Treaty of Accession Kashmir
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The Lahore Declaration
The Lahore Declaration The following is the text of the Lahore Declaration signed by the Prime Minister, Mr. A. B. Vajpayee, and the Pakistan Prime Minister, Mr. Nawaz Sharif, in Lahore on Sunday: The Prime Ministers of the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Sharing a vision of peace and stability between their countries, and of progress and prosperity for their peoples; Convinced that durable peace and development of harmonious relations and friendly cooperation will serve the vital interests of the peoples of the two countries, enabling them to devote their energies for a better future; Recognising that the nuclear dimension of the security environment of the two countries adds to their responsibility for avoidance of conflict between the two countries; Committed to the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations, and the universally accepted principles of peaceful co- existence; Reiterating the determination of both countries to implementing the Simla Agreement in letter and spirit; Committed to the objective of universal nuclear disarmament and non- proliferartion; Convinced of the importance of mutually agreed confidence building measures for improving the security environment; Recalling their agreement of 23rd September, 1998, that an environment of peace and security is in the supreme national interest of both sides and that the resolution of all outstanding issues, including Jammu and Kashmir, is essential for this purpose; Have agreed that their respective Governments: · shall intensify their efforts to resolve all issues, including the issue of Jammu and Kashmir. · shall refrain from intervention and interference in each other's internal affairs. -
REPORT of the Indian States Enquiry Committee (Financial) "1932'
EAST INDIA (CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS) REPORT of the Indian States Enquiry Committee (Financial) "1932' Presented by the Secretary of State for India to Parliament by Command of His Majesty July, 1932 LONDON PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE To be purchased directly from H^M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2; 120, George Street, Edinburgh York Street, Manchester; i, St. Andrew’s Crescent, Cardiff 15, Donegall Square West, Belfast or through any Bookseller 1932 Price od. Net Cmd. 4103 A House of Commons Parliamentary Papers Online. Copyright (c) 2006 ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. The total cost of the Indian States Enquiry Committee (Financial) 4 is estimated to be a,bout £10,605. The cost of printing and publishing this Report is estimated by H.M. Stationery Ofdce at £310^ House of Commons Parliamentary Papers Online. Copyright (c) 2006 ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page,. Paras. of Members .. viii Xietter to Frim& Mmister 1-2 Chapter I.—^Introduction 3-7 1-13 Field of Enquiry .. ,. 3 1-2 States visited, or with whom discussions were held .. 3-4 3-4 Memoranda received from States.. .. .. .. 4 5-6 Method of work adopted by Conunittee .. .. 5 7-9 Official publications utilised .. .. .. .. 5. 10 Questions raised outside Terms of Reference .. .. 6 11 Division of subject-matter of Report .., ,.. .. ^7 12 Statistic^information 7 13 Chapter n.—^Historical. Survey 8-15 14-32 The d3masties of India .. .. .. .. .. 8-9 14-20 Decay of the Moghul Empire and rise of the Mahrattas. -
The Battle of Sobraon*
B.A. 1ST YEAR IIND SEMESTER Topic : *The Battle of Sobraon* The Battle of Sobraon was fought on 10 February 1846, between the forces of the East India Company and the Sikh Khalsa Army, the army of the Sikh Empire of the Punjab. The Sikhs were completely defeated, making this the decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War. The First Anglo-Sikh war began in late 1845, after a combination of increasing disorder in the Sikh empire following the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839 and provocations by the British East India Company led to the Sikh Khalsa Army invading British territory. The British had won the first two major battles of the war through a combination of luck, the steadfastness of British and Bengal units and equivocal conduct bordering on deliberate treachery by Tej Singh and Lal Singh, the commanders of the Sikh Army. On the British side, the Governor General, Sir Henry Hardinge, had been dismayed by the head-on tactics of the Bengal Army's commander-in-chief, Sir Hugh Gough, and was seeking to have him removed from command. However, no commander senior enough to supersede Gough could arrive from England for several months. Then the army's spirits were revived by the victory gained by Sir Harry Smith at the Battle of Aliwal, in which he eliminated a threat to the army's lines of communication, and the arrival of reinforcements including much-needed heavy artillery and two battalions of Gurkhas. The Sikhs had been temporarily dismayed by their defeat at the Battle of Ferozeshah, and had withdrawn most of their forces across the Sutlej River. -
Limited Conflicts Under the Nuclear Umbrella: Indian and Pakistani
Limited Conflicts Under the Nuclear Umbrella R Indian and Pakistani Lessons from the Kargil Crisis Ashley J. Tellis C. Christine Fair Jamison Jo Medby National Security Research Division This research was conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center (ISDPC) of RAND’s National Security Research Division (NSRD). NSRD conducts research and analysis for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Commands, the defense agencies, the Department of the Navy, the U.S. intelligence community, allied foreign governments, and foundations. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tellis, Ashley J. Limited conflicts under the nuclear umbrella : Indian and Pakistani lessons from the Kargil crisis / Ashley J. Tellis, C. Christine Fair, Jamison Jo Medby. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. “MR-1450.” ISBN 0-8330-3101-5 1. Kargil (India)—History, Military—20th century. 2. Jammu and Kashmir (India)—Politics and government—20th century. 3. India—Military relations— Pakistan. 4. Pakistan—Military relations—India. I. Fair, C. Christine. II. Medby, Jamison Jo. III. Title. DS486.K3347 T45 2001 327.5491054—dc21 2001048907 RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND® is a registered trademark. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. © Copyright 2001 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including -
An Analysis of the Formation of Modern State of Jammu and Kashmir
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 2, February 2016 153 ISSN 2250-3153 State Formation in Colonial India: An Analysis of the Formation of Modern State of Jammu and Kashmir Sameer Ahmad Bhat ⃰ ⃰ Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India, 202002. Abstract- Nationalist and Marxist historiography in India have and Kashmir is formed by the signing of treaty of Amritsar tended to assume that the British colonial politics of land tenure, between Maharaja Gulab Singh and the British taxation and commercialisation which led the conditions for the 4.1. 1— Origin of Dogra Dynasty in Kashmir: formation the princely states in Indian Sub-continent. According The Dogras were Indo- Aryan ethnic group of people who to the available literature, there were about 565 princely states in inhabited, the hilly country between the rivers Chenab and Sutlej, Colonial India and their administration was run by the British originally between Chenab and Ravi. According to one account through their appointed agents. Among these princely states, the term ‘Dogra’ is said to be derived from the Sanskrit words Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh were the important Princely Do and Garth, “meaning two lakes. The names Dugar and Dogra states. At the time of partition and independence all these states are now applied to the whole area in the outer hills between the were given the choice either to accede to India or to Pakistan or Ravi and the Chenab, but this use of term is probably of recent to remain independent. The foundation of Kashmir as a modern origin and dates only from the time when the tract came under state was laid by the treaty of Amritsar, signed on 16th March the supremacy of Jammu. -
Expansion and Consolidation of Colonial Power Subject : History
Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Subject : History Lesson : Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Course Developers Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Prof. Lakshmi Subramaniam Professor, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Kolkata Dynamics of colonial expansion--1 and Dynamics of colonial expansion--2: expansion and consolidation of colonial rule in Bengal, Mysore, Western India, Sindh, Awadh and the Punjab Dr. Anirudh Deshpande Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Delhi Language Editor: Swapna Liddle Formating Editor: Ashutosh Kumar 1 Institute of lifelong learning, University of Delhi Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Table of contents Chapter 2: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.1: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.2.1: Dynamics of colonial expansion - I 2.2.2: Dynamics of colonial expansion – II: expansion and consolidation of colonial rule in Bengal, Mysore, Western India, Awadh and the Punjab Summary Exercises Glossary Further readings 2 Institute of lifelong learning, University of Delhi Expansion and consolidation of colonial power 2.1: Expansion and consolidation of colonial power Introduction The second half of the 18th century saw the formal induction of the English East India Company as a power in the Indian political system. The battle of Plassey (1757) followed by that of Buxar (1764) gave the Company access to the revenues of the subas of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and a subsequent edge in the contest for paramountcy in Hindustan. Control over revenues resulted in a gradual shift in the orientation of the Company‟s agenda – from commerce to land revenue – with important consequences. This chapter will trace the development of the Company‟s rise to power in Bengal, the articulation of commercial policies in the context of Mercantilism that developed as an informing ideology in Europe and that found limited application in India by some of the Company‟s officials. -
Accession of the States Had Been the Big Issue After the Division of Subcontinent Into Two Major Countries
Journal of Historical Studies Vol. II, No.I (January-June 2016) An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States Attiya Khanam The Women University, Multan Abstract The paper presents the historical overview of the accession of princely states. The British ruled India with two administrative systems, the princely states and British provinces. The states were ruled by native rulers who had entered into treaty with the British government. With the fall of Paramountacy, the states had to confirm their accession to one Constituent Assembly or the other. The paper discusses the position of states at the time of independence and unfolds the British, congress and Muslim league policies towards the accession of princely states. It further discloses the evil plans and scheming of British to save the congress interests as it considered the proposal of the cabinet Mission 1946 as ‘balkanisation of India’. Congress was deadly against the proposal of allowing states to opt for independence following the lapse of paramountancy. Congress adopted very aggressive policy and threatened the states for accession. Muslim league did not interfere with the internal affair of any sate and remained neutral. It respected the right of the states to decide their own future by their own choice. The paper documents the policies of these main parties and unveils the hidden motives of main actors. It also provides the historical and political details of those states acceded to Pakistan. 84 Attiya Khanam Key Words: Transfer of Power 1947, Accession of State to Pakistan, Partition of India, Princely States Introduction Accession of the states had been the big issue after the division of subcontinent into two major countries. -
Political Economy of Discontent in Jammu and Kashmir 1953-1975
© 2020 IJRAR March 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) Political Economy of Discontent in Jammu and Kashmir 1953-1975 BASIT MASOOD SUHRAWARDY Research Scholar (Ph.D.) Department of Political Science Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh Abstract: The economic aspect of Jammu and Kashmir crises has more or less been overlooked. Therefore, the paper is an attempt to highlight the economic discontent in Jammu and Kashmir from 1953-75. Hence, against this backdrop, the paper evaluates the empirical data on level of economic development of the state during this period. Keywords: Accession, Autonomy, Discontent, Economic underdevelopment, Political Economy. The accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India is different from accession of other States as it took place when the State was in imminent danger of being overrun by tribal raiders acting under the instigation of the Government of Pakistan. It was a limited accession restricted only to three subjects: defence, foreign affairs and communications.1 The restriction of Centre‘s (Indian federal Government at the Centre) authority only to defence, foreign affairs and communication was formalised by virtue of Instrument of Accession, signed with Maharaja Hari Singh, the last ruler of Jammu and Kashmir on 27 October 1947.2 Nehru in a letter to sheikh Abdullah on 18 May 1949 committed that ―Jammu and Kashmir State now stands acceded to Indian union in respect of three subjects, namely, Foreign Affairs, Defence and Communications.3 In fact, the internal autonomy was one of the fundamental reasons that prompted Sheikh Abdullah-led National Conference to accede to India. -
The Second Anglo-Sikh War
GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 UNIT 42 – UPSC - The Second Anglo-Sikh War India's History : Modern India : Second Anglo-Sikh war : (Rise of Sikh Power) British annex Punjab as Sikhs are defeated : 1848-1849 The Second Anglo-Sikh War ANGLO-SIKH WAR II, 1848-49, which resulted in the abrogation of the Sikh kingdom of the Punjab, was virtually a campaign by the victors of the first Anglo-Sikh war (1945-46) and since then the de facto rulers of the State finally to overcome the resistance of some of the sardars who chafed at the defeat in the earlier war which, they believed, had been lost owing to the treachery on the part of the commanders at the top and not to any lack of fighting strength of the Sikh army. It marked also the fulfillment of the imperialist ambition of the new governor-general, Lord Dalhousie (184856), to carry forward the British flag up to the natural boundary of India on the northwest. According to the peace settlement of March 1846, at the end of Anglo-Sikh war I, the British force in Lahore was to be withdrawn at the end of the year, but a severer treaty was imposed on the Sikhs before the expiry of that date. Sir Henry Hardinge, the then governor-general, had his Agent, Frederick Currie, persuade the Lahore Darbar to request the British for the continuance of the troops in Lahore. According to the treaty, which was consequently signed at Bharoval on 16 December 1846, Henry Lawrence was appointed Resident with "full authority to direct and control all matters in every department of the State." The Council of Regency, consisting of the nominees of the Resident and headed by Tej Singh, was appointed. -
Alive and Kicking: the Kashmir Dispute Forty Years Later James D
Penn State International Law Review Volume 9 Article 5 Number 1 Dickinson Journal of International Law 1991 Alive and Kicking: The Kashmir Dispute Forty Years Later James D. Howley Follow this and additional works at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Howley, James D. (1991) "Alive and Kicking: The Kashmir Dispute Forty Years Later," Penn State International Law Review: Vol. 9: No. 1, Article 5. Available at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol9/iss1/5 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by Penn State Law eLibrary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Penn State International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Penn State Law eLibrary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Alive and Kicking: The Kashmir Dispute Forty Years Later I. Introduction The Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan involves a struggle between two powers for the possession of a tract of territory which each wants for its own valid reasons. The stakes are of major economic, political and strategic significance to Pakistan, while to India, Kashmir has become a symbol of national prestige and inter- national justice.1 Charges of aggression and violations of interna- tional law have been asserted by both parties. In considering a solu- tion to the Kashmir dispute, it is necessary to look beyond the blatant facts and see the elements that gave rise to the dispute and the circumstances under which it occurred. A purely legalistic approach never solves large political problems. With this in mind, this Comment begins with an examina- tion of the roots of the conflict: Kashmir's economy, geography, predominantly Moslem population and Hindu ruler. -
Anglo Sikh Wars
SUCCESSORS OF MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH ● Ranjit Singh was succeeded by his son Kharak Singh( 1801 - 1840). Dhian Singh continued to hold the post of Wazir. Kharak Singh was not an able ruler. ● Kharak Singh's son Noanihal Singh ( 1821 – 1840) was proclaimed the king of the Punjab and Dhian Singh as a Wazir. ● Sher Singh (1807- 1843) ● In September 1843, Dalip Singh, minor son of Ranjit Singh, became the king and Rani Jind Kaur as regent. ANGLO SIKH WARS One weak ruler after another came in succession. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839 . His successors were unable to hold the vast Sikh kingdom for a long time. The British were able to conquer the empire in 1849 after the two Anglo-Sikh War. FIRST ANGLO SIKH WAR (1845 – 1846) The followin battles were fought between Sikh and British. :— (1) Battle of Mudki. (1845) the Sikh army was led by Lal Singh face large number of Britis army under Hugh Gough .The battle was fought at Mudki. British were victorious. (2) Battle of Ferozeshehar. (1845) The Sikh army was led by Lal Singh and Tej Singh face large number of Britis army under Hugh Gough .The battle was fought at Ferozeshehar. British were victorious 3) Battle of Baddowal (1846) Sikh army under Ranjodh Singh Majithia crossed the Sutlej and dashed towards Ludhiana. The English under Henry Smith suffered a setback at Baddowal and Sikh were victorious (4) Battle of Aliwal. (1846) English under Sir Henry Smith defeated the Sikh army under Ranjodh Singh in the battle of Aliwal. -
British Policy Towards the Indian States, 1905-1959
BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS THE INDIAN STATES, 1905-1959 by STEPHEN RICHARD ASHTON Thesis submitted from The School of Oriental and African Studies to the University of London for the degree of doctor of philosophy, 1977• ProQuest Number: 11010305 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010305 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT Prior to 194-7 approximately one-third of the Indian sub-continent was broken up into 655 Indian States which were ruled by princes of varying rank. In the process of consolidating their empire in India the British had, during the first half of the nineteenth century, deprived the princes of the power to conduct external relations with each other or with foreign powers. Internally the princes were theoretically independent but their sovereignty in this respect was in practice restricted by the paramountcy of the Imperial power. Many of the princes resented the manner in which the British used this paramountcy to justify intervening in their domestic affairs. During the nineteenth century the British had maintained the princes basically as an administrative convenience and as a source of revenue.