DOCSLIB.ORG

TRAFFIC SEPARATION STUDY for the TOWN of MOORESVILLE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TRAFFIC SEPARATION STUDY for the TOWN of MOORESVILLE TRAFFIC SEPARATION STUDY FOR THE TOWN OF MOORESVILLE August 2018 Prepared by HDR, Inc. Prepared for the North Carolina Department of Transportation Rail Division Engineering Coordination and Safety Branch TRAFFIC SEPARATION STUDY for the TOWN OF MOORESVILLE August 2018 Documentation Prepared by HDR, Inc.: ___________________________________________________ Mark L. Reep, PE, Project Manager HDR, Inc. 2 For the North Carolina Department of Transportation: ___________________________________________________ Nancy M. Horne, PE, Project Manager Rail Division, North Carolina Department of Transportation 3 Table of Contents H.2 Three private roads (721 703T) (721 702L) (721 701E) ..............................................................................H-4 H.3 Langtree Road (721 700X) ...........................................................................................................................H-4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ ES-1 H.4 Fairview Road (721 697S) ............................................................................................................................H-4 A. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... A-1 H.5 Crossrail Road (721 696K) ...........................................................................................................................H-4 A.1 Preliminary Phase ........................................................................................................................................ A-1 H.6 Waterlynn Road (721 695D) .........................................................................................................................H-5 A.2 Study Phase .................................................................................................................................................. A-1 H.7 Foursquare Road (721 692H) .......................................................................................................................H-5 A.3 Implementation Phase .................................................................................................................................. A-2 H.8 Timber Road (Private) (721 691B) ...............................................................................................................H-5 B. DATA COLLECTION ......................................................................................................................................... B-1 H.9 Norman Drive/Doster Avenue (721 687L) ...................................................................................................H-5 B.1 Existing Conditions ....................................................................................................................................... B-1 H.10 Brawley Avenue (721 685X) ........................................................................................................................H-5 B.1.1 Traffic Counts ....................................................................................................................................... B-1 H.11 Mills Avenue (721 683J) ..............................................................................................................................H-5 B.1.2 Redundant Crossings............................................................................................................................. B-1 H.12 Wilson Avenue (721 682C) ..........................................................................................................................H-6 B.1.3 Crash Data ............................................................................................................................................. B-1 H.13 Catawba Avenue (721 681V) .......................................................................................................................H-6 B.2 Train Operations ........................................................................................................................................... B-1 H.14 McLelland Avenue (721 680N) ....................................................................................................................H-6 B.2.1 Existing Train Service ........................................................................................................................... B-1 H.15 Center Avenue (721 679U) ...........................................................................................................................H-7 B.2.2 Future Train Service.............................................................................................................................. B-1 H.16 Moore Avenue (721 678M) ..........................................................................................................................H-7 B.3 Other Transportation and Pedestrian Projects ............................................................................................... B-2 H.17 Iredell Avenue (721 677F) ............................................................................................................................H-7 C. CROSSING ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................................... C-2 H.18 Oak Street (721 676Y) ..................................................................................................................................H-7 C.1 Economic Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... C-2 H.19 Walnut Street (721 675S) .............................................................................................................................H-7 H.20 Patterson Avenue (721 674K) .......................................................................................................................H-7 D. SAFETY AND MOBILILTY ISSUES ................................................................................................................ D-1 H.21 Statesville Avenue (736 195A) .....................................................................................................................H-7 D.1 Vehicles Queuing Across Railroad Tracks .................................................................................................. D-1 H.22 Williams Street (721 673D) ..........................................................................................................................H-8 D.2 Humped Crossings ....................................................................................................................................... D-1 H.23 Plaza Drive (721 671P) .................................................................................................................................H-8 D.3 Crossing Protection Device Upgrades ......................................................................................................... D-1 H.24 Whitman Circle (721 668G) .........................................................................................................................H-8 D.4 Grade Crossing Condition ............................................................................................................................ D-1 H.25 Mazeppa Road (721 665L) ...........................................................................................................................H-8 D.5 Vehicles Driving Around Automated Gates ................................................................................................ D-2 D.6 Crossing Consolidation/Elimination ............................................................................................................ D-2 D.7 Grade Separation .......................................................................................................................................... D-2 E. COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................................ E-1 TABLES E.1 Community Features ..................................................................................................................................... E-1 E.2 Community Planning .................................................................................................................................... E-1 ES.1 TSS Crossings .............................................................................................................. ES-1 E.3 Development Projects ................................................................................................................................... E-1 ES.2 Mooresville TSS Recommendations ............................................................................ ES-5 F. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT .................................................................................................................................. F-1 A.1 Evaluated Crossings ....................................................................................................... A-1 F.1 Stakeholder Group Meetings ........................................................................................................................ F-1 B.1 Data Sources .................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 7. TRAFFIC SIGNS Many Collisions and Near Crashes Occur As a Result of Drivers Who Ignore Or Fail to Respond Appropriately to Traffic Signs
    Traffic Signs 7 7. TRAFFIC SIGNS Many collisions and near crashes occur as a result of drivers who ignore or fail to respond appropriately to traffic signs. It is essential that the meaning of traffic signs be interpreted correctly. Signs are classified according to their function: regulatory, warning and information. The easiest way to identify traffic signs is to learn to recognize their shapes and colours. For safe driving, you must recognize and obey traffic signs without hesitation. A sign-conscious driver is a safe driver. Keep a constant look-out for signs as you move your eyes in the field of view ahead of you. 7.1 Six Basic Sign Shapes Every Driver Must Know Stop The stop sign, a red octagon with white lettering, means come to a full stop and be sure the way is clear before proceeding. Yield Yield Right of Way signs are triangular and have a red border on a white background. A yield sign means you must reduce speed when approaching an intersection. Give right of way and stop if necessary if any other traffic is in, or closely approaching, the intersection. Regulatory Regulatory signs are white rectangles or squares with black or other coloured lettering. These signs state the law, such as speed limits, parking regulations and turning and passing movements. 97 7 Traffic Signs Warning Warning signs are diamond shaped and are yellow or orange with black letters or symbols. They warn of dangerous or unusual conditions ahead, such as a curve, turn, dip or side road. Railway Crossing The crossbuck is the traditional symbol at roadway-railway crossings.
    [Show full text]
  • Frutiger (Tipo De Letra) Portal De La Comunidad Actualidad Frutiger Es Una Familia Tipográfica
    Iniciar sesión / crear cuenta Artículo Discusión Leer Editar Ver historial Buscar La Fundación Wikimedia está celebrando un referéndum para reunir más información [Ayúdanos traduciendo.] acerca del desarrollo y utilización de una característica optativa y personal de ocultamiento de imágenes. Aprende más y comparte tu punto de vista. Portada Frutiger (tipo de letra) Portal de la comunidad Actualidad Frutiger es una familia tipográfica. Su creador fue el diseñador Adrian Frutiger, suizo nacido en 1928, es uno de los Cambios recientes tipógrafos más prestigiosos del siglo XX. Páginas nuevas El nombre de Frutiger comprende una serie de tipos de letra ideados por el tipógrafo suizo Adrian Frutiger. La primera Página aleatoria Frutiger fue creada a partir del encargo que recibió el tipógrafo, en 1968. Se trataba de diseñar el proyecto de Ayuda señalización de un aeropuerto que se estaba construyendo, el aeropuerto Charles de Gaulle en París. Aunque se Donaciones trataba de una tipografía de palo seco, más tarde se fue ampliando y actualmente consta también de una Frutiger Notificar un error serif y modelos ornamentales de Frutiger. Imprimir/exportar 1 Crear un libro 2 Descargar como PDF 3 Versión para imprimir Contenido [ocultar] Herramientas 1 El nacimiento de un carácter tipográfico de señalización * Diseñador: Adrian Frutiger * Categoría:Palo seco(Thibaudeau, Lineal En otros idiomas 2 Análisis de la tipografía Frutiger (Novarese-DIN 16518) Humanista (Vox- Català 3 Tipos de Frutiger y familias ATypt) * Año: 1976 Deutsch 3.1 Frutiger (1976)
    [Show full text]
  • St. Louis County Traffic Sign Policy
    St. Louis County Traffic Sign Policy March 2014 St. Louis County Public Works Department Author: Victor Lund, PE Traffic Engineer St. Louis County [email protected] St. Louis County Technical Advisory Committee: James Foldesi, Public Works Director/Highway Engineer Brian Boder, Assistant County Engineer Kimberly Maki, Attorney Roland Hanson, Sign Supervisor Steve Anderson, Sign Supervisor Prepared for: St. Louis County Public Works Department 4787 Midway Road Duluth, MN 55811 218-625-3830 www.stlouiscountymn.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND ...................................................................................... 1 2. POLICY STATEMENT ....................................................................................................... 1 3. SIGN RETROREFLECTIVITY MANAGEMENT METHOD ................................................. 1 4. TRAFFIC SIGN MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................... 2 5. TRAFFIC SIGN STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE .............................................................. 2 5.1. SIGN SHEETING ............................................................................................................................. 2 5.2. SIGN POSTS .................................................................................................................................. 2 5.3. REGULATORY SIGNS ...................................................................................................................... 2 5.4. WARNING SIGNS
    [Show full text]
  • NYS Supplement to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
    New York State Supplement to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (2009 Edition) Effective March 16, 2011 New York State Department of Transportation NYS Supplement to the 2009 MUTCD Page 2 of 269 This page intentionally left blank. December 2010 Effective March 16, 2011 NYS Supplement to the 2009 MUTCD Page 3 of 269 NEW YORK STATE SUPPLEMENT TO THE NATIONAL MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS – 2009 EDITION TABLE OF CONTENTS NYS SUPPLEMENT INTRODUCTION MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES INTRODUCTION PART 1 GENERAL Chapter 1A. General Section 1A.03 Design of Traffic Control Devices Section 1A.07 Responsibility for Traffic Control Devices Section 1A.08 Authority for Placement of Traffic Control Devices Section 1A.13 Definitions of Headings, Words, and Phrases in this Manual PART 2 SIGNS Chapter 2A. General Section 2A.03 Standardization of Application Section 2A.06 Design of Signs Section 2A.11 Dimensions Section 2A.15 Enhanced Conspicuity for Standard Signs Section 2A.16 Standardization of Location Chapter 2B. Regulatory Signs, Barricades, and Gates Section 2B.02 Design of Regulatory Signs Section 2B.03 Size of Regulatory Signs Section 2B.05 STOP Sign (R1-1) and ALL Way Plaque (R1-3P) Section 2B.06 STOP Sign Applications Section 2B.09 YIELD Sign Applications Section 2B.10 STOP Sign or YIELD Sign Placement Section 2B.11 Yield Here To Pedestrians Signs and Stop Here For Pedestrians Signs (R1-5 Series) Section 2B.12 In-Street and Overhead Pedestrian Crossing Signs ((R1-6,
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance for Use of STOP Signs
    STATE OF CALIFORNIA M e m o r a n d u m Date: October 17, 2014 From: Public Utilities Commission Rail Crossings and Engineering Branch Subject: CPUC Guidance for Use of YIELD or STOP Signs with the Crossbuck Sign at Public Passive: Highway-Rail Grade Crossings and Highway-LRT Grade Crossings This memorandum is to clarify the current national Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) mandate for public passive grade crossings as referenced in the California MUTCD 2012 as well as to provide guidance on design and placement of YIELD or STOP signs in conjunction with the Crossbuck (R15-1) sign at public passive highway-rail crossings and highway-light rail transit crossings. Introduction The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) defines the standards used by road managers nationwide to install and maintain traffic control devices on all public streets, highways, bikeways, and private roads open to public traffic. The MUTCD is published by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) under Title 23 Code of Federal Regulations (23 CFR), Part 655, Subpart F. The MUTCD, which has been administered by the FHWA since 1971, is a compilation of national standards for all traffic control devices, including road markings, highway signs, and traffic signals. It is updated periodically to accommodate the nation's changing transportation needs and address new safety technologies, traffic control tools and traffic management techniques. On December 16, 2009, a final rule adopting the 2009 Edition of the MUTCD was published in the Federal Register with an effective date of January 15, 2010. States must adopt the 2009 National MUTCD as their legal state standard for traffic control devices within two years from the effective date.
    [Show full text]
  • Signs Signals Roadway Markings Signs
    Drivers Education Signs Signals Roadway Markings Signs 2 Signs What do they do? Regulate-tell you what/what not to do Warn Inform and guide Historic, cultural, and recreational signs Motorist service signs Route signs 3 Signs 4 Signs with Special Shapes Stop sign: describe and explain 5 Signs with Special Shapes The octagonal shape is universal 6 Signs with Special Shapes Yield sign: describe and explain 7 Signs with Special Shapes School zone sign • School crossing sign 8 These are the new crossing signs 9 What should you do when you see the school zone sign? Slow down! A school is near. Always watch for children 10 Signs with Special Shapes Railroad crossing signs You see this sign as you approach a railroad crossing. 11 Railroad crossbuck sign This sign marks the railroad crossing. A crossing that is used very rarely may be marked with an exempt sign. What does exempt mean? 12 13 Signs with Special Shapes Where do we see this sign? On which side of the road? 14 15 Signs with Special Shapes What does this sign mean? Where do we see it? These vehicles travel at speeds of _____ mph or less. 16 Slow moving vehicle Found on farm They travel 30 mph implements or less Horse-drawn vehicles. 17 18 Diamond- Warning Signs shaped signs 19 Warning Signs 20 Warning Signs 21 Warning Signs 22 Warning Signs These are used in a sequence. 23 Warning Signs 24 More yellow diamond-shaped Warning Signs signs. 25 More yellow diamond-shaped Warning Signs signs. 26 You see more yellow diamonds than any Warning Signs other shape.
    [Show full text]
  • Matthew Ziniti V. New England Central Railroad, Inc
    NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions by email at: [email protected] or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made before this opinion goes to press. 2019 VT 9 No. 2018-086 Matthew Ziniti Supreme Court On Appeal from v. Superior Court, Chittenden Unit, Civil Division New England Central Railroad, Inc. October Term, 2018 Robert A. Mello, J. John F. Evers of Shoup Evers & Green, Burlington, Robert L. Pottroff and Nathan L. Karlin of Pottroff & Karlin LLC, Manhattan, Kansas, Mark Parrish and Joshua Sanders of Boyd, Kenter, Thomas & Parrish, Independence, Missouri, and Thomas M. Barron, Quincy, Massachusetts, for Plaintiff-Appellant. Mark D. Oettinger and Andrew H. Montroll of Montroll, Backus & Oettinger, P.C., Burlington, and Michael B. Flynn, Lori A. Wirkus and Matthew M. Cianflone of Flynn Wirkus Young, P.C., Quincy, Massachusetts, for Defendant-Appellee. PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Skoglund, Robinson, Eaton and Carroll, JJ. ¶ 1. ROBINSON, J. Plaintiff, who sued defendant railroad after he was seriously injured in a train-car collision, appeals the trial court’s partial summary judgment ruling and the ensuing jury verdict for defendant. Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by: (1) granting defendant summary judgment precluding him from presenting evidence that defendant’s failure to place a crossbuck1 on the right side of the road at the site of the railroad crossing, or to take steps to ensure that an “advance warning” sign was present, caused or contributed to the 1 A crossbuck sign, also known as a railroad crossing sign, consists of two rectangularly shaped signs that cross each other perpendicularly and are placed diagonally to the ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Traffic Controls for Highway-Rail Grade Crossings
    Indiana Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 2008 Edition for Streets and Highways Part 8 Traffic Controls for Highway-Rail Grade Crossings Indiana 2008 Edition Page TC8-1 PART 8. TRAFFIC CONTROLS FOR HIGHWAY-RAIL GRADE CROSSINGS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 8A. GENERAL Section 8A.01 Introduction...................................................................................................................8A-1 Section 8A.02 Use of Standard Devices, Systems, and Practices ........................................................8A-3 Section 8A.03 Uniform Provisions.......................................................................................................8A-3 Section 8A.04 Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Elimination..................................................................8A-3 Section 8A.05 Temporary Traffic Control Zones.................................................................................8A-4 CHAPTER 8B. SIGNS AND MARKING Section 8B.01 Purpose ......................................................................................................................... 8B-1 Section 8B.02 Sizes of Grade Crossing Signs...................................................................................... 8B-1 Section 8B.03 Highway-Rail Grade Crossing (Crossbuck) Sign (R15-1) and Number of Tracks Sign (R15-2) 8B-1 Section 8B.04 Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Advance Warning Signs (W10 Series)........................ 8B-4 Section 8B.05 EXEMPT Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Signs (R15-3, W10-1a)..............................
    [Show full text]
  • Part 8 Traffic Control for Railroad and Light Rail Transit Grade Crossings Chapter 8A
    2011 IMUTCD Page 771 PART 8 TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR RAILROAD AND LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT GRADE CROSSINGS CHAPTER 8A. GENERAL Section 8A.01 Introduction Support: 01 Whenever the acronym LRT is used in Part 8, it refers to light rail transit. 02 Part 8 describes the traffic control devices that are used at highway-rail and highway-LRT grade crossings. Unless otherwise provided in the text or on a figure or table, the provisions of Part 8 are applicable to both highway-rail and highway-LRT grade crossings. When the phrase “grade crossing” is used by itself without the prefix “highway-rail” or “highway-LRT,” it refers to both highway-rail and highway-LRT grade crossings. 03 Traffic control for grade crossings includes all signs, signals, markings, other warning devices, and their supports along highways approaching and at grade crossings. The function of this traffic control is to promote safety and provide effective operation of rail and/or LRT and highway traffic at grade crossings. 04 For purposes of design, installation, operation, and maintenance of traffic control devices at grade crossings, it is recognized that the crossing of the highway and rail tracks is situated on a right-of-way available for the joint use of both highway traffic and railroad or LRT traffic. 05 The highway agency or authority with jurisdiction and the regulatory agency with statutory authority, if applicable, jointly determine the need and selection of devices at a grade crossing. 06 In Part 8, the combination of devices selected or installed at a specific grade crossing is referred to as a “traffic control system.” 07 The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has the regulatory authority (by Indiana Code) to order installation of active warning devices at any crossing.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Non-Mutcd Traffic Signing
    SYNTHESIS OF NON-MUTCD TRAFFIC SIGNING - [TURNING .. ONE VEHICLES • P VEHICLE PER j GREEN FREEWAY ENDS 1 MILE Federal Highway Administration Office of Transportation Operations .~ u,s Departrnonlo1 IrO'1SOo1ation Publication No. FHWA-HOP-06-074 If..... Federal Hlgh'l'l'OV Administration December 2005 NOTICE The contents of this report reflect the views of the author, who is responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Transportation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. SYNTHESIS OF NON-MUTCD TRAFFIC SIGNING - [TURNING .. ONE VEHICLES • P VEHICLE PER j GREEN FREEWAY ENDS 1 MILE Federal Highway Administration Office of Transportation Operations .~ u,s Departrnonlo1 IrO'1Wo1ation Publication No. FHWA-HRT-06-091 If..... Federal Hlgh'l'!,1ay AdmlnistraNon December 2005 Author The author of this report is W. Scott Wainwright, P.E., PTOE. He is a Highway Engineer with the MUTCD Team in FHWA’s Office of Transportation Operations in Washington, DC. Acknowledgements The author wishes to express appreciation to the FHWA Division Office staff in each State and to the many individuals in the State and local transportation departments. Without the assistance of these professionals, who provided the many documents, plans, drawings, and other information about special non-MUTCD signs, this synthesis would not have been possible. Special thanks are also extended to Mr. Fred Ranck of FHWA’s Resource Center in Olympia Fields, Illinois, who provided valuable review comments and suggestions that improved this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Signs and Markings
    2011 Edition Page 881 CHAPTER 8B. SIGNS AND MARKINGS Section 8B.01 Purpose Support: 01 Passive traffic control systems, consisting of signs and pavement markings only, identify and direct attention to the location of a grade crossing and advise road users to slow down or stop at the grade crossing as necessary in order to yield to any rail traffic occupying, or approaching and in proximity to, the grade crossing. 02 Signs and markings regulate, warn, and guide the road users so that they, as well as LRT vehicle operators on mixed-use alignments, can take appropriate action when approaching a grade crossing. Standard: 03 The design and location of signs shall comply with the provisions of Part 2. The design and location of pavement markings shall comply with the provisions of Part 3. Section 8B.02 Sizes of Grade Crossing Signs Standard: 01 The sizes of grade crossing signs shall be as shown in Table 8B-1. Option: 02 Signs larger than those shown in Table 8B-1 may be used (see Section 2A.11). Section 8B.03 Grade Crossing (Crossbuck) Sign (R15-1) and Number of Tracks Plaque (R15-2P) at Active and Passive Grade Crossings Standard: 01 The Grade Crossing (R15-1) sign (see Figure 8B-1), commonly identified as the Crossbuck sign, shall be retroreflectorized white with the words RAILROAD CROSSING in black lettering, mounted as shown in Figure 8B-2. Support: 02 In most States, the Crossbuck sign requires road users to yield the right-of-way to rail traffic at a grade crossing. Standard: 03 As a minimum, one Crossbuck sign shall be used on each highway approach to every highway-rail grade crossing, alone or in combination with other traffic control devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5: Signs, Pavement Markings and Signals
    What Every Driver Must Know Chapter 5: Signs, Pavement Markings and Signals Did you know that . ? • In 1915, the first stop sign was used in Detroit. • In 1917, Michigan painted the first center line on a state highway, the Marquette-to- Negaunee Road. • In 1920, the first four-way traffic signal with red, yellow and green lights was used at Woodward Avenue and Fort Street in Detroit. Traffic signs A traffic sign’s shape gives you a clue as to its meaning and purpose. Learn to recognize these nine basic shapes and what they mean. Octagon Triangle Diamond STOP YIELD WARNING Pentagon Pennant Horizontal Rectangle SCHOOL WARNING/NO PASSING DIRECTIONS Vertical Rectangle Round Crossbuck LAW RAILROAD CROSSING RAILROAD CROSSING 41 Chapter 5: Signs, Pavement Markings and Signals What Every Driver Must Know Route markers Brown: Recreation/Cultural Interest Federal, State, and County Road Systems Interstate Freeway Sign U.S. Highway Sign Fluorescent Yellow or Fluorescent Green: School, Pedestrian or Bicycle Caution Fluorescent Pink: Incident/Emergency/ Unplanned Event State Highway Sign County Route Marker Regulatory signs Regulatory signs tell you about specific laws. These signs regulate the speed and movement of traffic. They are usually rectangular and have a color pattern of white and black, red, white and black, or red and white. Traffic sign colors A traffic sign’s color also carries meaning. Knowing the colors of basic traffic signs will make you a more informed driver. Red: Stop/Prohibited/Forbidden In 1912, William B. Bachman, Wolverine Auto Club of Michigan tour chairman, made Blue: Service/Hospitality plans for the group to travel 271 miles to the second annual Indianapolis Memorial Day Green: Directions/Guidance Race.
    [Show full text]