xinjiang reported two attacks in Urumqi, the and official version? If there is, what’s "April 30" train station bombing, and the specific difference? the "March 01" attacks in the Kunming 3. Some western media claim that Railway Station. These two attacks had the measures of Chinese government been defined as terrorist attacks by against terrorism is repression toward Chinese public security departments. certain minorities. Do the “leaked files” Due to ideological bias, The New York prove this? Times did not use the phrase “terrorist 4. Does the “leaked files” from The attacks” in regard to these cases, but New York Times provide valuable clues terms, such as “militants”, “suicide or not for future research? bombings”, “rampage”, and “toss explosives.” This reporting did show the The situation of anti-terrorism reality of violence and the threat of The background of the policies terrorism brought by militants since Chinese government pursues in 2012. Xinjiang were introduced in the “leaked These two cases as mentioned by files.” The main content is a series of The New York Times’s report, like all violent terrorist attacks that occurred in cases of violence and terrorism related Xinjiang in the last few years. These to Xinjiang, are influential and widely attacks were a catalyst for Xinjiang’s known. How many cases have taken new policies in this period. With regard place, but are not widely known? 2 According to The Fight Against Terrorism inside but also from abroad.“A senior and Extremism and Human Rights Chinese leader” was quoted by the New Protection in Xinjiang White Paper York Times as saying, “After the United issued by the State Council Information States pulls troops out of Afghanistan, Office of the People’s Republic of China terrorist organizations positioned on in 2019, “incomplete statistics show the frontiers of Afghanistan and that from 1990 to the end of 2016, Pakistan may quickly infiltrate into separatist, terrorist and extremist forces Central Asia. East Turkestan’s terrorists launched thousands of terrorist attacks who have received real-war training in in Xinjiang, killing large numbers of Syria and Afghanistan could at any time innocent people and hundreds of police launch terrorist attacks in Xinjiang.” For officers, and causing immeasurable the situation of “East Turkistan” damage to property.”2 As mentioned in terrorist organization activities, White Paper, these “several thousand” international scholars and think tanks terrorist attacks spanned more than 20 have produced from results, but the years. The description of these cases in overall degree of concern stays low for White Paper is quite simple so requires some reasons. For instance, American further research. Though the number Jamestown Foundation regularly “several thousand” seems fuzzy, people publicizes the activities of “East who understand the context of China Turkistan” terrorist organization in can feel the seriousness of the problem. China;3 another US terrorism research Xinjiang is faced with a severe terrorism website, Long War Journal, also often threat which has spilled over to other publishes research about the provinces. It is one of the important international activities of “East logical starting points of various aspects Turkistan” terrorist organization;4 a of Xinjiang governance. research institution in France published The terrorism threat that China a report about the “East Turkistan” faces not only comes from country terrorist organization in Syria.5 2http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019- 4 Weiss, C. (2015). Turkistan Islamic 03/18/content_5374643.htm Party had significant role in recent 3 Jacob Zenn. 2011. Jihad in Idlib offensive. Retrieved from China? Marketing the Turkistan https://www.longwarjournal.org/arc Islamic Party. Jamestown hives/2015/04/turkistan-islamic- Foundation. party-had-significant-role-recent- https://jamestown.org/wp- idlib-offensive.php content/uploads/2011/03/TM0090 5 Vagneur-Jones, A. (2017). War 6.pdf?x87069 and opportunity: the Turkistan Islamic Party and the Syrian conflict. 3 In China, it is rare to see research instructions to Syria “jihad” from al- about the “East Turkistan” terrorist Qaida, the “East Turkistan Islamic organization in Central Asia, West Asia Movement”, with orders from al-Qaida, and the Middle East. So far, it could only deploy capable personnel from be seen from some reports of media. For Afghanistan and the border region of instance, Global Times reporters got a Pakistan in batches in Syria. The piece of material about “East Turkistan” militants join forces with other jihadi terrorists training in the south of groups Syria, and then make up an Turkey and the north of Syria during an independent group to war.” 7 The interview in Qatar. Viewing from the “China Youth network” quoted an photos and videos, “East Turkistan” official of the anti-terrorist branch in activities in Syria and southern Turkey Chinese government: terrorist has reached a certain scale. In the organization “East Turkistan Islamic photos, their training camp occupies a Movement” began operations after al- considerable area surrounded by the Qaida issued an order. There are two walls, a camera probing above walls. main purposes of the "East Turkistan" Except for the militants, their families group. One is “training” and another are also in the camp. Wearing one is an attempting to seek camouflage uniforms, equipment, “recognition” and “help” from machine guns, AK-47 assault rifles and international terrorist forces. The grenades, some "East Turkistan" international community should militants sit cross-legged to discuss the quickly help Syria to eliminate the matter, or arms around eating and conflict, and if the international drinking together. In addition, there are terrorism forces get united, it could not some "explosion pictures" of bomb be a gospel for any country”.8 attacks in Syria, as well as a picture The scattered report about the showing a "East Turkistan" militant "East Turkistan" organization of carrying a banner of al-Qaida outside international activities from media, 6 the camp. The Global Times quoted a coupled with the lack of domestic Chinese national counterterrorism academic research means this problem official’s words: “After issuing secret has not effectively got attention from Retrieved from 6http://www.chinanews.com/mil/20 https://www.frstrategie.org/publicat 13/12-17/5626485.shtml ions/notes/war-and-opportunity- 7http://www.chinanews.com/mil/20 the-turkistan-islamic-party-and-the- 12/10-29/4283515.shtml syrian-conflict-07-2017 8http://pinglun.youth.cn/wztt/20121 0/t20121030_2562869.htm 4 China.
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