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Virtual Lab-Population Biology-Information Questions & Data

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Virtual Lab-Population Biology-Information Questions & Data VIRTUAL LAB: POPULATION BIOLOGY How does competition affect population growth? Interspecific competition between two species of Paramecium Background Information The genus Paramecium consists of unicellular species of protists that live in freshwater environments. Under ideal conditions – sufficient food, water, and space – populations of these species grow rapidly and follow a pattern known as exponential growth. Exponential growth is an explosive population growth in which the total number of potentially reproducing organisms increase with each generation. However, population of organisms will not increase in size forever. Eventually, limitations on food, water, and other resources will cause the population to stop increasing. When a population arrives at the point where its size remains stable, it has reached the carrying capacity of the environment. The carrying capacity is the greatest number of individuals a given environment can sustain. Competition for resources among members of a population (intraspecific competition) places limits on population size. Competition for resources among members of two or more different species (interspecific competition) also affects population size. In a classic series of experiments in the 1930s, a Russian ecologist, G.F. Gause, formulated his principal of competitive exclusion. This principle states that if two species are competing for the same resource, the species with a more rapid growth rate will outcompete the other. In other words, no two species can occupy the same niche. In competing populations of organisms, genetic variations that reduce competition are favored through natural selection. Suppose two species (A and B) compete for the same food source. Individuals of species A can also use another food source, which reduces the competition over the food source needed by species B. The individuals of species A that can use another food source survive because they do not have to compete with individuals of species B for that food. In nature, organisms frequently invade unoccupied habitats simply to avoid intense competition. Once the organism is in a new habitat, any variation that allows it to use the available resources will tend to be perpetuated through the population. In this way, the genetic makeup of the population may slowly change, and the species will become adapted to a new niche. Course: Biology Teacher: Ms. Manzella Virtual Lab – Population Biology, Page 1 Question: How does competition affect population growth? Purpose: In this investigation you will conduct an experiment and grow two species of the protozoan Paramecium, alone and together. You will then compare growth curves of the population of each species. Objectives: Demonstrate how competition for natural resources in the environment can affect population growth. Explain how availability of resources, such as food, can be limiting for populations. Materials: P. caudatum stock culture 4 cells/mL in flask test tubes (with rice) P. aurelia stock culture 4 cells/mL in flask pipettes microscope slides Procedure: a. Begin the experiment by filling the test tubes with samples from the stock cultures in the flasks. (Click the bulb at the top of the pipette to fill the pipette with culture. Then click and drag the pipette to a test tube.) The first test tube will be filled with Paramecium caudatum, the second test tube will be filled with Paramecium aurelia, and the third will be filled with a combination of both Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium aurelia. *Note: there is rice in the test tubes. The rice is food for bacteria, which in turn will be food for the Paramecium. The two species of Paramecium do not prey upon each other. b. Next, prepare a wet-mount slide from each of the test tubes. (Click the Microscope on the back shelf to go to the lab bench. Then you will make wet-mounts of the samples. Click the clean microscope slides box to set up clean microscope slides. Click the test tubes to prepare wet-mount slides of the samples.) c. View each wet-mount slide under the microscope. (Click and drag a wet-mount to the stage of the microscope.) Count the number of cells of each type of Paramecium and record the data in the table provided. (Click the “Grid On” button for help with counting.) Clean slides when finished. *The well in the microscope slide holds 0.5 mL. You need to multiple the number of cells counted by two in order to obtain the concentration per 1.0 mL. d. Repeat steps b and c every two days over a span of sixteen days. (Click the “Clear Slides” button. Click the “Calendar” to advance it by two days. Then get a new set of clean slides, place samples on them, and count the number of Paramecium seen.) McGraw Hill Education. Virtual lab – Population Biology. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_04/BL_04.html Course: Biology Teacher: Ms. Manzella Virtual Lab – Population Biology, Page 2 Name: __________________________________________ Period: ______ Date: ______________ VIRTUAL LAB: POPULATION BIOLOGY QUESTIONS & DATA Identify the following variaBles in the experiment: Manipulated Variable: _______________________________________________________________ Responding Variable: _______________________________________________________________ Controlled Variables: ________________________________________________________________ Hypothesis: Make a hypothesis for the following question: How will the populations of the Paramecium caudatum and the Paramecium aurelia be affected when they are mixed in a test tube together? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Use the data on the back of this page to answer the following questions. 01. On what day did the Paramecium caudatum population reach the carrying capacity of the environment when it was grown alone? _____________________________________________ 02. On what day did the Paramecium aurelia population reach the carrying capacity of the environment when it was grown alone? _____________________________________________ 03. Describe what happened when the paramecium populations were mixed in the same test tube. _________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Course: Biology Teacher: Ms. Manzella Virtual Lab – Population Biology, Page 3 DATA Chart 1: Population of P. caudatum & P. aurelia Grown Alone & Mixed Graph 1: Population of P. caudatum & P. aurelia Grown Alone & Mixed Course: Biology Teacher: Ms. Manzella Virtual Lab – Population Biology, Page 4 .
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