University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2009 One of Us: Joseph Conrad's Under Western Eyes and A Personal Record Torgeir Ehler University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Other English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Ehler, Torgeir, "One of Us: Joseph Conrad's Under Western Eyes and A Personal Record" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 802. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/802 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. One of Us: Joseph Conrad’s Under Western Eyes and A Personal Record __________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of Arts and Humanities University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Torgeir Ehler June 2009 Advisor: Jan Gorak ©Copyright by Torgeir Ehler 2009 All Rights Reserved Author: Torgeir Ehler Title: One of Us: Joseph Conrad’s Under Western Eyes and A Personal Record Advisor: Jan Gorak Degree Date: June 2009 Abstract This present work explores the relationship of Joseph Conrad’s status as a Polish exile to his creative and biographical work. Its main focus is on the tandem publications of the novel Under Western Eyes and his autobiographical volume A Personal Record, both published within a year of each other and written contemporaneously. The first chapter is a short biographical survey of Conrad’s life and addresses some later biographical works by his wife, among others. An overview of critical works that deal with Under Western Eyes is presented in the second chapter. An investigation into narrative structure and its use in creating a heteroglossic text is investigated in the third chapter. How this strategy reflects Conrad’s personal stake in the novel and how the novel and its creation affected the author’s ability to cope with his own homo-duplex geographies is also addressed herein. The fourth chapter then concerns itself with Conrad’s attempt to create a truly heteroglossic, autobiographically based persona for public consumption in Britain, while keeping true to his function as a ‘cultural bridge’. An early effort at communicating the exile’s predicament and failure to bridge the cultural divide in the story ‘Amy Foster’ is taken up in the fifth and final chapter. The legacy of Conrad’s effort is also discussed herein as relevant to the work of Milan Kundera and Erich Maria Remarque. ii Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Joseph Conrad: A Polish-Englishman 9 I. 9 II. 28 III. 31 IV. 35 V. 38 VI. 41 VII. 45 Chapter 2: Under Western Eyes: Critical Assessments and Diagnoses 52 I: An Excursion into the Center 52 Chapter 3: Under Western Eyes 75 I: Story and the Reader 75 II: The Story Proper 79 III: The Teacher of Languages 88 IV: Homo-Duplex: Joseph Conrad’s Invention of the Self and the 99 Familiar Ground V: The Writer and the Narrator: Conrad’s Normalizing Efforts 122 through the Fiction of Under Western Eyes Chapter 4: Bridging the Channel 135 Chapter 5: Appearances, Facts, and Intent: Conrad as “One of Us” 172 I: Coding the Message 172 II: The Shock of Finally Landing: “Amy Foster” 177 III: Remembering to Forget: Conrad Soldiers on 187 Epilogue: Conrad’s Legacy 195 Appendix A: Abbreviations 206 Bibliography 207 iii Introduction The exile knows that in a secular and contingent world, homes are always provisional. Borders and barriers, which enclose us within the safety of familiar territory, can also become prisons, and are often defended beyond reason or necessity. Exiles cross borders, break barriers of thought and experience. […] both the new and the old environments are vivid, actual, occurring together contrapuntally. […] Exile is never the state of being satisfied, placid, or secure. […] Exile is life led outside habitual order. It is nomadic, decentered, contrapuntal; but no sooner does one get accustomed to it than its unsettling force erupts anew. (185- 86) Edward Said Reflections on Exile “… I was put across the border. You know that from a legal point of view we haven’t the right to live anywhere without papers—and that most of us haven’t yet been able to make up our minds to commit suicide. That’s the reason we bother you.” (222) “What’s your name now?” Morosow asked. “Still Ravic. I didn’t mention this name at the police station. … I didn’t want to give up Ravic. I like it as a name.” (230-31) E.M Remarque Arch of Triumph In examining Joseph Conrad’s work, it is imperative to consider the writer’s life and milieu. Issues of identity and fidelity – the latter one of Conrad’s favorite principles and tenets in life – are some of the forces that exert the greatest influence on his work. The several stages of his life: as the child of ‘dissident’ parents in 1 Russian and Austrian parts of partitioned Poland, as accompanying his exiled parents – thus in effect an exile himself –to a Russian bog at the age of nearly five, as a seaman in France and later as a seafarer and officer in the British merchant marine, a British subject, and, finally, a British novelist living on British soil and married to an English woman are considered here as types of geographies within and among which the author navigated. The term ‘geography’ as it is used in this study encompasses not only physical cartography, but also those geographies constructed through cultural and socializing influences, as well as by the individual in order for the self to situate itself properly within a socio-cultural space. Therefore, the term ‘socio-cultural geographies’ is meant to denote the cultural and socializing influences of a cultural entity such as Poland or England. This entity may exist on a physical and political map, but it may not. Socio-cultural geographies of Poland, for example, remained largely intact despite its political non-existence during the majority of Conrad’s lifetime, for example. ‘Personal geographies’ are used to denote those influences of socio-political geographies on the individual, mainly Joseph Conrad in this study, and the manner in which that individual’s experience has been processed and recombined from the larger into the personal. Since Conrad’s personal geographies include many facets and combinations of the larger wholes and since it is arguable that his point of view is always adapting and reacting to his surroundings, the term ‘provisional-personal geographies’ is used to denote these states of existence. Linguistics also play a role in creating geographies, thanks to cultural and social norms being linguistically 2 inscribed back onto a society and so onto its members. This creates a cyclical effect within which the socio-cultural sphere is interconnected with the linguistic sphere. Therefore, ‘linguistic geographies’ are similar to, yet not identical with socio-cultural geographies when it comes to Conrad. His multi-lingual socio-cultural geographies encompass differing facets of all the types of geographies mentioned to such a degree that it becomes nearly impossible to speak of one specific linguistic geography. Thus his personal geographies are always variant. Such personal geographies are termed ‘provisional’ since their particular configurations are not consistent over time and are dependent on passing circumstances. At the root of a specific personal-provisional geography within which Conrad seems to have functioned and which was based upon particular situational circumstances and requirements, however, lies another type of geography from which any and all specific personal-provisional geographies originated. This type of geography is termed ‘zero geography’. This ‘zero geography’ is pre-linguistic, yet contains what can be termed the ‘center’ and contains all the types of experiences and knowledge Conrad had absorbed. It is from this amalgamation of experience and knowledge that the specific personal geographies emerge through a commitment to a set of circumstances. The fact that it contains all of Conrad’s cultural and linguistic capabilities allows for its understanding of situations and concepts that any single of his provisional geographies alone cannot. Its pre-linguistic state allows for the translation of its understanding of socio-cultural concepts and situations into any of the languages available to it. This in turn allows Conrad to function as an interpreter 3 or a ‘cultural bridge’ between the Eastern and the Western cultural camps, much in the same manner that Poland and Central Europe translate both cultural spheres in order to maintain their cultural equilibrium. Yet, unlike Central Europe, Conrad does not only interpret in order to maintain his own provisional geographies, but also in order to explain one cultural sphere to the other. Moreover, Conrad’s conditioning through his exile in the West allows him better to interpret for a Western, English- speaking audience because of his partial assimilation into its socio-cultural fabric. His ‘zero geography’ can be said to contain the necessary tools to perform the tasks of a ‘cultural bridge’ best when faced with an English-speaking audience, though it also is able to interpret the East to itself through ‘Western Eyes’ and the Center in a covert manner, as will later be seen in the analysis of A Personal Record. Along with personal geographies, that is, geographies that pertain to one’s particular biography and are created through the process of living, a major consideration in this study is also Conrad’s original physical and cultural geography.