DOCSLIB.ORG

Data on the Occurrence of Species of the Paramecium Aurelia Complex World-Wide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Protistology 1 (4), 179–184 (2000) Protistology August, 2000 Data on the occurrence of species of the Paramecium aurelia complex world-wide Ewa Przybo and Sergei Fokin1 Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland, 1 Biological Research Institute of St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia Summary At present 15 species of the Paramecium aurelia complex are known world-wide (Sonneborn, 1975; Aufderheide et al., 1983). Data on their distribution in the Americas, Africa, and Australia are mainly in the papers cited above, the following ones are cosmopolitan: P. primaurelia, P. biaurelia, P. tetraurelia, and P. sexaurelia. Data on the distribution of species of the P. aurelia complex in Asia are scattered in the literature and rather rare, P. primaurelia, P. biaurelia, P. tetraurelia, P. sexaurelia, and P. novaurelia were there recorded. The greatest data on distribution and frequency of occurrence of the particular species of the P. aurelia complex concerns Europe. As far as Europe is concerned, the following conclusions were drawn: P. novaurelia is a dominant species (found in 178 habitats among 459 studied), P. biaurelia is a frequent one (in 151 habitats), while P. primaurelia (in 103 habitats) is also characteristic but less frequent. Other species known from Europe are rare. Key words: frequency of species occurrence, geographical distribution, Paramecium aurelia spp. complex At present 15 species of the P. aurelia complex are occurrence of the particular species of the P. aurelia com- known world-wide (Sonneborn,1975; Aufderheide et al., plex concerns Europe (Table 3). The following species 1983). have been recorded there: P. primaurelia, P. biaurelia, P. Data on their distribution in the Americas, Africa, and triaurelia, P. tetraurelia, P. pentaurelia, P. sexaurelia, P. Australia are mainly in the papers cited above (Table 1). novaurelia, and P. tredecaurelia (Przybo, 1991). Recently, Among known species of the complex the following ones P. octaurelia was found in Western Germany (Stoeck and are cosmopolitan: P. primaurelia, P. biaurelia, P. Schmidt, 1998). The number of investigated clones and tetraurelia, and P. sexaurelia. Some of the species were habitats (Table 3) as well as the ratio value (r.v.), i.e. the found in two continents, i.e. P. octaurelia and P. number of habitats for a defined species to the total num- tredecaurelia, while others are known from the USA alone ber of habitats in the area (country or zone) were taken (P. septaurelia, P. decaurelia, P. undecaurelia, P. into consideration (Table 4) when the frequency of spe- dodecaurelia, and P. sonneborni) or only from Australia cies occurrence was estimated. (P. quadecaurelia). As far as Europe is concerned, the following conclu- Data on the distribution of species of the P. aurelia sions were drawn: complex in Asia (Table 2) are scattered in the literature 1. P. novaurelia is a dominant species (r. v. 0.39, found and rather rare. The species were recorded in 31 habitats, in 178 habitats among 459 studied in Europe), P. P. biaurelia appearing in 14, P. primaurelia in 9, while biaurelia is a frequent one (r. v. 0.33, in 151 habitats), both species are rather widely distributed. P. tetraurelia while P. primaurelia (r. v. 0.22, in 103 habitats) is was found in 4 habitats, P. sexaurelia in 3, and P. novaurelia also characteristic but less frequent. in 1 only. The last finding seems very interesting as that 2. P. tetraurelia (r. v. 0.05, in 25 habitats) and P. triaurelia species was regarded as restricted to Europe alone r.v. 0.04, in 17 habitats) are rather rare, while other (Sonneborn, 1975) but more recently Przybo (1998b) species very rare, i.e. P. sexaurelia (r. v. 0.01, in 5 recorded it in Turkey (Anatolian Upland). habitats), P. pentaurelia (r. v. 0. 007, in 3 habitats and The greatest data on distribution and frequency of only in southern Europe), P. octaurelia (r.v. 0.004, in © 2000 by Russia, Protistology. 180 · Ewa Przybo and Sergei Fokin Table 1. Occurrence of species of the Paramecium aurelia complex in the Americas, Africa, Australia (data from: Sonneborn 1975; Aufderheifde et al. 1983) Continent or country P. primaurelia P. biaurelia P. P. triaurelis P. tetraurelia pentaurelia P. P. sexaurelia septaurelia P. P. octaurelia P. ** novaurelia P. decaurelia P. undecaurelia dodecaurelia P. P. tredecaurelia quadecaurelia P. P. sonneborni Northern ++++++++–+++ + America Central ++++ + America Southern ++ + America Hawai + New + Zealand Australia ++ + Kenya + Uganda + Madagascar + ** Known from Europe only (Sonneborn, 1975), found in Asia (Przybo, 1998b). 2 habitats), and P. tredecaurelia (r. v. 0.002, in 1 habi- Paramecium aurelia species-complex. J. Protozool. tat). 30, 128–131. 3. Nevertheless, a different number of habitats were stud- Daggett P.-M. (Ed.). 1978. Protozoa and Algae. In: Cata- ied in the particular zones, 21 in the northern, 363 in logue of Strains. I. Thirteenth edition, the American the central, and 75 in the southern zone, the prevail- Type Culture Collection. Rockville, Maryland. pp. 1– ing number of habitats originating in the central zone, 18. and mainly in Poland. Of the total number of 363 stud- Komala Z. 1961. Syngens (varieties) of Paramecium ied habitats in that zone, 286 were situated in Poland. aurelia in Bulgaria. Folia biol. (Krakow). 9, 229–232. We can assume that not all Paramecium species have Komala Z. 1994. Contemporary investigations on the world-wide distribution, as a result of our sampling done Paramecium aurelia species complex in the Tatras. in different parts of the world and extract from the litera- Preliminary Report. Folia biol. (Krakow). 42, 35–39. ture (Przybo and Fokin, 2000b). Because some species Komala Z. 1997. A new habitat of Paramecium biaurelia of P. aurelia complex as well as a part of other paramecia in Poland. Folia biol. (Krakow). 45, 55–58. cannot be considered as a cosmopolitan, we have to ex- Komala Z.1998a. Report on the Paramecium aurelia spe- pect an interesting sampling in some places of the world cies complex in a water body in the borderland of the which were not yet checked for ciliate fauna. Not so much Wyspowy Beskid and Gorce Mts. Folia biol. sampling was done in the Southern Hemisphere so far. (Krakow). 46, 69–71. Thus, it is possible to expect a discovery somewhere even Komala Z. 1998b. Current investigations on the occur- a new Paramecium species. rence of the Paramecium aurelia species complex in Poland. Folia biol.(Krakow).46, 73–76. Komala Z. 1998c. Investigations on the occurrence of the References Paramecium aurelia species complex in the Carpathians. Folia biol. (Krakow). 46, 77–81. Aufderheide K. J., Daggett P.-M. and Nerad T. A. 1983. Komala Z. and Dubis K. 1965. Contribution to the obser- Paramecium sonneborni n. sp., a new member of the vations on the occurrence of Paramecium aurelia Protistology · 181 Table 2. Occurrence of species of the Paramecium aurelia complex in Asia Number of known strains and habitas (in brackets) Country References or region P. primaurelia P. P. biaurelia P. tetraurelia P. sexaurelia P. novaurelia Total Japan 7(4) 7(7) 4(3) 18(4) Sonneborn, 1950; Kociuszko and Koizumi, 1984 Russia 1(1) 3(3) 4(4) Daggett, 1978; Preer et al. 1974; Kociuszko, (Far East) 1985; Przybo and okin, 1996 Vietnam 1(1) 1(1) Przybo and okin, 1996 Thailand 2(2) 2(2) Daggett, 1978; Przybo and okin, 2000 a,b India 9(1) 9(1) Sonneborn, 1974 Turkmenia 1(1) 1(1) Daggett, 1978 Georgia 3(3) 3(3) Daggett, 1978; Kociuszko, 1985 Turkey 1(1) 1(1) Przybo, 1998b Lebanon 2(1) 2(1) Sonneborn, 1974 Israel 2(2) 1(1) 3(3) Przybo, 1995; Przybo and okin, 1999 Total 12(9) 15(14) 5(4) 11(3) 1(1) 44(31) syngens in Italy. Folia biol. (Krakow). 13, 265–267. cal Garden of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. Komala Z. and Dubis K. 1966. Syngens of Paramecium Folia biol. (Krakow). 48 (in press). aurelia in some regions of Moscow and Leningrad. Kociuszko H. 1964. Syngens of Paramecium aurelia in Folia biol. (Krakow). 14, 227–228. Hungary. Folia biol. (Krakow). 12, 17–22. Komala Z. and Kociuszko H. 1963. Investigations on the Kociuszko H. 1985. Species of the Paramecium aurelia occurrence of different varieties of Paramecium complex in some regions of the USSR. Folia biol. aurelia in Poland. Proceedings of the First Interna- (Krakow). 33, 117–122. tional Conference on Protozoology. Prague, 1961. pp. Kociuszko H. and Koizumi S. 1984. Habitats of the Para- 96–98. mecium aurelia complex in Japan. Folia biol. Komala Z. and Przybo E. 1992. Species of the Parame- (Krakow), 32, 57–62. cium aurelia complex in the Middle Sudeten of Kociuszko H. and Prajer M. 1988. Habitats of species of Czecho-Slovakia. Folia biol. (Krakow). 40, 129–135. the Paramecium aurelia complex and some other Komala Z. and Przybo E. 1994. Paramecium triaurelia Paramecium species in Finland. Folia biol. (Krakow). and other species of the aurelia complex in the 36, 65–72. Kaczawskie Mts and Plateau (Western Sudeten). Fo- Kociuszko H. and Prajer M. 1991. New habitats of spe- lia biol. (Krakow). 42, 27–33. cies of the Paramecium aurelia complex in Komala Z. and Przybo E. 1999. Paramecium biaurelia Scandinavia (southern Sweden). Folia biol. (Krakow). and other accompanying zooplankton in the ponds of 39, 25–27. the Botanical Garden in Krakow. Folia biol. (Krakow). Preer J. R. Jr., Preer L. B. and Jurand A. 1974. Kappa and 47, 51–52. other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia. Bact. Komala Z. and Przybo E. 2000. Further investigations Rev. 38, 113–163. on the zooplankton of the water bodies of the Botani- 182 · Ewa Przybo and Sergei Fokin Table 3.
Recommended publications
  • The Classes of Endosymbiont of Paramecium Aurelia

    The Classes of Endosymbiont of Paramecium Aurelia

    J. Cell Sci. 5, 65-91 (1969) 65 Printed in Great Britain THE CLASSES OF ENDOSYMBIONT OF PARAMECIUM AURELIA G. H. BEALE AND A. JURAND Institute of Animal Genetics, Edinburgh 9, Scotland AND J. R. PREER Department of Zoology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, U.S.A. SUMMARY The endosymbionts of Paramecium aurelia appear to consist of a number of different Gram- negative bacteria which have come to live within many strains of paramecia. It is not known whether in nature this relationship is mutually beneficial or not. The symbionts from one paramecium may kill other paramecia lacking that kind of symbiont. We identify the following classes of endosymbiotic organisms. First, kappa particles (found in P. aurelia, syngens 2 and 4) ordinarily contain highly characteristic refractile, or R, bodies, which are associated with the production of a toxin which kills sensitive paramecia. In certain mutants of kappa found in the laboratory both R bodies and ability to kill have been lost. Second, mu particles (in syngens i, 2 and 8) produce the phenomenon of mate-killing. Third, lambda (syngens 4 and 8) and sigma particles (syngen 2) are very large, flagellated organisms which kill only paramecia of syngens 3, 5 and 9, and are enclosed in membrane-bound vacuoles. Fourth, gamma particles (syngen 8) are minute endosymbionts, surrounded by an additional membrane resembling endoplasmic reticulum. They have strong killing activity but no R bodies. Fifth, delta particles (syngens 1 and 6) possess a dense layer covering the outer membrane. At least one of the two known stocks is a killer.
  • “Candidatus Deianiraea Vastatrix” with the Ciliate Paramecium Suggests

    “Candidatus Deianiraea Vastatrix” with the Ciliate Paramecium Suggests

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/479196; this version posted November 27, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. The extracellular association of the bacterium “Candidatus Deianiraea vastatrix” with the ciliate Paramecium suggests an alternative scenario for the evolution of Rickettsiales 5 Castelli M.1, Sabaneyeva E.2, Lanzoni O.3, Lebedeva N.4, Floriano A.M.5, Gaiarsa S.5,6, Benken K.7, Modeo L. 3, Bandi C.1, Potekhin A.8, Sassera D.5*, Petroni G.3* 1. Centro Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Ricerca Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università 10 degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy 2. Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 3. Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 4 Centre of Core Facilities “Culture Collections of Microorganisms”, Saint Petersburg State 15 University, Saint Petersburg, Russia 5. Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 6. UOC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy 7. Core Facility Center for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint- Petersburg, Russia 20 8. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint- Petersburg, Russia * Corresponding authors, contacts: [email protected] ; [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/479196; this version posted November 27, 2018.
  • Protistology an International Journal Vol

    Protistology an International Journal Vol

    Protistology An International Journal Vol. 10, Number 2, 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FORUM «PROTIST–2016» Yuri Mazei (Vice-Chairman) Welcome Address 2 Organizing Committee 3 Organizers and Sponsors 4 Abstracts 5 Author Index 94 Forum “PROTIST-2016” June 6–10, 2016 Moscow, Russia Website: http://onlinereg.ru/protist-2016 WELCOME ADDRESS Dear colleagues! Republic) entitled “Diplonemids – new kids on the block”. The third lecture will be given by Alexey The Forum “PROTIST–2016” aims at gathering Smirnov (Saint Petersburg State University, Russia): the researchers in all protistological fields, from “Phylogeny, diversity, and evolution of Amoebozoa: molecular biology to ecology, to stimulate cross- new findings and new problems”. Then Sandra disciplinary interactions and establish long-term Baldauf (Uppsala University, Sweden) will make a international scientific cooperation. The conference plenary presentation “The search for the eukaryote will cover a wide range of fundamental and applied root, now you see it now you don’t”, and the fifth topics in Protistology, with the major focus on plenary lecture “Protist-based methods for assessing evolution and phylogeny, taxonomy, systematics and marine water quality” will be made by Alan Warren DNA barcoding, genomics and molecular biology, (Natural History Museum, United Kingdom). cell biology, organismal biology, parasitology, diversity and biogeography, ecology of soil and There will be two symposia sponsored by ISoP: aquatic protists, bioindicators and palaeoecology. “Integrative co-evolution between mitochondria and their hosts” organized by Sergio A. Muñoz- The Forum is organized jointly by the International Gómez, Claudio H. Slamovits, and Andrew J. Society of Protistologists (ISoP), International Roger, and “Protists of Marine Sediments” orga- Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP), nized by Jun Gong and Virginia Edgcomb.
  • VII EUROPEAN CONGRESS of PROTISTOLOGY in Partnership with the INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY of PROTISTOLOGISTS (VII ECOP - ISOP Joint Meeting)

    VII EUROPEAN CONGRESS of PROTISTOLOGY in Partnership with the INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY of PROTISTOLOGISTS (VII ECOP - ISOP Joint Meeting)

    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283484592 FINAL PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACTS BOOK - VII EUROPEAN CONGRESS OF PROTISTOLOGY in partnership with THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF PROTISTOLOGISTS (VII ECOP - ISOP Joint Meeting) Conference Paper · September 2015 CITATIONS READS 0 620 1 author: Aurelio Serrano Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Joint Center CSIC-Univ. of Seville, Spain 157 PUBLICATIONS 1,824 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Use Tetrahymena as a model stress study View project Characterization of true-branching cyanobacteria from geothermal sites and hot springs of Costa Rica View project All content following this page was uploaded by Aurelio Serrano on 04 November 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. VII ECOP - ISOP Joint Meeting / 1 Content VII ECOP - ISOP Joint Meeting ORGANIZING COMMITTEES / 3 WELCOME ADDRESS / 4 CONGRESS USEFUL / 5 INFORMATION SOCIAL PROGRAMME / 12 CITY OF SEVILLE / 14 PROGRAMME OVERVIEW / 18 CONGRESS PROGRAMME / 19 Opening Ceremony / 19 Plenary Lectures / 19 Symposia and Workshops / 20 Special Sessions - Oral Presentations / 35 by PhD Students and Young Postdocts General Oral Sessions / 37 Poster Sessions / 42 ABSTRACTS / 57 Plenary Lectures / 57 Oral Presentations / 66 Posters / 231 AUTHOR INDEX / 423 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS-CREDITS / 429 President of the Organizing Committee Secretary of the Organizing Committee Dr. Aurelio Serrano
  • Disentangling the Taxonomy of Rickettsiales And

    Disentangling the Taxonomy of Rickettsiales And

    crossmark Disentangling the Taxonomy of Rickettsiales and Description of Two Novel Symbionts (“Candidatus Bealeia paramacronuclearis” and “Candidatus Fokinia cryptica”) Sharing the Cytoplasm of the Ciliate Protist Paramecium biaurelia Franziska Szokoli,a,b Michele Castelli,b* Elena Sabaneyeva,c Martina Schrallhammer,d Sascha Krenek,a Thomas G. Doak,e,f Thomas U. Berendonk,a Giulio Petronib Institut für Hydrobiologie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germanya; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italyb; Department of Cytology and Histology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russiac; Mikrobiologie, Institut für Biologie II, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germanyd; Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USAe; National Center for Genome Analysis Support, Bloomington, Indiana, USAf Downloaded from ABSTRACT In the past 10 years, the number of endosymbionts described within the bacterial order Rickettsiales has constantly grown. Since 2006, 18 novel Rickettsiales genera inhabiting protists, such as ciliates and amoebae, have been described. In this work, we character- ize two novel bacterial endosymbionts from Paramecium collected near Bloomington, IN. Both endosymbiotic species inhabit the cytoplasm of the same host. The Gram-negative bacterium “Candidatus Bealeia paramacronuclearis” occurs in clumps and is fre- quently associated with the host macronucleus. With its electron-dense cytoplasm and a distinct halo surrounding the cell, it is easily distinguishable from the second smaller
  • CSHL AR 1981.Pdf

    CSHL AR 1981.Pdf

    ANNUAL REPORT 1981 COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Box 100, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 1981 Annual Report Editors: Annette Kirk, Elizabeth Ritcey Photo credits: 9, 12, Elizabeth Watson; 209, Korab, Ltd.; 238, Robert Belas; 248, Ed Tronolone. All otherphotos by Herb Parsons. Front and back covers: Sammis Hall, new residence facility at the Banbury Conference Center.Photos by K orab, Ltd. COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY COLD SPRING HARBOR, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION Walter H. Page, Chairman Dr. Bayard Clarkson, Vice-Chairman Dr. Norton D. Zinder, Secretary Robert L. Cummings, Treasurer Roderick H. Cushman, Assistant Treasurer Dr. James D. Watson, Director William R. Udry, Administrative Director BOARD OF TRUSTEES Institutional Trustees Individual Trustees Albert Einstein College of Medicine John F. Carr Dr. Matthew Scharff Emilio G. Collado Robert L. Cummings Columbia University Roderick H. Cushman Dr. Charles Cantor Walter N. Frank, Jr. John P. Humes Duke Mary Lindsay Dr. Robert Webster Walter H. Page William S. Robertson Long Island Biological Association Mrs. Franz Schneider Edward Pulling Alexander C. Tomlinson Dr. James D. Watson Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dr. Boris Magasanik Honorary Trustees Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Dr. Bayard Clarkson Dr. Harry Eagle Dr. H. Bentley Glass New York University Medical Center Dr. Alexander Hollaender Dr. Claudio Basilico The Rockefeller University Dr. Norton D. Zinder State University of New York, Stony Brook Dr. Thomas E. Shenk University of Wisconsin Dr. Masayasu Nomura Wawepex Society Bache Bleeker Yale University Dr. Charles F. Stevens Officers and trustees are as of December 31, 1981 DIRECTOR'S REPORT 1981 The daily lives of scientists are much less filled now be solvable or whether we must await the re- with clever new ideas than the public must im- ception of some new facts that as yet do not exist.
  • Factors Determining the Frequency of the Killer Trait Within Populations of the Paramecium Aurelia Complex

    Factors Determining the Frequency of the Killer Trait Within Populations of the Paramecium Aurelia Complex

    Copyright 0 1987 by the Genetics Society of America Factors Determining the Frequency of the Killer Trait Within Populations of the Paramecium aurelia Complex Wayne G. Landis Environmental Toxicology Branch, Toxicology Division, Chemical Research and Development Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 21010-5423 Manuscript received March 3, 1986 Revised copy accepted September 15, 1986 ABSTRACT The factors maintaining the cytoplasmically inherited killer trait in populations of Paramecium tetraurelia and Paramecium biaurelia were examined using, in part, computer simulation. Frequency of the K and k alleles, infection and loss of the endosymbionts,recombination during conjugation and autogamy, cytoplasmic exchange and natural selection were incorporated in a model. Infection during cytoplasmic exchange at conjugation and natural selection were factors that would increase the proportion of killers in a population. Conversely, k alleles reduced the proportion of killers in a population,acting through conjugation and autogamy. Field studies indicate that the odd mating type is prevalent in P. tetraurelia isolated from nature. Conjugation and therefore transmission by cyto- plasmic transfer would be rare. Competition studies indicate a strong selective disadvantage for sensitives at concentrationsfound in nature. Natural selection must therefore be the factor maintaining the killer trait in P. tetraurelia. YTOPLASMIC inheritance is a widespread phe- The two hosts, P. tetraurelia and P. biaurelia, are C nomenon that includes sex and drug resistance sibling species within the P. aurelia complex as con- in bacteria, CO2 sensitivity in Drosophilia melanogaster structed by SONNEBORN(1975). Paramecia of this and possibly certain tumors in mammals. Indeed, the complex undergo two major sexual processes, conju- origin of the eukaryotic cell may have been dependent gation and autogamy.
  • The Culture of Paramecium a Ureliain the Absence

    The Culture of Paramecium a Ureliain the Absence

    VOL. 35, 1949 ZOOLOGY: VAN WAGTENDONK AND HACKETT 155 6 See, for example, top of page 9, J. of Symbolic Logic, 6. 7Compare middle of page 158, Ibid., 7. 8 Am. Math. Mo., 44, p. 70. 9 J. of Symbolic Logic, 7, p. 1. The inconisistent system contains N7' in place of N7. However, whether the replacement of N7' by N7 would affect the derivation of the Burali-Forti contradiction is not immediately obvious. 10 Middle of page 228, J. r. angew. Math., 160. 11 If we want to obtain N7' instead of N7, just delete the clause "and all the bound variables in 4 are small variables" in ZZ7. 1 Compare the proof of *231, ML, page 171. 13 Ti can be proved by ZZI and ZZ1 in the usual manner. Cf., e.g., ML, page 170, *223. * I am indebted to Dr. I. L. Novak for suggestion in connection with the introduction of large variables. I wish also to thank Dr. Novak and Dr. H. Hiz for reading the manuscript of the paper and suggesting improvements in the manner of presentation. I am grateful to Professor Quine for corrections. THE CULTURE OF PARAMECIUM A URELIA IN THE ABSENCE OF OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS BY W. J. VAN WAGTENDONK AND PATRICIA L. HACKETT DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA Communicated by T. M. Sonneborn, January 22, 1949 The growth requirements of ciliated protozoa are very complex, and little accurate work on this has so far been possible since only a few species have been cultivated in the absence of other living organisms.
  • Paramecium Diversity and a New Member of the Paramecium Aurelia Species Complex Described from Mexico

    Paramecium Diversity and a New Member of the Paramecium Aurelia Species Complex Described from Mexico

    diversity Article Paramecium Diversity and a New Member of the Paramecium aurelia Species Complex Described from Mexico Alexey Potekhin 1,2,* and Rosaura Mayén-Estrada 3 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia 2 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Protistology, Zoological Institute RAS, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia 3 Laboratorio de Protozoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Ext. s/núm. Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B5A24294-3165-40DA-A425-3AD2D47EB8E7 Received: 17 April 2020; Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 15 May 2020 Abstract: Paramecium (Ciliophora) is an ideal model organism to study the biogeography of protists. However, many regions of the world, such as Central America, are still neglected in understanding Paramecium diversity. We combined morphological and molecular approaches to identify paramecia isolated from more than 130 samples collected from different waterbodies in several states of Mexico. We found representatives of six Paramecium morphospecies, including the rare species Paramecium jenningsi, and Paramecium putrinum, which is the first report of this species in tropical regions. We also retrieved five species of the Paramecium aurelia complex, and describe one new member of the complex, Paramecium quindecaurelia n. sp., which appears to be a sister species of Paramecium biaurelia. We discuss criteria currently applied for differentiating between sibling species in Paramecium. Additionally, we detected diverse bacterial symbionts in some of the collected ciliates. Keywords: biogeography; ciliates; Paramecium quindecaurelia; cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene; sibling species; species concept in protists; bacterial symbionts 1.
  • Morphology, Ultrastructure, Genomics, and Phylogeny of Euplotes Vanleeuwenhoeki Sp

    Morphology, Ultrastructure, Genomics, and Phylogeny of Euplotes Vanleeuwenhoeki Sp

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Morphology, ultrastructure, genomics, and phylogeny of Euplotes vanleeuwenhoeki sp. nov. and its ultra‑reduced endosymbiont “Candidatus Pinguicoccus supinus” sp. nov. Valentina Serra1,7, Leandro Gammuto1,7, Venkatamahesh Nitla1, Michele Castelli2,3, Olivia Lanzoni1, Davide Sassera3, Claudio Bandi2, Bhagavatula Venkata Sandeep4, Franco Verni1, Letizia Modeo1,5,6* & Giulio Petroni1,5,6* Taxonomy is the science of defning and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics and, more recently, on evolutionary relationships. With the birth of novel genomics/ bioinformatics techniques and the increasing interest in microbiome studies, a further advance of taxonomic discipline appears not only possible but highly desirable. The present work proposes a new approach to modern taxonomy, consisting in the inclusion of novel descriptors in the organism characterization: (1) the presence of associated microorganisms (e.g.: symbionts, microbiome), (2) the mitochondrial genome of the host, (3) the symbiont genome. This approach aims to provide a deeper comprehension of the evolutionary/ecological dimensions of organisms since their very frst description. Particularly interesting, are those complexes formed by the host plus associated microorganisms, that in the present study we refer to as “holobionts”. We illustrate this approach through the description of the ciliate Euplotes vanleeuwenhoeki sp. nov. and its bacterial endosymbiont “Candidatus Pinguicoccus supinus” gen. nov., sp. nov. The endosymbiont possesses an extremely reduced genome (~ 163 kbp); intriguingly, this suggests a high integration between host and symbiont. Taxonomy is the science of defning and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics and, more recently, based on evolutionary relationships. Classical taxonomy was exclusively based on morpho- logical-comparative techniques requiring a very high specialization on specifc taxa.
  • Virtual Lab-Population Biology-Information Questions & Data

    Virtual Lab-Population Biology-Information Questions & Data

    VIRTUAL LAB: POPULATION BIOLOGY How does competition affect population growth? Interspecific competition between two species of Paramecium Background Information The genus Paramecium consists of unicellular species of protists that live in freshwater environments. Under ideal conditions – sufficient food, water, and space – populations of these species grow rapidly and follow a pattern known as exponential growth. Exponential growth is an explosive population growth in which the total number of potentially reproducing organisms increase with each generation. However, population of organisms will not increase in size forever. Eventually, limitations on food, water, and other resources will cause the population to stop increasing. When a population arrives at the point where its size remains stable, it has reached the carrying capacity of the environment. The carrying capacity is the greatest number of individuals a given environment can sustain. Competition for resources among members of a population (intraspecific competition) places limits on population size. Competition for resources among members of two or more different species (interspecific competition) also affects population size. In a classic series of experiments in the 1930s, a Russian ecologist, G.F. Gause, formulated his principal of competitive exclusion. This principle states that if two species are competing for the same resource, the species with a more rapid growth rate will outcompete the other. In other words, no two species can occupy the same niche. In competing populations of organisms, genetic variations that reduce competition are favored through natural selection. Suppose two species (A and B) compete for the same food source. Individuals of species A can also use another food source, which reduces the competition over the food source needed by species B.
  • Description and Molecular Phylogeny of Paramecium Grohmannae Sp. Nov

    Description and Molecular Phylogeny of Paramecium Grohmannae Sp. Nov

    ISSN 1517-6770 Description and molecular phylogeny of Paramecium grohmannae sp. nov. (Ciliophora, Peniculida) from a wastewater treatment plant in Brazil Thiago da Silva Paiva1,2,*, Bárbara do Nascimento Borges3, Maria Lúcia Harada2 & Inácio Domingos da Silva-Neto4 1Laboratory of Evolutionary Protistology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. 2Laboratório de Biologia Molecular “Francisco Mauro Salzano”, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará 3Centro de Tecnologia Agropecuária, Instituto Socioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia 4Laboratório de Protistologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro *Corresponding author:[email protected] Abstract. A new morphological species of Paramecium Müller, 1773, was discovered in samples of water with activated sludge of a wastewater treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is described based on light microscopy and its phylogenetic position hypothesized from 18S-rDNA analyses. Paramecium grohmannae sp. nov. is characterized by a unique combination of features. It is a counterclockwise rotating freshwater Paramecium with body outline intermediate between “aurelia” and “bursaria” forms, two contractile vacuoles, each with one excretion pore and usually nine collecting canals; oral opening slight below body equator; macronucleus ellipsoid to obovoid, measuring ~64 x 24 µm and located in anterior half of body; one (less frequently two) globular endosomal micronuclei