DOCSLIB.ORG

Reflection and Refraction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reflection and Refraction Reflection and refraction Ivan Bazarov Cornell Physics Department / CLASSE Outline • Reflection & refraction in geometric optics • Fresnel equations • Applications 1 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Fermat’s principle: reflection Fermat’s principle: optical path is stationary (has an extremum with Optical path = path × index of refraction respect to small changes) Law of reflection ⇥i =⇥r 2 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Fermat’s principle: refraction Snell’s law n sin ⇥= n sin ⇥ ⇢ 0 0 ⇢0 SP = n⇢ + n0⇢0 SP + dSP = n(⇢ dx sin ⇥) + n0(⇢0 + dx sin ⇥0) f − dSP f =0=f n( sin ⇥) + n0 sin ⇥0 dx − f 3 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Look at the problem as E&M wave at the interface • Geometric optics can provide no information about wave amplitudes • Need E&M (vector!) theory of light Perpendicular (“S”) polarization “sticks out” of or into the plane of ! Incident medium ! incidence. ki kr Ei Er n Plane of incidence i (here the xy plane) is qi qr the plane that contains InterfacePlane of the interface (here the yz the incident and plane)y (perpendicular to page) reflected k-vectors. qt x nt z E ! Parallel (“P”) t k polarization lies parallel Transmitting medium t to the plane of incidence. B-field not shown here, but it’s always perpendicular to E-field 4 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Fresnel equations • Goal: relate amplitudes of transmitted and reflected waves • Fresnel was the first to obtain the expressions in early 1800’s. • A complication: must consider two polarizations separately S- and P- or ⊥ and || w.r.t. E-field orientation relative to the incidence plane rr ==EE0r0/Er/E0i0,ti,tt ===EEE0r00/Ert/E0t0it forfor S-polarization S-polarization ?? ??? rr ==EE0r0/Er/E0i0,ti,tt===EEE0r00/Ert/E/E0t00ti forfor P-polarization P-polarization k k k kk • These equations emerge from boundary conditions at the interface, namely a requirement for the tangential E- and B- fields to be continuous (assuming non-magnetic material) 5 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics S-polarization ! ! ki kr Er Ei ni B B i qi qr r y Interface z x qt Et n ! t Bt kt Ei (x, y = 0, z, t) + Er (x, y = 0, z, t) = Et (x, y = 0, z, t) –Bi (x, y=0, z, t) cosqi + Br (x, y=0, z, t) cosqr = –Bt (x, y=0, z, t) cosqt or in terms of amplitudes: E0i + E0r = E0t − B0i cosθi + B0r cosθr = −B0t cosθt 6 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics S-polarization Fresnel ratios Using B = nE/c and qr = qi one finds E n cos ✓ n cos ✓ r = 0r = i i − t t ? E0i ni cos ✓i + nt cos ✓t E 2n cos ✓ t = 0t = i i ? E0i ni cos ✓i + nt cos ✓t w cosθ n Nicer form if we define m = t = t , n = t wi cosθi ni q w i 1 nm i n r = − i ? 1+nm nt w 2 q t t = t ? 1+nm 7 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics P-polarization Fresnel ratios ! ! k This B- ki r field points E into the i Br ! ! ! page Esince×B∝k Bi E qi qr r ni Interface Beam geometry for light with its qt electric field E parallel to the t nt plane of incidence Bt ! kt Or more compactly From boundary conditions: n cos ✓ n cos ✓ m n r = i t − t i r = − k B0i – B0r = B0t k ni cos ✓t + nt cos ✓i m + n E0icosqi + E0rcosqr = E0tcosqt 2 2ni cos ✓i t = t = k m + n k ni cos ✓t + nt cos ✓i 8 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Reflection from air-to-glass interface 1.0 nair » 1 < nglass » 1.5 Note that: r Brewster’s angle .5 r =0! r Total reflection at q = 90° || || for both polarizations 0 Zero reflection for parallel polarization at Brewster's angle (56.3° for these Reflection coefficient, coefficient, Reflection -.5 r values of ni and nt). ┴ -1.0 0° 30° 60° 90° Incidence angle, qi 9 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Reflection from glass-to-air interface 1.0 nglass » 1.5 > nair » 1 Critical angle r Note that: .5 r ┴ Total internal reflection Total internal above the critical angle reflection 0 qcrit º arcsin(nt /ni) Brewster’s angle (The sine in Snell's Law coefficient, Reflection -.5 can't be > 1!): Critical r|| angle sin(qcrit) = nt /ni sin(90°) -1.0 0° 30° 60° 90° Incidence angle, qi 10 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Transmittance (T) IA T º Transmitted Power / Incident Power = tt A = Area IAii Compute the qi wi ratio of the ni beam areas: nt 1D beam wt expansion qt 2 The beam expands in one dimension on refraction. E0t 2 2 = t æöe� c 2 00 E0i ç÷nEtt0 2 IAttèø2 éù w tnEtt0 w t n t2 cos(q� t ) Tt==êú =2 = IAæöe�00c 2 wnE w n cos(q� ) iinEëû iii0 i i i ç÷ii2 0 n èø n = t n ! n cos θ $ i ( t ( t )) 2 2 Þ T = # &t = nmt The Transmittance is also # n cos θ & called the Transmissivity. "( i ( i ))% 11 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Reflectance (R) IA R º Reflected Power / Incident Power = rr A = Area IAii qi qr wi wi ni nt Because the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection, the beam area doesn’t change on reflection. Also, ni = nr for both incident and reflected beams. So: Rr= 2 The Reflectance is also called the Reflectivity. 12 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Reflectance and transmittance for an air- to-glass interface Perpendicular polarization Parallel polarization 1.0 1.0 T T .5 .5 R R 0 0 0° 30° 60° 0° 30° 60° 90° 90° Incidence angle, qi Incidence angle, qi Note that R + T = 1 13 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Reflectance and transmittance for a glass- to-air interface Perpendicular polarization Parallel polarization 1.0 1.0 R R .5 .5 T T 0 0 0° 30° 60° 0° 30° 60° 90° 90° Incidence angle, qi Incidence angle, qi Note that R + T = 1 14 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Reflection at normal incidence When q = 0, 2 i " % nt − ni R = $ ' # nt + ni & and 4n n T t i = 2 n n ( t + i ) For an air-glass interface (ni = 1 and nt = 1.5), R = 4% and T = 96% The values are the same, whichever direction the light travels, from air to glass or from glass to air. The 4% has big implications for photography lenses. 15 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Practical implications of Fresnel equations Windows look like mirrors at night (when you’re in the brightly lit room) One-way mirrors (used by police to interrogate bad guys) are just partial reflectors (actually, aluminum-coated). Disneyland puts ghouls next to you in the Haunted Mansion using partial reflectors (also aluminum-coated). Lasers use Brewster’s angle components to avoid reflective losses: R = 100% 0% reflection! Laser medium R = 90% 0% reflection! Optical fibers use total internal reflection. Hollow fibers use high- incidence-angle near-unity reflections. 16 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Polarized sunglasses Sunglasses are made to transmit only vertically polarized light to cut glare due to reflections from water 17 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Photography with polarizers (no polarizer) (with polarizer) Same principle to ‘see below the surface’ or remove an unwanted reflection/glare 18 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Phase shifts for reflections r has a sign, i.e. when negative it means 180º phase shift 180° if low-index-to-high and 0 if high-index-to-low. E.g. if you slowly turn up a laser intensity incident on a piece of glass, where does damage happen first, the front or the back? Actually, at the back surface because of constructive interference, which gives about 44% higher intensity than at the front: (1+r)2 = (1+0.2)2 = 1.44 Important application of phase shifts: anti-reflection coating 19 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Total Internal Reflection occurs when sinqt > 1, and no transmitted beam can occur. Note that the irradiance of the transmitted beam goes to zero (i.e., TIR occurs) as it grazes the surface. Brewster’s angle Total Internal Reflection Total internal reflection is 100% efficient, that is, all the light is reflected. 20 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Applications of total internal reflection Beam steerers Beam steerers used to compress the path inside binoculars 21 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Back-reflectors: corner cubes and cat’s eyes Corner cubes involve three reflections and also displace the return beam in space. Even better, they always yield a parallel return beam: If the beam propagates in the z direction, it emerges in the -z direction, with each point in the beam (x,y) reflected to the (-x,-y) position. Hollow corner cubes avoid propagation through glass and don’t use TIR. Cat’s eye reflectors use a spherical geometry to achieve the same goal. 22 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Optical fibers Optical fibers use TIR to transmit light long distances. They play an ever-increasing role in our lives! 23 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Design of an optical fiber Core: Thin glass center of the fiber that carries the light Cladding: Surrounds the core and reflects the light back into the core Buffer coating: Plastic protective coating ncore > ncladding 24 Reflection and refraction P3330 Exp Optics Propagation of light in optical fiber Light travels through the core bouncing from the reflective walls.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contents 1 Properties of Optical Systems
    Contents 1 Properties of Optical Systems ............................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Optical Properties of a Single Spherical Surface ........................................................................... 7 1.1.1 Planar Refractive Surfaces .................................................................................................... 7 1.1.2 Spherical Refractive Surfaces ................................................................................................ 7 1.1.3 Reflective Surfaces .............................................................................................................. 10 1.1.4 Gaussian Imaging Equation ................................................................................................. 11 1.1.5 Newtonian Imaging Equation.............................................................................................. 13 1.1.6 The Thin Lens ...................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Aperture and Field Stops ............................................................................................................ 14 1.2.1 Aperture Stop Definition ..................................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Marginal and Chief Rays ...................................................................................................... 14 1.2.3 Vignetting ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 19/ Optical Properties
    Chapter 19 /Optical Properties The four notched and transpar- ent rods shown in this photograph demonstrate the phenomenon of photoelasticity. When elastically deformed, the optical properties (e.g., index of refraction) of a photoelastic specimen become anisotropic. Using a special optical system and polarized light, the stress distribution within the speci- men may be deduced from inter- ference fringes that are produced. These fringes within the four photoelastic specimens shown in the photograph indicate how the stress concentration and distribu- tion change with notch geometry for an axial tensile stress. (Photo- graph courtesy of Measurements Group, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina.) Why Study the Optical Properties of Materials? When materials are exposed to electromagnetic radia- materials, we note that the performance of optical tion, it is sometimes important to be able to predict fibers is increased by introducing a gradual variation and alter their responses. This is possible when we are of the index of refraction (i.e., a graded index) at the familiar with their optical properties, and understand outer surface of the fiber. This is accomplished by the mechanisms responsible for their optical behaviors. the addition of specific impurities in controlled For example, in Section 19.14 on optical fiber concentrations. 766 Learning Objectives After careful study of this chapter you should be able to do the following: 1. Compute the energy of a photon given its fre- 5. Describe the mechanism of photon absorption quency and the value of Planck’s constant. for (a) high-purity insulators and semiconduc- 2. Briefly describe electronic polarization that re- tors, and (b) insulators and semiconductors that sults from electromagnetic radiation-atomic in- contain electrically active defects.
    [Show full text]
  • Nikon Binocular Handbook
    THE COMPLETE BINOCULAR HANDBOOK While Nikon engineers of semiconductor-manufactur- FINDING THE ing equipment employ our optics to create the world’s CONTENTS PERFECT BINOCULAR most precise instrumentation. For Nikon, delivering a peerless vision is second nature, strengthened over 4 BINOCULAR OPTICS 101 ZOOM BINOCULARS the decades through constant application. At Nikon WHAT “WATERPROOF” REALLY MEANS FOR YOUR NEEDS 5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POWER, Sport Optics, our mission is not just to meet your THE DESIGN EYE RELIEF, AND FIELD OF VIEW The old adage “the better you understand some- PORRO PRISM BINOCULARS demands, but to exceed your expectations. ROOF PRISM BINOCULARS thing—the more you’ll appreciate it” is especially true 12-14 WHERE QUALITY AND with optics. Nikon’s goal in producing this guide is to 6-11 THE NUMBERS COUNT QUANTITY COUNT not only help you understand optics, but also the EYE RELIEF/EYECUP USAGE LENS COATINGS EXIT PUPIL ABERRATIONS difference a quality optic can make in your appre- REAL FIELD OF VIEW ED GLASS AND SECONDARY SPECTRUMS ciation and intensity of every rare, special and daily APPARENT FIELD OF VIEW viewing experience. FIELD OF VIEW AT 1000 METERS 15-17 HOW TO CHOOSE FIELD FLATTENING (SUPER-WIDE) SELECTING A BINOCULAR BASED Nikon’s WX BINOCULAR UPON INTENDED APPLICATION LIGHT DELIVERY RESOLUTION 18-19 BINOCULAR OPTICS INTERPUPILLARY DISTANCE GLOSSARY DIOPTER ADJUSTMENT FOCUSING MECHANISMS INTERNAL ANTIREFLECTION OPTICS FIRST The guiding principle behind every Nikon since 1917 product has always been to engineer it from the inside out. By creating an optical system specific to the function of each product, Nikon can better match the product attri- butes specifically to the needs of the user.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ray Optics Module User's Guide
    Ray Optics Module User’s Guide Ray Optics Module User’s Guide © 1998–2018 COMSOL Protected by patents listed on www.comsol.com/patents, and U.S. Patents 7,519,518; 7,596,474; 7,623,991; 8,457,932; 8,954,302; 9,098,106; 9,146,652; 9,323,503; 9,372,673; and 9,454,625. Patents pending. This Documentation and the Programs described herein are furnished under the COMSOL Software License Agreement (www.comsol.com/comsol-license-agreement) and may be used or copied only under the terms of the license agreement. COMSOL, the COMSOL logo, COMSOL Multiphysics, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Server, and LiveLink are either registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and COMSOL AB and its subsidiaries and products are not affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by those trademark owners. For a list of such trademark owners, see www.comsol.com/trademarks. Version: COMSOL 5.4 Contact Information Visit the Contact COMSOL page at www.comsol.com/contact to submit general inquiries, contact Technical Support, or search for an address and phone number. You can also visit the Worldwide Sales Offices page at www.comsol.com/contact/offices for address and contact information. If you need to contact Support, an online request form is located at the COMSOL Access page at www.comsol.com/support/case. Other useful links include: • Support Center: www.comsol.com/support • Product Download: www.comsol.com/product-download • Product Updates: www.comsol.com/support/updates • COMSOL Blog: www.comsol.com/blogs • Discussion Forum: www.comsol.com/community • Events: www.comsol.com/events • COMSOL Video Gallery: www.comsol.com/video • Support Knowledge Base: www.comsol.com/support/knowledgebase Part number: CM024201 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction About the Ray Optics Module 8 The Ray Optics Module Physics Interface Guide .
    [Show full text]
  • Transmittance of Optical Glass TIE-35
    Technical Information 1 Advanced Optics Version November 2020 TIE-35 Transmittance of optical glass Introduction 1. Theoretical background ......................... 1 Optical glasses are optimized to provide excellent transmit- tance throughout the total visible range from 380 to 780 nm 2. Wavelength dependence of transmittance ....... 2 (perception range of the human eye). Usually the transmit- 3. Measurement and specification.................. 7 tance range spreads also into the near UV and IR regions. As a general trend lowest refractive index glasses show high trans- 4. Literature........................................ 9 mittance far down to short wavelengths in the UV. Going to higher index glasses the UV absorption edge moves closer to the visible range. For highest index glass and larger thickness past. And for special applications where best transmittance the absorption edge already reaches into the visible range. is required SCHOTT offers improved quality grades like for This UV-edge shift with increasing refractive index is explained SF57 the grade SF57HTultra. by the general theory of absorbing dielectric media. So it may not be overcome in general. However, due to improved The aim of this technical information is to give the optical melting technology high refractive index glasses are offered designer a deeper understanding on the transmittance prop- nowadays with better blue-violet transmittance than in the erties of optical glass. 1. Theoretical background A light beam with the intensity I0 falls onto a glass plate having The beam reflected at the exit surface returns to the entrance a thickness d (figure 1). At the entrance surface part of the surface and is divided into a transmitted and a reflected part.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispersion of Infrared Optical Materials
    Dispersion properties of mid‐infrared optical materials Andrei Tokmakoff December 2016 Contents 1) Dispersion calculations for ultrafast mid‐IR pulses 2) Index of refraction of optical materials in the mid‐IR 3) Sellmeier equations 4) Second‐order dispersion (fs2 mm‐1) 5) Third‐order dispersion (fs3 mm‐1) 6) Zero group velocity dispersion wavelengths This material is offered as a resource for calculating the dispersion of ultrafast mid‐IR laser pulses through optical devices. For additional reading on this topic see: “The role of dispersion in ultrafast optics,” Ian Walmsley, Leon Waxer, and Christophe Dorrer, Review of Scientific Instruments 72, 1‐29 (2001). “Dispersion compensation with optical materials for compression of intense sub‐100 femtosecond mid‐ infrared pulses,” N. Demirdöven, M. Khalil, O. Golonzka and A. Tokmakoff, Optics Letters, 27, 433‐435 (2002). For refractive index data: “Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids,” Edited by Edward D. Palik, (Academic Press, San Diego, 1998) http://refractiveindex.info/ Dispersion calculations for short mid‐IR pulses The optical dispersion experienced by a short pulse propagating through an spectrometer is calculated in the frequency domain from the spectral phase ϕ(ω). The field is expressed as i EIe () The spectral phase is related to the frequency dependent optical pathlength P as P c and the optical pathlength is related to the index of refraction and geometric path length as Pn() ()() . Commonly, we choose to expand ϕ about the center frequency of the pulse spectrum ω0: 1 2 12 002 0 1 1 P P c 00 22 1 PP 2 2 22c 00 Here, the first order term ϕ(1) is inversely proportional to the group delay for the pulse and the second order term ϕ(2) is the group delay dispersion or group velocity dispersion (GVD).
    [Show full text]
  • Optics, Solutions to Exam 1, 2012
    MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2.71/2.710 Optics Spring ’12 Quiz #1 Solutions 1. A Binocular. The simplified optical diagram of an arm of a binocular can be considered as a telescope, which consists of two lenses of focal lengths f1 = 25cm (objective) and f2 = 5cm (eyepiece). The normal observer’s eye is intended to be relaxed and the nominal focal length of the eye lens is taken to be fEL = 40mm. The first prism is placed 5cm away from the objective and the two prisms are separated by 2cm. Objective (f1=25cm) L1=5cm a Prisms H=2cm Eyepiece (f2=5cm) W=5cm L2=3cm W=5cm Field Stop (D=3cm) a) (10%) In order to make the binocular compact, a pair of 45o prisms (5cm wide) are used, each of them is designed for total internal reflection of incoming rays. Estimate the index of refraction needed to meet such a requirement under paraxial beam approximation. b-e) Assume the index of refraction of both prisms is 1.5. b) (15%) Please estimate the distance from the eyepiece to the back side of the second prism. c) (20%) If two distant objects are separated by 10−3rad to an observer with naked eye, how far apart (in units of length) will the images form on the observer’s retina when the observer is using the binocular? d) (15%) An aperture (D=3cm) is placed inside the binocular, at a distance of 3cm to the left of the eyepiece. Please locate the Entrance Window and Exit Window, and calculate the Field of View.
    [Show full text]
  • Transparent and Specular Object Reconstruction
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2010.01753.x COMPUTER GRAPHICS forum Volume 29 (2010), number 8 pp. 2400–2426 Transparent and Specular Object Reconstruction Ivo Ihrke1,2, Kiriakos N. Kutulakos3, Hendrik P. A. Lensch4, Marcus Magnor5 and Wolfgang Heidrich1 1University of British Columbia, Canada [email protected], [email protected] 2Saarland University, MPI Informatik, Germany 3University of Toronto, Canada [email protected] 4Ulm University, Germany [email protected] 5TU Braunschweig, Germany [email protected] Abstract This state of the art report covers reconstruction methods for transparent and specular objects or phenomena. While the 3D acquisition of opaque surfaces with Lambertian reflectance is a well-studied problem, transparent, refractive, specular and potentially dynamic scenes pose challenging problems for acquisition systems. This report reviews and categorizes the literature in this field. Despite tremendous interest in object digitization, the acquisition of digital models of transparent or specular objects is far from being a solved problem. On the other hand, real-world data is in high demand for applications such as object modelling, preservation of historic artefacts and as input to data-driven modelling techniques. With this report we aim at providing a reference for and an introduction to the field of transparent and specular object reconstruction. We describe acquisition approaches for different classes of objects. Transparent objects/phenomena that do not change the straight ray geometry can be found foremost in natural phenomena. Refraction effects are usually small and can be considered negligible for these objects. Phenomena as diverse as fire, smoke, and interstellar nebulae can be modelled using a straight ray model of image formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ray Tracing Method of Gradient Refractive Index Medium Based on Refractive Index Step
    applied sciences Article Ray Tracing Method of Gradient Refractive Index Medium Based on Refractive Index Step Qingpeng Zhang 1,2,3 , Yi Tan 1,2,3,*, Ge Ren 1,2,3 and Tao Tang 1,2,3 1 Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Guangdian Road, Chengdu 610209, China; [email protected] (Q.Z.); [email protected] (G.R.); [email protected] (T.T.) 2 Key Laboratory of Optical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China 3 University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-13153917751 Featured Application: This method is mainly applied to gradient index media with a sudden change in refractive index or a large range of refractive index gradient changes, such as around the shock layer of an aircraft. Abstract: For gradient refractive index media with large refractive index gradients, traditional ray tracing methods based on refined elements or spatial geometric steps have problems such as low tracing accuracy and efficiency. The ray tracing method based on refractive index steps proposed in this paper can effectively solve this problem. This method uses the refractive index step to replace the spatial geometric step. The starting point and the end point of each ray tracing step are on the constant refractive-index surfaces. It avoids the problem that the traditional tracing method cannot adapt to the area of sudden change in the refractive index and the area where the refractive index changes sharply. Therefore, a suitable distance can be performed in the iterative process.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Theory Simplified: 9 Fundamentals to Becoming an Optical Genius APPLICATION NOTES
    LEARNING – UNDERSTANDING – INTRODUCING – APPLYING Optical Theory Simplified: 9 Fundamentals To Becoming An Optical Genius APPLICATION NOTES Optics Application Examples Introduction To Prisms Understanding Optical Specifications Optical Cage System Design Examples All About Aspheric Lenses Optical Glass Optical Filters An Introduction to Optical Coatings Why Use An Achromatic Lens www.edmundoptics.com OPTICS APPLICATION EXAMPLES APPLICATION 1: DETECTOR SYSTEMS Every optical system requires some sort of preliminary design. system will help establish an initial plan. The following ques- Getting started with the design is often the most intimidating tions will illustrate the process of designing a simple detector step, but identifying several important specifications of the or emitter system. GOAL: WHERE WILL THE LIGHT GO? Although simple lenses are often used in imaging applications, such as a plano-convex (PCX) lens or double-convex (DCX) in many cases their goal is to project light from one point to lens, can be used. another within a system. Nearly all emitters, detectors, lasers, and fiber optics require a lens for this type of light manipula- Figure 1 shows a PCX lens, along with several important speci- tion. Before determining which type of system to design, an fications: Diameter of the lens (D1) and Focal Length (f). Figure important question to answer is “Where will the light go?” If 1 also illustrates how the diameter of the detector limits the the goal of the design is to get all incident light to fill a detector, Field of View (FOV) of the system, as shown by the approxi- with as few aberrations as possible, then a simple singlet lens, mation for Full Field of View (FFOV): (1.1) D Figure 1: 1 D θ PCX Lens as FOV Limit FF0V = 2 β in Detector Application ƒ Detector (D ) 2 or, by the exact equation: (1.2) / Field of View (β) -1 D FF0V = 2 tan ( 2 ) f 2ƒ For detectors used in scanning systems, the important mea- sure is the Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV), which is the angle subtended by the detector at any instant during scan- ning.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Telescopes and Binoculars
    1 John E. Greivenkamp E. Greivenkamp and DavidL.Steed John and Binoculars Telescopes History of The History of Telescopes and Binoculars John E. Greivenkamp and David L. Steed College of Optical Sciences University of Arizona 1630 E. University Blvd. Tucson, AZ 85721 520-621-2942 [email protected] 2 John E. Greivenkamp E. Greivenkamp and DavidL.Steed John and Binoculars Telescopes History of How Made Me an Expert in Antique Optics Unless noted, the instruments in this presentation are from the Museum of Optics at the College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona. They can be viewed on-line at www.optics.arizona.edu/museum 3 Modern Prism Binoculars E. Greivenkamp and DavidL.Steed John and Binoculars Telescopes History of In astronomical telescopes the image is inverted. In order to obtain the proper image orientation, binoculars make use of a prism assembly to erect the image. Porro Prism System This type of prism can be considered to be a series of flat mirrors. 4 Porro Prism System E. Greivenkamp and DavidL.Steed John and Binoculars Telescopes History of The reflections are often based upon total internal reflection. 5 Audience Participation - Quiz E. Greivenkamp and DavidL.Steed John and Binoculars Telescopes History of When was the Porro Prism System invented? a) 1704 b) 1754 c) 1804 d) 1854 e) 1904 6 Glass and Brass E. Greivenkamp and DavidL.Steed John and Binoculars Telescopes History of The development of practical handheld refracting telescopes and binoculars is much more than the story of optical design. Advances in mechanical design, manufacturing technology, materials and optical glass were critical.
    [Show full text]
  • Sport Optics Catalog 2020-2021
    Widely acknowledged as the global leader in precision optics, Nikon's roots go back to the development of our first binoculars in 1917. Since then, Nikon has continued to build on the knowhow of generations of optical and precision technology experts with an enduring passion for quality and innovation. Day in and day out, our products are tested in the world's most demanding environments. At Nikon Sport Optics, our mission is not just to meet your demands, but to exceed your expectations. DISCOVER MORE N.B. Export of the products* in this catalogue may be controlled under the laws and relatives of the exporting country. Appropriate export procedure shall be required in case of export. *Products: Hardware and its technical information (including software) The product(s) described herein may not be available in some areas. Please contact your local dealer or Nikon office in your region for further information. Specifications and equipment are subject to change without any notice or obligation on the part of the manufacturer. The colour of products in this brochure may differ from the actual products due to the colour of the printing ink used. May 2020 ©2020 NIKON VISION CO., LTD. WARNING To ensure correct usage, read manuals carefully before using your equipment. SPORT OPTICS Never look at the sun directly through optical equipment. WARNING It may cause damage to or loss of eyesight. Code No. 3CE-BQYH-10(2005-00)K En NIKON VISION CO., LTD. www.nikon.com/sportoptics WHY NIKON? Exacting precision across a full spectrum of optical technologies environment-sustaining engineering and superior lens coating technologies to achieve Widely acknowledged as the global leader in precision optics, Nikon's roots go the very finest optics.
    [Show full text]